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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the B4GALT4 gene .[ 5] [ 6]
This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have exclusive specificity for the donor substrate UDP-galactose ; all transfer galactose in a beta1,4 linkage to similar acceptor sugars: GlcNAc , Glc , and Xyl. Each beta4GalT has a distinct function in the biosynthesis of different glycoconjugates and saccharide structures. As type II membrane proteins , they have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence that directs the protein to the Golgi apparatus and which then remains uncleaved to function as a transmembrane anchor. By sequence similarity , the beta4GalTs form four groups: beta4GalT1 and beta4GalT2, beta4GalT3 and beta4GalT4, beta4GalT5 and beta4GalT6, and beta4GalT7. The enzyme encoded by this gene appears to mainly play a role in glycolipid biosynthesis . Two alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[ 6]
References
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Further reading
Amado M, Almeida R, Schwientek T, Clausen H (2000). "Identification and characterization of large galactosyltransferase gene families: galactosyltransferases for all functions". Biochim. Biophys. Acta . 1473 (1): 35–53. doi :10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00168-3 . PMID 10580128 .
Kalyanaraman VS, Rodriguez V, Veronese F, et al. (1990). "Characterization of the secreted, native gp120 and gp160 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1" . AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses . 6 (3): 371–80. doi :10.1089/aid.1990.6.371 . PMID 2187500 .
Pal R, Hoke GM, Sarngadharan MG (1989). "Role of oligosaccharides in the processing and maturation of envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 86 (9): 3384–8. Bibcode :1989PNAS...86.3384P . doi :10.1073/pnas.86.9.3384 . PMC 287137 . PMID 2541446 .
Dewar RL, Vasudevachari MB, Natarajan V, Salzman NP (1989). "Biosynthesis and processing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins: effects of monensin on glycosylation and transport" . J. Virol . 63 (6): 2452–6. doi :10.1128/jvi.63.6.2452-2456.1989 . PMC 250699 . PMID 2542563 .
Kozarsky K, Penman M, Basiripour L, et al. (1989). "Glycosylation and processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr . 2 (2): 163–9. PMID 2649653 .
Robinson WE, Montefiori DC, Mitchell WM (1988). "Evidence that mannosyl residues are involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis". AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses . 3 (3): 265–82. doi :10.1089/aid.1987.3.265 . PMID 2829950 .
Schwientek T, Almeida R, Levery SB, et al. (1998). "Cloning of a novel member of the UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetylglucosamine beta1,4-galactosyltransferase family, beta4Gal-T4, involved in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis" . J. Biol. Chem . 273 (45): 29331–40. doi :10.1074/jbc.273.45.29331 . PMID 9792633 .
Suzuki Y, Tsunoda T, Sese J, et al. (2001). "Identification and Characterization of the Potential Promoter Regions of 1031 Kinds of Human Genes" . Genome Res . 11 (5): 677–84. doi :10.1101/gr.gr-1640r . PMC 311086 . PMID 11337467 .
Guo S, Sato T, Shirane K, Furukawa K (2002). "Galactosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides by human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferases I, II, III, IV, V, and VI expressed in Sf-9 cells" . Glycobiology . 11 (10): 813–20. doi :10.1093/glycob/11.10.813 . PMID 11588157 .
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode :2002PNAS...9916899M . doi :10.1073/pnas.242603899 . PMC 139241 . PMID 12477932 .
Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, et al. (2003). "The Secreted Protein Discovery Initiative (SPDI), a Large-Scale Effort to Identify Novel Human Secreted and Transmembrane Proteins: A Bioinformatics Assessment" . Genome Res . 13 (10): 2265–70. doi :10.1101/gr.1293003 . PMC 403697 . PMID 12975309 .
Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs" . Nat. Genet . 36 (1): 40–5. doi :10.1038/ng1285 . PMID 14702039 .
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)" . Genome Res . 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi :10.1101/gr.2596504 . PMC 528928 . PMID 15489334 .