1983 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The 1983 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 35th F.I.M. Road racing World Championship season.

Season summary

The 1983 battle for 500 cc supremacy between Honda's Freddie Spencer and Yamaha's Kenny Roberts would be one of the most dramatic seasons since the 1967 duel between Giacomo Agostini and Mike Hailwood.[1] As was the case in 1967, the battle for the 500 cc crown would pit a former world champion riding a powerful but, ill-handling four cylinder motorcycle against a young upstart riding a less powerful but better handling three cylinder motorcycle. Also as in 1967, the title chase wouldn't be decided until the final race of the season.[1]

1983 would be the last year for the 50cc class as it would be upgraded to 80cc for the 1984 season.[1] Stefan Dörflinger would take the honor of being the last 50cc World Champion.[1] Angel Nieto won the 125 cc crown in dominating fashion, making it his 12th world championship.[1] Carlos Lavado would capture his first 250 cc world championship in a season that saw eight riders share wins over eleven races, Lavado being the only competitor to win more than once.[1] Eighteen-year-old British rider, Alan Carter, created excitement by winning the 250cc French Grand Prix in only his second world championship race, becoming the youngest winner of a 250cc Grand Prix race.[1] Despite the auspicious start to his career, it would be Carter's only Grand Prix victory.[1]

The departure of Kawasaki from the 500cc class left the remaining three Japanese factories to contend for the premier division. Suzuki returned with defending champion, Franco Uncini, Loris Reggiani and Randy Mamola aboard a new version of the RG500 which featured a square tube, welded aluminium frame.[2] The Honda team of Freddie Spencer, Marco Lucchinelli and Takazumi Katayama was made even stronger with the addition of British rider, Ron Haslam, all competing on the three-cylinder NS500. Honda also introduced a production version of the NS500 called the RS500 for privateer racers.[3] These were very similar to the NS500 machines used by the factory racing team but, lacked the special exhaust system.[3] Yamaha team manager Giacomo Agostini had been unable to agree on a contract with rider Graeme Crosby, so AMA Superbike champion Eddie Lawson was brought in as Kenny Roberts' new teammate, both competing with the OW70 YZR500 with a V4 engine.[1] Before the season began, Roberts announced that the 1983 season would be his final year in Grand Prix competition.[1] Cagiva continued to campaign bikes ridden by Jon Ekerold and Virginio Ferrari.

Uncini's title defense was hampered as Suzuki experienced development problems with their chassis which left the team struggling to post good results.[2] Suzuki's pursuit of a lightweight and compact machine had led to a myriad of handling problems associated with the flexing of the thin aluminum frame tubing.[1] Roberts began the season with his YZR500 having problems with overheating and rear suspension, while Spencer started strongly, winning the first three races and five out of the first seven.[1] Roberts was leading the second race in France, when his Yamaha split an expansion chamber causing it to lose power as Spencer won, with Roberts falling to fourth place.[4] The French Grand Prix was marred by the deaths of Japanese rider Iwao Ishikawa during practice after colliding with Reggiani, while Swiss rider, Michel Frutschi, died from injuries sustained during the 500cc race.[5][6][7] In Round 3 at Monza, Roberts crashed while leading Spencer three laps from the finish.[4] Roberts came back to win the German Grand Prix, but then finished second to Spencer in Spain in a race Spencer called one of the toughest of his career.[4]

Things began to go Roberts' way at the Austrian Grand Prix as Roberts won while Spencer's Honda suffered a crankshaft failure.[4] In the Yugoslavian Grand Prix, Roberts' Yamaha failed to start immediately, while Spencer charged to an early lead, leaving Roberts to fight through the field to finish in fourth place.[4] Roberts then went on a three-race winning streak with victories in the Netherlands, Belgium and England, while Spencer stayed close with a third place and two second-place finishes.[8][9] Uncini was injured in an accident at the Dutch TT when he crashed while exiting a curve, then was struck in the helmet by Wayne Gardner's motorcycle as he tried to run off the track. The injury left Uncini in a coma, from which he recovered, but which forced him to sit out the remainder of the season.[2]

The British Grand Prix gave Kenny Roberts a third victory in a row, after a race split in two stages following the deaths of Swiss rider Peter Huber and Northern Irish rider Norman Brown during lap 6 of the first stage.[10] The race was subsequently stopped following some confusion over whether the race had been suspended or not. The event was then decided by aggregate times over the two stages, with Roberts leading both stages of the race, taking victory with Freddie Spencer in second.[10]

The championship then moved to the penultimate round at the Swedish Grand Prix with Spencer holding a two-point lead over Roberts. Roberts led Spencer going into the last lap of the race. Heading down the back straight, Spencer placed his Honda right behind Roberts' Yamaha as they reached the penultimate corner, a ninety degree right-hander. As both riders applied their brakes, Spencer came out of Roberts' slipstream and managed to get inside of the Yamaha. As they exited the corner, both riders ran wide off the track and into the dirt.[11] Spencer was able to get back on the track and back on the power first, crossing the finish line just ahead of Roberts for a crucial victory.[12] Roberts considered Spencer's pass to be foolish and dangerous, and exchanged angry words with him on the podium.[11]

Roberts would have to win the final round at the San Marino Grand Prix with Spencer finishing no better than third place in order for Roberts to win his fourth world championship. In a fitting end to a successful career, Roberts won his last-ever Grand Prix race, however Spencer was able to secure second place to claim the world championship.[8][9] The two riders dominated the season with each claiming six victories and six pole positions in the 12 race series.[8][9]

1983 Grand Prix season calendar

The following Grands Prix were scheduled to take place in 1983:[13][14]

Round Date Grand Prix Circuit
1 19 March †† South Africa Nashua Motorcycle Grand Prix Kyalami
2 3 April France Grand Prix de France Bugatti Circuit
3 24 April Italy Gran Premio delle Nazioni Autodromo Nazionale Monza
4 8 May Germany Großer Preis von Deutschland Hockenheimring
5 22 May Spain Marlboro Gran Premio de España de Motociclismo Circuito Permanente Del Jarama
6 29 May Austria Großer Preis von Österreich Salzburgring
7 12 June Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yu Grand Prix Automotodrom Rijeka
8 25 June †† Netherlands Dutch TT Assen TT Circuit Assen
9 3 July Belgium Johnson GP of Belgium Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps
10 31 July United Kingdom Marlboro British Grand Prix Silverstone Circuit
11 6 August Sweden Swedish TT Scandinavian Raceway
12 4 September San Marino Grand Prix S. Marino Autodromo Dino Ferrari

†† = Saturday race

Calendar changes

Calendar and Results

1983 Grand Prix season results

Round Date Race Location 50cc winner 125cc winner 250cc winner 500cc winner Report
1 19 March South Africa South African Grand Prix Kyalami France Jean-François Baldé United States Freddie Spencer Report
2 3 April France French Grand Prix Le Mans Switzerland Stefan Dörflinger Spain Ricardo Tormo United Kingdom Alan Carter United States Freddie Spencer Report
3 24 April Italy Nations Grand Prix Monza Italy Eugenio Lazzarini Spain Ángel Nieto Venezuela Carlos Lavado United States Freddie Spencer Report
4 8 May Germany German Grand Prix Hockenheim Switzerland Stefan Dörflinger Spain Ángel Nieto Venezuela Carlos Lavado United States Kenny Roberts Report
5 22 May Spain Spanish Grand Prix Jarama Italy Eugenio Lazzarini Spain Ángel Nieto France Hervé Guilleux United States Freddie Spencer Report
6 29 May Austria Austrian Grand Prix Salzburgring Spain Ángel Nieto Germany Manfred Herweh United States Kenny Roberts Report
7 12 June Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavian Grand Prix Rijeka Switzerland Stefan Dörflinger Switzerland Bruno Kneubühler Venezuela Carlos Lavado United States Freddie Spencer Report
8 25 June Netherlands Dutch TT Assen Italy Eugenio Lazzarini Spain Ángel Nieto Venezuela Carlos Lavado United States Kenny Roberts Report
9 3 July Belgium Belgian Grand Prix Spa-Francorchamps Italy Eugenio Lazzarini Belgium Didier de Radiguès United States Kenny Roberts Report
10 31 July United Kingdom British Grand Prix Silverstone Spain Ángel Nieto France Jacques Bolle United States Kenny Roberts Report
11 6 August Sweden Swedish Grand Prix Anderstorp Switzerland Bruno Kneubühler France Christian Sarron United States Freddie Spencer Report
12 4 September San Marino San Marino Grand Prix Imola Spain Ricardo Tormo Italy Maurizio Vitali United States Kenny Roberts Report

Participants and Standings

500cc participants

Team Constructor Motorcycle No. Rider Rounds
Team HB Suzuki Suzuki ??? 1 Italy Franco Uncini 1–8
12 Netherlands Boet van Dulmen All
12 Italy Loris Reggiani 1, 10–11
Honda Racing Company Honda Honda NS500 3 United States Freddie Spencer All
5 Italy Marco Lucchinelli All
8 Japan Takazumi Katayama 1–11
9
47
43
35
United Kingdom Ron Haslam 1–7, 9–12
Yamaha Marlboro Yamaha Yamaha YZR500 (OW70) 4 United States Kenny Roberts All
??? 22 Venezuela Carlos Lavado ???
Yamaha OW70 27 United States Eddie Lawson All
Team HB Suzuki Suzuki Suzuki XR45 6 United States Randy Mamola All
??? 16 West Germany Anton Mang 6, 10–12
Heron Team Suzuki Suzuki XR40 7 United Kingdom Barry Sheene 1–4, 6–8, 10–12
??? 25 United Kingdom Rob McElnea 10
Suzuki RG 500 gamma 47
55
29
United Kingdom Keith Huewen 2–12
Team Sonauto Gauloises Yamaha ??? 10 France Marc Fontan All
Cagiva Motor Italia Cagiva ??? 11 Italy Virginio Ferrari 1–4, 6, 10, 12
20 South Africa Jon Ekerold 1–2, 8, 12
Shell Nederland Suzuki ??? 12 Netherlands Boet van Dulmen All
Honda Switzerland Honda Honda RS500 14 Switzerland Michel Frutschi 1–2*
Marlboro-Tissot Suzuki ??? 15 Switzerland Sergio Pellandini 1–10
Krauter-Vertrieb Racing 17 West Germany Gustav Reiner 1–5, 7
Team Johnson Elf Honda Honda RS500 18 Belgium Didier de Radiguès 2, 5, 9–12
??? Suzuki ??? 19 Switzerland Wolfgang von Muralt 2–12
20 South Africa Jon Ekerold ???
Honda Honda RS500 23 Italy Fabio Biliotti 1, 4–8, 12
HIRT Giapauto ??? 28 Italy Gianni Pelletier 3–7
Stichting Ned. 30
22
Netherlands Jack Middelburg 2–10, 12
??? Honda RS500/Honda NS500 35 France Raymond Roche 1–8, 11–12
Suzuki ??? 38
39
Italy Leandro Becheroni 1–4, 6, 10–12
Honda Honda RS500 39 Italy Guido Paci 1-2**
Marlboro Suzuki ??? 41
33
Switzerland Philippe Coulon 2–12
Mitsui Yamaha Yamaha 43
26
United Kingdom Steve Parrish 1–6, 8–12
Honda Britain Racing Honda 47 United Kingdom Roger Marshall 8
Honda NS500 51 Australia Wayne Gardner 8, 10
??? Suzuki ??? 49
46
13
United Kingdom Chris Guy All
Jeb's Helmet Sweden 50
41
Sweden Peter Sjöstrom 2–4, 6, 8–12
??? 51 West Germany Ernst Gschwender 2–4, 6–9, 12
Honda Italia Honda Honda RS500 59
52
Italy Maurizio Massimiani 1–2, 6–7, 10, 12
??? Suzuki ??? ??? Austria Franz Kaserer ???
??? Denmark Børge Nielsen ???
Source: [15]
Key
Regular Rider
Wildcard Rider
Replacement Rider
Notes
  • * Frutschi was killed at the second round of the season, the French GP.
  • ** Paci was killed during a motorcycle endurance race in Imola.

250cc participants

Team Constructor Motorcycle No. Rider Rounds
Team Sonauto Gauloises Yamaha ??? 1 France Jean-Louis Tournadre 1–7, 10–11
10 France Christian Sarron All*
26 France Thierry Rapicault All
Höstettler 2 Switzerland Jacques Cornu 1–4, 6, 8–9, 11
Elf Moto Racing Team Armstrong-Rotax 3 Switzerland Roland Freymond All
Team Mitsui Yamaha Yamaha 4 West Germany Martin Wimmer All
21 Republic of Ireland Donny Robinson 2–6
32
28
United Kingdom Alan Carter 1–6, 8–11
62 United Kingdom Paul Tinker ???
Venemotos Racing Team 5 Venezuela Carlos Lavado All
23 Venezuela Iván Palazzese All
Team Johnson Elf Chevallier 6 Belgium Didier de Radiguès All
Lumaca MBA/Yamaha ???/??? 7 Italy Paolo Ferretti 1–2, 4, 7–9
Team Green Yamaha ??? 8 France Jean-Louis Guignabodet All
Team Emco Bartol 9 Australia Jeff Sayle ???
Pernod Pernod 11 France Christian Estrosi 1–3, 5–6, 8–11
32 France Jacques Bolle 1–2, 5–7
TopCard Krauser Chevallier 12 France Jean-François Baldé 1–8
??? France Bernad Fau 1–2, 4–11
??? Bartol/Yamaha ???/??? 14 France Patrick Fernandez All
Cobas Motorcycles Cobas ??? 15 Spain Sito Pons 1–6
??? Yamaha 16 Spain Ángel Nieto 5–7
Massa Real Racing Team Real-Rotax 19 West Germany Manfred Herweh 1, 3–9
??? Armstrong-Rotax 20 United Kingdom Tony Head 1–4, 6–11
Römer Racing Team Yamaha 25 West Germany Reinhold Roth All
??? 34
30
Switzerland Bruno Lüscher 4
Team Forever 34 Italy Massimo Matteoni 3–5, 7–9
Team Go-West 35 France Jacques Bolle 10–11
??? 36
58
France Jean-Michel Mattioli 2, 4–5, 7–11
41
33
France Bernard Fau 1–2, 4–11
MBA 42 France Guy Bertin 2, 4–9, 11
Kawasaki Kawasaki 44
47
2
31
France Hervé Guilleux 1, 3–11
??? Yamaha 46 Japan Teruo Fukuda 7–11
RK Morena-Rotax 48
37
Belgium Jean-Marc Toffolo 2, 7, 9
Dalmac Racing Yamaha 49
39
United Kingdom Donnie Mcleod 4–6, 8–11
??? 54
50
Switzerland Edwin Weibel 3–4
56
35
West Germany Harald Eckl 2–4, 6–11
Chevallier Elf Chevallier 57
21
France Thierry Espié All
J.J. Moto Club Cobas-Rotax 59
36
Spain Carlos Cardús 1–2, 4–5, 8–11
Source: [16]
Key
Regular Rider
Wildcard Rider
Replacement Rider
Notes
  • * The 250cc did not participate in round 12 of the championship, the San Marino GP.

500cc riders' standings

[17][18]

Scoring system

Points are awarded to the top ten finishers. A rider has to finish the race to earn points.

Position  1st   2nd   3rd   4th   5th   6th   7th   8th   9th   10th 
Points 15 12 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1
Place Rider Team Machine RSA
South Africa
FRA
France
NAT
Italy
GER
Germany
ESP
Spain
AUT
Austria
YUG
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
NED
Netherlands
BEL
Belgium
GBR
United Kingdom
SWE
Sweden
RSM
San Marino
Points
1 United States Freddie Spencer HRC-Honda NS500 1 1 1 4 1 Ret 1 3 2 2 1 2 144
2 United States Kenny Roberts Marlboro Agostini-Yamaha YZR500 2 4 Ret 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 142
3 United States Randy Mamola HB Sinclair-Suzuki RG500 5 Ret 2 7 4 3 2 4 3 3 7 5 89
4 United States Eddie Lawson Marlboro Agostini-Yamaha YZR500 8 Ret 3 9 6 2 3 5 5 4 5 3 78
5 Japan Takazumi Katayama HRC-Honda NS500 Ret DNS 5 2 3 4 5 2 4 6 3 DNS 77
6 France Marc Fontan Sonauto Gauloises-Yamaha YZR500 4 6 7 8 7 6 6 7 6 5 4 6 64
7 Italy Marco Lucchinelli HRC-Honda NS500 9 2 10 3 Ret 7 9 Ret 7 Ret 6 4 48
8 United Kingdom Ron Haslam HRC-Honda NS500 3 3 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 8 7 9 9 31
9 Italy Franco Uncini HB Gallina-Suzuki RG500 6 Ret 4 6 5 5 Ret Ret 31
10 France Raymond Roche Moto Club Paul Ricard NS500 7 Ret 6 5 Ret Ret Ret 9 DNS 8 7 22
11 Netherlands Boet van Dulmen Shell Nederland-Suzuki RG500 Ret DNS Ret 10 11 10 7 8 9 8 12 8 17
12 Netherlands Jack Middelburg Stichting Ned-Honda NS500 10 Ret 11 8 8 11 6 Ret Ret DNS Ret 12
13 Switzerland Sergio Pellandini Marlboro Tissot-Suzuki RG500 12 9 8 Ret 9 9 10 Ret 10 Ret 11
14 United Kingdom Barry Sheene Heron-Suzuki RG500 10 7 9 Ret 13 13 Ret DNS 9 Ret Ret 9
15 United Kingdom Keith Huewen Heron-Suzuki RG500 5 Ret 17 10 12 Ret Ret 11 11 11 Ret 7
16 Italy Gianni Pelletier HIRT Giapauto-Honda RS500 Ret 13 12 11 8 3
17 Italy Guido Paci RS500 Ret 8 3
18 Germany Anton Mang HB Gallina-Suzuki RG500 Ret 12 10 10 2
19 Australia Paul Lewis RG500 10 1
20 United Kingdom Mark Salle Royal Cars Suzuki RG500 10 12 14 1
Switzerland Wolfgang von Muralt RG500 DNQ 11 17 21 Ret 23 15 Ret 15 Ret 17 12 0
Italy Leandro Beccheroni RG500 Ret Ret 22 12 Ret 21 Ret Ret 18 11 0
Italy Virginio Ferrari Cagiva GP500 15 Ret 11 Ret 26 Ret Ret Ret 0
Italy Loris Reggiani HB Gallina-Suzuki RG500 11 Ret 15 DNS 0
New Zealand Stu Avant RG500 17 30 11 16 0
Italy Walter Magliorati Moto Club Carate RG500 DNQ 16 12 14 25 12 17 0
Switzerland Philippe Coulon Marlboro-Suzuki RG500 DNQ 12 Ret 23 17 16 14 18 Ret 24 19 13 0
United Kingdom Norman Brown Hector Neill Racing RG500 12 DNS Ret† 0
United Kingdom Chris Guy RG500 Ret Ret 24 25 18 14 23 Ret Ret 13 14 14 0
Sweden Peter Sjostrom Jeb's Helmet Sweden RG500 13 14 15 17 Ret Ret 22 16 20 0
Italy Maurizio Massimiani Honda-Italia RS500 13 14 15 Ret 23 Ret 0
Germany Gustav Reiner Krauter-Vertrieb Racing RG500 Ret Ret 13 16 14 Ret 17 0
United Kingdom Steve Parrish Mitsui Yamaha YZR500 20 Ret 15 18 15 20 Ret DNQ Ret 13 16 0
Finland Eero Hyvarinen RG500 Ret 19 15 13 0
Belgium Didier de Radigues Team Johnson Elf RS500 Ret Ret DNQ 13 Ret Ret Ret 20 Ret 0
Netherlands Henk de Vries Henk de Vries Motoren RG500 24 13 0
Italy Fabio Biliotti Moto Club Condor RS500 14 22 16 19 18 17 DNS DNQ 21 0
France Franck Gross RS500 16 Ret 14 18 19 0
Netherlands Rob Punt M. Woestenburg RG500 14 18 20 0
France Louis-Luc Maisto RG500 15 0
United Kingdom Kevin Wrettom RG500 15 0
Italy Massimo Broccoli RG500 15 0
Germany Ernst Gschwender MO Motul Racing Team RG500 18 Ret 19 18 21 16 17 22 0
Brazil Marco Greco RG500 16 Ret 18 31 Ret Ret DNQ 0
Australia Wayne Gardner Honda Britain Racing NS500 Ret 16 0
Italy Marco Papa RG500 16 0
South Africa Jon Ekerold Cagiva GP500 17 19 DNQ Ret DNQ 24 0
United Kingdom Steve Henshaw Harold Coppock RG500 17 0
Italy Corrado Tuzii Beton Bloc Racing RS500 18 DNQ 23 28 19 DNQ Ret 0
Italy Paolo Ferretti YZR500 Ret 20 29 Ret 18 0
Switzerland Peter Huber† RG500 DNQ 26 33 22 19 Ret† 0
United Kingdom Gary Lingham Myers Motorcycles RG500 19 Ret 0
Italy Lorenzo Ghiselli RG500 DNQ 19 0
Netherlands Rinus van Kasteren RG500 19 0
United Kingdom Alan Irwin D. McManus RG500 19 0
Denmark Borge Nielsen RG500 DNQ DNQ Ret 28 Ret 20 20 29 23 0
Sweden Bent Slydal RG500 DNQ 27 20 Ret DNQ Ret 0
Germany Walter Hoffmann Deutsche Tecalemit RG500 20 0
Spain Francisco Rico RG500 20 0
Germany Alfons Ammerschlager Skoal Bandit Heron Suzuki RG500 21 Ret 22 22 0
Austria Franz Kaserer RG500 DNQ 25 Ret 29 24 21 Ret 26 0
Switzerland Andreas Hofmann RG500 DNQ Ret 21 Ret Ret Ret DNQ 27 0
New Zealand Dennis Ireland RG500 34 Ret 21 DNQ 0
United Kingdom Con Law RG500 Ret 21 0
Spain Carlos Morante YZR500 21 0
Sweden Peter Skold RG500 21 0
Netherlands Johan van Eijk RG500 22 22 0
Germany Wolfgang Schwarz ES Motorradzubeh Racing Team RG500 22 27 0
Sweden Lars Johansson RG500 22 0
Spain Jose Parra RG500 23 0
Belgium Jean-Philippe Delers YZR500 23 0
Sweden Ake Grahn YZR500 23 0
Austria Josef Ragginger RG500 24 25 0
United Kingdom Steve Williams DTR Fowler Yamaha YZR500 Ret DNQ 24 0
Greece Dimitrios Papandreou YZR500 Ret 25 0
Finland Esko Kuparinen RG500 25 0
United Kingdom Dave Dean RG500 Ret 26 Ret 0
Finland Timo Pohjola YZR500 26 0
Denmark Kjeld Sorensen RG500 27 0
Norway Alf Graarud YZR500 28 0
Sweden Jan-Olof Odeholm RG500 30 0
Switzerland Alain Roethlisberger YZR500 Ret Ret 32 0
Germany Dieter Klopfer DIKO 35 0
France Jean Lafond Claude Fior Ret Ret DNS 0
Switzerland Michel Frutschi Honda Switzerland RS500 Ret Ret† 0
United Kingdom Roger Marshall Honda Britain Racing RS500 Ret Ret 0
Germany Klaus Klein RG500 Ret 0
Germany Gerhard Treusch RG500 Ret 0
Spain Marco Grino RG500 Ret 0
Belgium Bernard Denis RG500 Ret 0
United Kingdom Rob McElnea Heron-Suzuki RG500 Ret 0
Australia John Pace RG500 Ret 0
United Kingdom Graham Wood DTR Fowler Yamaha YZR500 Ret 0
Denmark Chris Fisker RG500 Ret 0
Sweden Peter Linden RG500 Ret 0
Finland Risto Korhonen RG500 Ret 0
Sweden Peter Karlsson YZR500 Ret 0
Italy Attilio Riondato RG500 Ret 0
Venezuela Carlos Lavado Marlboro-Yamaha YZR500 DNS 0
France Jean-François Baldé NS500 DNQ 0
Finland Cai Hedstrom DNQ 0
Netherlands Harry Heutmekers RG500 DNQ 0
United Kingdom Simon Buckmaster RG500 DNQ 0

† denotes the death of a rider

250cc standings

Place Rider Team Machine RSA
South Africa
FRA
France
ITA
Italy
GER
Germany
ESP
Spain
AUT
Austria
YUG
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
NED
Netherlands
BEL
Belgium
GBR
United Kingdom
SWE
Sweden
Points
1 Venezuela Carlos Lavado Venemotos-Yamaha YZR250 7 Ret 1 1 7 7 1 1 3 4 3 100
2 France Christian Sarron Sonauto Gauloises-Yamaha YZR250 Ret Ret Ret 7 2 4 2 Ret 2 3 1 73
3 Belgium Didier de Radiguès Team Johnson Elf Chevallier YZR250 2 4 9 3 Ret 2 Ret 7 1 9 8 68
4 France Hervé Guilleux Kawasaki KR250 3 6 12 1 6 Ret 3 5 Ret 2 63
5 France Thierry Espié Chevallier-Elf Chevallier YZR250 11 9 2 Ret 5 3 15 6 4 2 13 55
6 West Germany Martin Wimmer Mitsui-Yamaha YZR250 8 Ret 4 Ret 3 5 Ret 5 6 5 10 45
7 Germany Manfred Herweh Massa Real Racing Team Real-Rotax 6 3 Ret 21 1 3 Ret Ret 40
8 France Jean-François Baldé TopCard Krauser Chevallier YZR250 1 15 10 8 6 12 4 Ret 32
9 Switzerland Jacques Cornu Höstettler-Yamaha YZR250 5 2 5 Ret 9 9 7 18 32
10 France Jacques Bolle Pernod-Yamaha YZR250 Ret 7 Ret Ret 18 Ret 6 1 9 26
11 France Patrick Fernandez Bartol-Yamaha YZR250 4 6 Ret 2 Ret 11 10 Ret 11 Ret 14 26
12 United Kingdom Alan Carter Mitsui-Yamaha YZR250 Ret 1 Ret 13 Ret Ret DNS Ret DNQ 14 5 21
13 Venezuela Ivan Palazzese Venemotos-Yamaha YZR250 10 14 8 Ret 10 18 Ret 2 8 16 15 20
14 France Thierry Rapicault Sonauto Gauloises-Yamaha YZR250 9 3 7 21 Ret Ret 13 Ret 13 8 Ret 19
15 France Jean-Louis Guignabodet Team Green YZR250 13 Ret Ret Ret Ret 13 7 4 9 21 7 18
16 United Kingdom Tony Head Armstrong-Rotax CF250 16 5 13 18 DNQ 17 19 14 Ret 22 4 14
17 West Germany Reinhold Roth Römer Racing Team YZR250 18 11 5 15 8 Ret 6 16 14
18 Spain Sito Pons Kobas Kobas-Rotax 15 13 Ret 9 4 DNS DNS 10
19 Switzerland Bruno Luscher YZR250 16 12 4 Ret 14 14 22 23 27 Ret 8
20 France Guy Bertin MBA Ret Ret 13 10 5 Ret Ret Ret 7
21 France Jean Michel Mattioli YZR250 11 29 22 17 12 16 18 6 5
21 Switzerland Roland Freymond Elf Moto Racing Team CF250 12 Ret Ret 6 12 Ret Ret Ret 21 Ret Ret 5
23 Belgium Jean Marc Toffolo RK Morena-Rotax 10 Ret Ret Ret 8 Ret 10 Ret 5
24 Japan Teruo Fukuda YZR250 11 21 17 7 Ret 4
25 France Christian Estrosi Pernod-Yamaha YZR250 17 17 Ret Ret Ret 16 8 12 Ret Ret 3
25 United Kingdom Donnie Robinson Mitsui-Yamaha YZR250 Ret Ret Ret 8 DNS 3
25 West Germany Harald Eckl YZR250 8 14 19 Ret 16 Ret 22 12 17 3
28 Spain Carlos Cardus Kobas Kobas-Rotax Ret 21 Ret 11 9 Ret 16 Ret 11 Ret 2
28 Italy Massimo Matteoni Team Forever YZR250 Ret 17 14 9 Ret 15 2
30 United Kingdom Donnie McLeod Dalmac Racing YZR250 25 Ret 15 10 24 19 12 1
30 France Bernard Fau TopCard Krauser Chevallier YZR250 Ret Ret 10 20 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 1
30 Australia Graeme McGregoer EMC EMC-Rotax Ret 19 26 10 1
France Jean-Louis Tournadre Sonauto Gauloises-Yamaha YZR250 Ret Ret Ret 14 11 Ret Ret Ret Ret 0
South Africa Alan North YZR250 Ret DNQ 23 11 20 15 0
Sweden Eilert Lundstedt YZR250 Ret 11 0
Austria Siegfried Minich Rotax Ret Ret 12 Ret Ret Ret 0
France Pierre Bolle YZR250 12 0
Germany Herbert Bessendorfer YZR250 Ret 17 18 13 0
Switzerland Edwin Weibel YZR250 Ret 18 20 20 20 13 Ret 30 22 0
Netherlands Peter Looijesteijn Waddon 27 18 14 28 0
South Africa Jimmy Rodger YZR250 14 0
Italy Paolo Ferretti Rotax 18 20 DNQ Ret Ret Ret 15 25 0
Italy Maurizio Vitali MBA 15 DNQ 0
Germany Jürgen Schmid YZR250 15 0
Germany Karl-Thomas Grassel YZR250 17 16 0
United Kingdom Graham Young EMC EMC-Rotax 16 Ret Ret Ret 20 0
Belgium Michel Simeon YZR250 Ret 16 Ret Ret 0
Spain Luis Miguel Reyes Kobas Kobas-Rotax 17 Ret Ret 0
United Kingdom Paul Tinker YZR250 17 0
Japan Kiyotaka Sakai YZR250 22 18 25 0
Belgium Stephane Mertens YZR250 19 19 0
Japan Tadasu Ikeda YZR250 19 24 DNS Ret 0
France Gabriel Gabria YZR250 28 Ret 19 Ret 0
South Africa Robbie Petersen YZR250 19 0
Spain Domingo Gil YZR250 19 0
United Kingdom Con Law EMC EMC-Rotax 20 26 0
South Africa Kevin Hellyer YZR250 20 0
Sweden Micke Melander YZR250 20 0
Austria Manfred Obinger YZR250 21 21 0
Canada Alan Labrosse YZR250 Ret 21 0
South Africa Warren Bristol YZR250 21 0
Italy Massimo Broccoli YZR250 22 Ret Ret 0
Germany Herbert Hauf YZR250 22 0
South Africa Leonard Dibon YZR250 23 0
Germany Stefan Förtsch YZR250 23 0
Australia Chris Oldfield Armstrong-Rotax CF250 23 0
Denmark Anders Skov YZR250 23 0
Spain Toni Garcia YZR250 DNQ 24 Ret 0
South Africa Danny Bristol YZR250 24 0
United Kingdom Andy Watts EMC EMC-Rotax 24 0
Finland Jarmo Liitia Rotax 24 0
South Africa Mike Crawford Armstrong-Rotax CF250 25 0
Netherlands Mar Schouten MBA 26 Ret DNS Ret Ret 0
Belgium Rene Delaby Armstrong-Rotax CF250 Ret 27 Ret Ret 0
France Eric Saul YZR250 Ret Ret 29 Ret 0
Spain Angel Nieto YZR250 DNQ DNQ Ret Ret Ret Ret 0
Sweden Bengt Elgh MBA Ret Ret 0
Denmark Leif Nielsen Rotax Ret Ret 0
Denmark Svend Andersson YZR250 Ret Ret 0
United Kingdom Steve Williams YZR250 DNQ Ret 0
South Africa Dave Petersen Rotax Ret 0
South Africa Mario Rademeyer YZR250 Ret 0
South Africa Richard Porter Rotax Ret 0
South Africa Robert Larney Rotax Ret 0
France Patrick Chatelet YZR250 Ret 0
France Philippe Robles YZR250 Ret 0
France Jean Foray YZR250 Ret 0
France Patrick Igoa YZR250 Ret 0
Italy Marcellino Lucchi SWM SWM250 Ret 0
Switzerland Constant Pittet YZR250 Ret 0
Germany Stefan Klabacher Rotax Ret 0
France Roger Sibille YZR250 Ret 0
Austria Thomas Bacher YZR250 Ret 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Bozo Janezic Armstrong-Rotax CF250 Ret 0
Australia Jeffrey Sayle Bartol-Yamaha YZR250 Ret 0
United Kingdom Steve Tonkin Armstrong-Rotax CF250 Ret 0
United Kingdom Steve Wright YZR250 Ret 0
United Kingdom Pete Wild YZR250 Ret 0
Italy Stefano Caracchi MBA Ret 0
Sweden Per Jansson YZR250 Ret 0
Belgium Paul Ramon YZR250 DNQ 0

[19][20]

125cc standings

Place Rider Machine FRA
France
NAT
Italy
GER
Germany
ESP
Spain
AUT
Austria
YUG
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
NED
Netherlands
BEL
Belgium
GBR
United Kingdom
SWE
Sweden
SMR
San Marino
Points
1 Spain Ángel Nieto Garelli Ret 1 1 1 1 11 1 2 1 DNQ Ret 102
2 Switzerland Bruno Kneubühler MBA 7 5 4 5 Ret 1 3 Ret 2 1 Ret 76
3 Italy Eugenio Lazzarini Garelli Ret 2 2 2 2 DNS 7 1 67
4 Italy Maurizio Vitali MBA 3 Ret 5 4 6 2 Ret Ret 9 10 1 59
5 Spain Ricardo Tormo MBA 1 4 Ret 10 11 2 3 Ret 5 Ret 52
6 Switzerland Hans Müller MBA Ret Ret 7 6 9 Ret 6 Ret 3 6 2 43
7 Finland Johnny Wickström MBA 4 17 13 Ret 7 4 5 4 Ret 4 Ret 42
8 Italy Pier Paolo Bianchi Sanvenero Ret 3 3 3 Ret Ret Ret 13 7 5 40
9 Italy Fausto Gresini Garelli Ret 7 6 4 Ret 10 9 6 2 Ret 37
10 Austria August Auinger MBA Ret Ret Ret 5 Ret 15 Ret 5 3 4 30
11 Italy Pierluigi Aldrovandi MBA 9 10 15 Ret 14 5 8 Ret 10 8 3 30
12 Germany Gerhard Waibel MBA Ret 12 8 10 Ret 4 6 11 12 6 22
13 France Jean-Claude Selini MBA 2 9 19 11 16 15 9 13 7 Ret Ret 20
14 Italy Stefano Caracchi MBA Ret 8 10 7 13 3 16 10 Ret Ret Ret 19
15 Argentina Willy Perez MBA Ret 16 29 8 25 Ret 17 12 4 9 8 16
16 Belgium Lucio Pietroniro MBA Ret 11 9 8 6 19 5 Ret 21 Ret 16
17 Netherlands Henk van Kessel MBA Ret 19 14 9 12 Ret 14 8 8 11 7 12
18 Italy Ezio Gianola MBA 3 Ret DNS 10
19 Denmark Thomas Moller-Pedersen MBA 5 33 23 DNQ DNQ 23 DNQ 17 6
20 Austria Erich Klein MBA 15 Ret 21 Ret 7 Ret 14 Ret 13 9 6
21 Finland Jikka Jaakkola MBA 6 23 17 5
22 Italy Libero Piccirillo MBA 15 6 17 Ret Ret 14 Ret 5
23 Italy Giuseppe Ascareggi MBA 8 Ret 28 12 24 Ret 18 Ret 3
24 Switzerland Stefan Dörflinger MBA 13 Ret 12 Ret Ret 8 11 11 Ret 3
25 Argentina Hugo Vignetti MBA Ret 13 15 9 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 2
26 France Patrick Lagrive MBA 10 1
27 France Jacky Hutteau MBA 22 26 17 17 10 20 22 Ret Ret 12 1
28 Netherlands Anton Straver MBA Ret 21 21 15 22 12 18 Ret 14 15 10 1
Germany Helmut Lichtenburg MBA 14 Ret 25 20 13 12 16 15 16 11 0
Venezuela Miguel Gonzales MBA 13 11 0
Germany Willi Hupperich MBA 11 20 0
Switzerland Peter Sommer MBA 12 23 16 26 Ret 0
Belgium Olivier Liegeois Sanvenero Ret Ret 26 19 12 Ret Ret 0
Germany Alfred Waibel Real Ret Ret 18 13 15 0
Algeria Bady Hassaine MBA Ret Ret 22 Ret Ret 24 Ret 18 13 0
France Paul Bordes MBA 14 18 18 Ret 16 25 17 Ret Ret Ret 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Alojz Pavlic Bartol 21 17 14 0
Finland Esa Kytola MBA Ret 20 Ret 14 25 Ret 0
Finland Jussi Hautanimi Yamaha 20 14 0
Czechoslovakia Peter Balaz MBA 15 0
Spain Antonio Boronat MBA 19 16 0
Switzerland Rolf Ruttimann MBA 16 Ret Ret Ret 23 Ret† 0
Venezuela Ivan Troisi MBA Ret 16 Ret Ret 0
Italy Carlo Succi MBA 16 0
France Patrick Daudier MBA 17 0
United Kingdom Robin Appleyard MBA 17 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Janez Pintar MBA 25 Ret 19 Ret 21 18 0
Belgium Chris Baert MBA 34 22 27 DNQ 18 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Robert Hmeljak MBA 18 24 0
Switzerland Joe Genoud MBA 18 DNQ 0
Italy Dominico Brigaglia MBA 18 DNS 0
Sweden Per-Edward Carlson MBA Ret 24 24 19 Ret Ret 28 21 22 Ret 0
Sweden Jan Backstrom MBA Ret Ret DNQ 19 0
United Kingdom Tony Smith MBA Ret 19 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Zdravko Matulja MBA 19 0
Netherlands Willem Heykoop Sanvenero Ret Ret 20 DNQ 0
Spain Angel del Pozo MBA 20 0
Sweden Håkon Olsson Starol 20 0
Austria Werner Schmied MBA DNQ 21 0
Netherlands Boy van Erp MBA 22 DNS 25 0
United Kingdom Chris Leah MBA 36 Ret 22 0
Spain Andreas Sanches-Marin MBA Ret 23 31 Ret 26 Ret DNQ Ret 0
Belgium Jean-Paul Leonard MBA 23 0
Denmark Henrik Rasmussen MBA 23 0
Netherlands Ton Spek MBA 24 0
Sweden Peter Karlsson MBA 24 0
Netherlands Kees van der Ven MBA 27 26 0
Germany Bernd Lauermann MBA 27 Ret 0
Germany Elfenheimer MBA 30 0
Germany Thomas Weickardt MBA 32 0
Germany Reinhard Koberstein MBA 35 0
Netherlands Hans Spaan MBA Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 0
Italy Massimo de Lorenzi Minarelli Ret Ret Ret 0
Italy Fabio Meozzi MBA Ret 0
Germany Norbert Peschke MBA Ret 0
Germany Hubert Abold Bender Ret 0
Germany Hagen Klein [de] FKN-Kreidler Ret 0
United Kingdom Pete Wild MBA Ret 0
Netherlands Martin van Soest MBA Ret 0
Netherlands Jan Eggens EGA Ret 0
Germany Ingo Emmerich MBA Ret 0
United Kingdom Peter Banks MBA Ret 0
United Kingdom Bill Robertson MBA Ret 0
Austria Hans Hummel MBA Ret 0
United Kingdom David Fabian Sanvenero Ret 0
Sweden Jörgen Ask MBA Ret 0
Finland Olli Kujansuu MBA Ret 0
Finland Juha Pakkanen MBA Ret 0
Italy Marino Neri MBA Ret 0
Germany Stefan Schmitt MBA DNQ 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Zdravko Ljeljak MBA DNQ 0

† denotes the death of a rider

50cc standings

Place Rider Machine FRA
France
NAT
Italy
GER
Germany
ESP
Spain
YUG
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
NED
Netherlands
SMR
San Marino
Points
1 Switzerland Stefan Dörflinger Krauser 1 11 1 2 1 2 2 81
2 Italy Eugenio Lazzarini Garelli 2 1 2 1 DNS 1 Ret 69
3 Italy Claudio Lusuardi Villa Ret 2 Ret 4 Ret 4 3 38
4 Netherlands Hans Spaan Kreidler Ret 5 6 7 2 9 6 34
5 Netherlands George Looijestyn Kreidler 6 3 4 6 5 Ret Ret 34
6 West Germany Hagen Klein [de] FKN-Kreidler 3 6 7 9 Ret 5 5 33
7 Spain Ricardo Tormo Garelli Ret 3 1 25
8 West Germany Rainer Kunz FKN-Kreidler Ret Ret 5 10 3 7 Ret 21
9 West Germany Gerhard Bauer Ziegler Ret Ret 3 5 7 21 20
10 West Germany Rainer Scheidhauer Kreidler 11 4 Ret 6 8 10 17
10 Netherlands Theo Timmer Casal 8 Ret 10 Ret Ret 6 4 17
12 Germany Ingo Emmerich Kreidler 4 8 8 Ret Ret 14
13 Spain Jorge Martinez Bultaco 3 10
14 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Zdravko Matulja Tomos Ret Ret Ret 4 12 Ret 8
15 Netherlands Paul Rimmelzwaan Kreidler 5 Ret Ret 11 Ret Ret Ret 6
16 Germany Gerhard Singer Kreidler Ret 7 9 Ret Ret 11 11 6
17 Austria Otto Machinek Kreidler 19 11 8 14 8 6
18 France Paul Bordes Moto 2L 7 10 13 13 Ret 13 Ret 5
19 Italy Giuseppe Ascareggi Minarelli 7 4
20 Netherlands Jos Van Dongen Kreidler 16 9 12 10 10 Ret 4
21 Spain Daniel Mateos Bultaco 8 3
22 Italy Paolo Priori Paolucci Ret 16 Ret 9 2
23 Netherlands Hans Koopman Kreidler 9 Ret 15 Ret Ret 2
24 Italy Maurizio Stocco Kreidler 14 9 Ret 2
25 Italy Massimo De Lorenzi Minarelli 10 12 17 Ret Ret Ret 1
Italy Claudio Granata Kreidler Ret 11 Ret 0
Spain Ramon Gali Bultaco 12 Ret 14 15 Ret 0
Germany Thomas Engl M1 Ret 18 Ret 12 Ret 15 0
Belgium Chris Baert Kreidler 17 17 16 18 17 12 0
France Yves Le Toumelin TYL (motorcycle) Ret 20 12 0
Switzerland Reiner Koster M1 13 Ret Ret Ret 20 Ret 14 0
United Kingdom Ian McConnachie Rudge Ret 23 16 19 Ret 13 0
Germany Kasimir Rapczynski Kreidler Ret 22 13 Ret 0
Italy Sandro de Rosa Villa 13 0
Germany Klaus Kull Kawadrom 14 26 Ret 0
Spain Joaquin Gali Bultaco Ret Ret Ret 14 Ret Ret 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Mijo Lijsak Kreidler 14 0
Germany Stefan Kurfiss Kreidler 27 15 0
Germany Hans-Joachim Ritter Kreidler 15 Ret Ret 0
Italy Guido Sala MTK 15 0
Netherlands Bert Smit PRS 15 0
Finland Mika-Sakari Komu Kreidler 18 25 16 19 17 0
Italy Giuliano Tabanelli Kreidler Ret 16 0
Netherlands Rini Vrijdag Kreidler 16 0
Portugal Henrique Sande Moda 17 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Miklos Bojan Kreidler 17 0
Germany Gunter Schirnhofer Kreidler 21 18 0
Austria Hans Hummel Sachs Ret Ret 30 Ret 18 0
Italy Roberto Rosso Minarelli 18 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia T. Persic Sever 18 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Peter Verbic Kreidler Ret 19 Ret Ret 0
Italy Nicola Casadei Minarelli Ret 19 0
France Gerard Velay Kreidler 19 0
France Jean-Francois Verdier Derbi 19 0
France Jean-Marc Velay Kreidler 20 DNS 0
Netherlands Wim de Jong Kreidler 20 0
Finland Stefan Danielsson Kreidler Ret 24 Ret 0
Germany Bruno Treitlein Kawadrom 28 0
Italy Massimo Fargeri Kreidler 29 Ret 0
United Kingdom Spencer Crabbe MBA 31 0
Germany Inge Arends Schuster 32 Ret Ret 0
Italy Mauro Mordenti Rossi Ret Ret 0
Italy Enrico Cereda Kreidler Ret Ret 0
Switzerland Joe Genoud Kreidler Ret 0
France Henri Laporte Moto Ret 0
France Philippe Linares SBM Ret 0
France Claude Delarbre ABF Ret 0
Italy Ezio Saffiotti UFO Ret 0
Germany Franz Ungar Kreidler Ret 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Lajos Horti Kreidler Ret 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Uros Tomanovic Kreidler Ret 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Radovan Stanojevic Sever Ret 0
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Rajko Mitrovic Sever Ret 0
Netherlands Bertus Grinwis Kreidler Ret 0
Netherlands Antoon Gevers Kreidler Ret 0
Germany Lothar Dahn Kreidler DNQ 0

[21]

References

  • Büla, Maurice & Schertenleib, Jean-Claude (2001). Continental Circus 1949–2000. Chronosports S.A. ISBN 2-940125-32-5
  • "The Official MotoGP website". Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2010.

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Noyes, Dennis; Scott, Michael (1999), Motocourse: 50 Years of Moto Grand Prix, Hazleton Publishing Ltd, ISBN 1-874557-83-7
  2. ^ a b c DeWitt, Norm (September–October 2012). "Franco Uncini – World Champion – Team Manager – Top Official". Classic Racer (157): 22–28. ISSN 1470-4463.
  3. ^ a b Clifford, Peter (1983), Motocourse 1983–1984, Hazleton Publishing Ltd, ISBN 0-905138-26-0
  4. ^ a b c d e Abrams, Henry Ray (November 1983). Fastest Freddie. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "Michel Frutschi career profile". ozebook.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  6. ^ "Motorcycle Racing Memorium". motorsportmemorial.org. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  7. ^ "Second Le Mans death". The Glasgow Herald. 4 April 1983. p. 16.
  8. ^ a b c "Kenny Roberts career statistics". motogp.com. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  9. ^ a b c "Freddie Spencer career statistics". motogp.com. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  10. ^ a b "Two Motorcyclists Die in Race Crash". The New York Times. United Press International. 1 August 1983.
  11. ^ a b "Roberts says he will never again give an inch of track to Spencer". The Modesto Bee. Bee News Services. 12 August 1983. p. 15. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  12. ^ "Roberts vs Spencer". cyclenews.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  13. ^ """Alle Grand-Prix uitslagen en bijzonderheden, van 1973 (het jaar dat Jack begon met racen) tot heden". Archive.li. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  14. ^ "1983 World Motorcycle Championship". Motorsportmagazine.com. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  15. ^ "500cc Grand Prix entry list for 1983". Motorcycle Racing Online.
  16. ^ "250cc Grand Prix entry list for 1983". Motorcycle Racing Online.
  17. ^ "1983 500cc Final Standings". motogp.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  18. ^ "1983 500cc Entries List". f1network.net. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  19. ^ "1983 250cc Final Standings". motogp.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  20. ^ "1983 250cc Entries List". f1network.net. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  21. ^ "1983 50cc Final Standings". motogp.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2014.