Ehmedê Xanî

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(Redirected from Ahmad Khani)
Not to be confused with Ehmedê Xasî.
For the village in Iran, see Ahmad Khani, Iran.

Ehmedê Xanî
A bust of Ehmedê Xanî in Kurdistan Region
A bust of Ehmedê Xanî in Kurdistan Region
Born1650
Khani, Hakkari
Died1707
Bayazid
OccupationIntellectual, scholar, poet, writer
Period17th century
Notable worksMem and Zin
Ehmedê Xanî's türbe (mausoleum) in Bayazid

Ehmedê Xanî (also Ahmad-e Khani, Kurdo-Arabic script: ئەحمەدێ خانی) was a Kurdish intellectual, scholar, mystic and poet who is viewed by some as the founder of Kurdish nationalism. He was born in the Hakkâri region in 1650 and died in Bayazid in 1707.[1]

Xanî's most important work is Mem and Zin, a long romantic epic which is sometimes viewed as the Kurdish national epic. It is the most famous work of Kurdish literature among both Kurds and non-Kurds. His other important works include Nûbihara Biçûkan, a versified Arabic-Kurdish vocabulary, and Eqîdeya Îmanê, a religious poem. These works were studied in Kurdish schools from the time of Khani towards the 1930s.[1]

Xanî admired the Kurmanji poets Melayê Cizîrî and Feqiyê Teyran.[2] Joyce Blau called him the spiritual son of Cizîrî, Teyran and Ali Hariri.[3]

Biography

Xanî was born in the village of Khan in the region of Hakkari (in modern-day southeastern Turkey) in 1650. He received his education in religious schools and went to study in different parts of Kurdistan.[1] He wrote his first poem at the age of fourteen and became a clerical secretary at the princely court of Bayazid at the age of twenty.[4] It is possible that he also visited Syria and Egypt. There are indications in his poetry that he lived for a long time in the city of Jazira (Cizre), which was the capital of the Kurdish principality of Bohtan.[1] He completed the romantic epic Mem and Zin, his most famous work, at the age of 44.[4] He worked as a teacher in Bayazid in the last years of his life.[1] Most scholars concur that he died in Bayazid in 1707.[4]

Nationalism

Xanî is sometimes considered the founder of Kurdish nationalism[1] or viewed as a proto-nationalist. He expressed his negative opinion of Arabs, Persians, and Armenians in his poetry.[5] In the introductory chapters of his epic poem Mem and Zin, he did not devote parts of the introduction to praising the rulers of his time, which was typical in classical Oriental literature. Instead, he wrote of the subjugation of the Kurds and the occupation of Kurdistan by the Ottomans and the Safavids, as a result of which the Kurds lacked their own independent state with a Kurdish monarch. Such a ruler could liberate Kurds from the 'vile'.[1] He also believed that an independent Kurdistan could safeguard the Kurdish language for scientific and intellectual purposes.[5] He wrote:

According to Ferhad Shakely, many later Kurdish poets, such as Haji Qadir Koyi (1824–1897), followed Xanî's example and lauded the struggle of the Kurds for liberty.[1] In the 20th century, Mem and Zin was hailed as the earliest expression of Kurdish nationalism. This interpretation has been criticized by Hakan Özoğlu, who argues that "it is highly unlikely that Ahmed-i Hani sought a nation-state for the Kurds." According to Özoğlu, Xanî may have only had Kurmanji speakers in mind when writing.[8] Martin van Bruinessen states that it is incorrect to call Xanî a nationalist, although his works "have played an important part in crucial phases of the Kurdish national movement."[9] He writes, "Kurd in [Xanî's] period appears to refer only to the Kurdish tribes and a part of the urban aristocratic elite, but not to the non-tribal peasantry." In van Bruinessen's view, if Xanî conceived of a state when wishing for a Kurdish king, it was not of a Kurdish nation-state but a multi-ethnic state where Kurds would conquer their neighbors.[10] Leonard Michael Koff argues that Xanî wrote of Kurdish moral and cultural independence but understood the impossibility of political independence.[4]

Works

  • Mem û Zîn (Mem and Zin)
  • Eqîdeya Îmanê (The Path of Faith)
  • Eqîdeya Îslamê (Basics of Islam)
  • Nûbihara Biçûkan (The Spring of Children)
  • Erdê Xweda (Astronomy and Geography book)
  • Dîwana Helbestan

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Shakely, F. (2002). "Aḥmad-e Ḵāni". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
  2. ^ Ahmadzadeh, Hashem (2018). Gunter, Michael M. (ed.). Classical and Modern Kurdish literature. Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 9781317237983.
  3. ^ Blau, Joyce (1995). Malmîsanij (ed.). "Jiyan û berhemên Ehmedê Xanî (1650-1707)". Çira (in Kurdish): 7.
  4. ^ a b c d Koff, Leonard Michael (2020). "Mem û Zîn as Court Literature". In Korangy, Alireza (ed.). Kurdish Art and Identity: Verbal Art, Self-definition and Recent History. De Gruyter. p. 41. ISBN 9783110599626.
  5. ^ a b Olson, Robert. "Kurds". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  6. ^ Van Bruinessen, Martin (2003). "Ehmedê Xanî's Mem û Zîn and its role in the emergence of Kurdish nationalism". In Vali, Abbas (ed.). Essays on the Origins of Kurdish Nationalism. Kurdish Studies Series. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-56859-142-1.
  7. ^ Bilici, Mücahit (2021). "Ehmedê Xanî's Political Philosophy in Mem û Zîn". In Tezcür, Güneş Murat (ed.). Kurds and Yezidis in the Middle East: Shifting Identities, Borders, and the Experience of Minority Communities. I.B. Tauris. p. 37. ISBN 9780755601196.
  8. ^ Özoğlu, Hakan (2004). Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. Suny series in Middle Eastern Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7914-5993-5.
  9. ^ Van Bruinessen 2003, pp. 1–2.
  10. ^ Van Bruinessen 2003, p. 4.

Further reading

  • Shakely, Ferhad (1983). Kurdish Nationalism in Mem û Zîn of Ehmed-i Xani. Sweden [Uppsala].{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) New edition: Brussels, Koerdisch Instituut, 1993.
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