Ha (Indic)

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Ha
Ha
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseHa
TibetanHa
Tamil
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiHa
DevanagariHa
Cognates
Hebrewה
GreekΕ
LatinE, Ɛ
CyrillicE, Є, Э, Ҩ
Properties
Phonemic representation/h/
IAST transliterationh H
ISCII code pointD8 (216)

Ha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ह are:[1]

  • [hə] = 100 (१००)
  • हि [hɪ] = 10,000 (१० ०००)
  • हु [hʊ] = 1,000,000 (१० ०० ०००)
  • हृ [hri] = 100,000,000 (१० ०० ०० ०००)
  • हॢ [hlə] = ×1010 (१०१०)
  • हे [he] = ×1012 (×१०१२)
  • है [hɛː] = ×1014 (×१०१४)
  • हो [hoː] = ×1016 (×१०१६)
  • हौ [hɔː] = ×1018 (×१०१८)

Historic Ha

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ha as found in standard Brahmi, Ha was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Ha. The Tocharian Ha Ha did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ha, in Kharoshthi (Ha) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ha

The Brahmi letter Ha, Ha, is probably derived from the Aramaic He , and is thus related to the modern Latin E and Greek Epsilon.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ha historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Ha

The Tocharian letter Ha is derived from the Brahmi Ha, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ha with vowel marks
Ha Hi Hu Hr Hr̄ He Hai Ho Hau

Kharoṣṭhī Ha

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ha is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic He , and is thus related to H and Eta, in addition to the Brahmi Ha.[2]

Devanagari Ha

Ha () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘮.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, ह is pronounced as [ɦə] or [ɦ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ह with vowel marks
Ha Hi Hu Hr Hr̄ Hl Hl̄ He Hai Ho Hau H
हा हि ही हु हू हृ हॄ हॢ हॣ हे है हो हौ ह्

Conjuncts with ह

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ha either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of ह

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:

  • ह্ (h) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature hra:

Stacked conjuncts of ह

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (cʰ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature cʰha:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ḍha:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ḍʱha:

  • द্ (d) + ह (ha) gives the ligature dha:

  • ह্ (h) + ब (ba) gives the ligature hba:

  • ह্ (h) + च (ca) gives the ligature hca:

  • ह্ (h) + ज (ja) gives the ligature hja:

  • ह্ (h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature hjña:

  • ह্ (h) + क (ka) gives the ligature hka:

  • ह্ (h) + ल (la) gives the ligature hla:

  • ह্ (h) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature hḷa:

  • ह্ (h) + म (ma) gives the ligature hma:

  • ह্ (h) + न (na) gives the ligature hna:

  • ह্ (h) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature hṇa:

  • ह্ (h) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature hña:

  • ह্ (h) + व (va) gives the ligature hva:

  • ह্ (h) + य (ya) gives the ligature hya:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ŋha:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ṭha:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ṭʰha:

Bengali Ha

The Bengali script হ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ह. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter হ will sometimes be transliterated as "ho" instead of "ha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ho/. Like all Indic consonants, হ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali হ with vowel marks
ha hi hu hr hr̄ he hai ho hau h
হা হি হী হু হূ হৃ হৄ হে হৈ হো হৌ হ্

হ in Bengali-using languages

হ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with হ

Bengali হ does not form conjuncts like most other letters, and can only be found in conjunction with Repha and Ya-phala.[5]

  • র্ (r) + হ (ha) gives the ligature rha, showing the repha prefix:

  • র্ (r) + হ্ (h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rhya, with repha and the ya phala suffix:

Gujarati Ha

Gujarati Ha.

Ha () is the thirty-third consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ha ह with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Ha.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, હ is pronounced as [hə] or [h] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ha Hi Hu Hr Hl Hr̄ Hl̄ He Hai Ho Hau H
Gujarati Ha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with હ

Gujarati હ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + હ (ha) gives the ligature RHa:

  • હ્ (h) + ર (ra) gives the ligature HRa:

  • હ્ (h) + ણ (ɳa) gives the ligature HṆa:

  • હ્ (h) + ન (na) gives the ligature HNa:

  • હ્ (h) + લ (la) gives the ligature HLa:

  • હ્ (h) + વ (va) gives the ligature HVa:

Javanese Ha

Telugu Ha

Telugu Ha
Telugu subjoined Ha
Telugu independent and subjoined Ha.

Ha () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter H. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ha

Malayalam letter Ha

Ha () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter H, via the Grantha letter Ha Ha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ha matras: Ha, Hā, Hi, Hī, Hu, Hū, Hr̥, Hr̥̄, Hl̥, Hl̥̄, He, Hē, Hai, Ho, Hō, Hau, and H.

Conjuncts of ഹ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ഹ് (h) + ന (na) gives the ligature hna:

  • ഹ് (h) + മ (ma) gives the ligature hma:

Odia Ha

Odia independent letter Ha
Odia subjoined letter Ha
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ha.

Ha () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter H, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ha Ha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ha with vowel matras
Ha Hi Hu Hr̥ Hr̥̄ Hl̥ Hl̥̄ He Hai Ho Hau H
ହା ହି ହୀ ହୁ ହୂ ହୃ ହୄ ହୢ ହୣ ହେ ହୈ ହୋ ହୌ ହ୍

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. ହ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures.

Kaithi Ha

Kaithi consonant Ha
Kaithi consonant Ha.

Ha (𑂯) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter H, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ha Ha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ha with vowel matras
Ha Hi Hu He Hai Ho Hau H
𑂯 𑂯𑂰 𑂯𑂱 𑂯𑂲 𑂯𑂳 𑂯𑂴 𑂯𑂵 𑂯𑂶 𑂯𑂷 𑂯𑂸 𑂯𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂯

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂯 (ha) gives the ligature rha:

Comparison of Ha

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ha, are related as well.

Comparison of Ha in different scripts
Aramaic
Ha
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨱
Ashoka Brahmi
Ha
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Ha
Tocharian[b]
Ha
Gupta Brahmi
Ha
Pallava
Ha
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰮
Siddhaṃ
Ha
Grantha
𑌹
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Ha
Newa
𑐴
Ahom
𑜑
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
Ha
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤭
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑪂
Khmer
Tamil
Chakma
𑄦
Tai Tham
ᩉ / ᩌ
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
Marchen
𑲎
Tirhuta
𑒯
New Tai Lue
Tai Viet
ꪬ / ꪭ
Aksara Kawi
Ha
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆲
Rejang
Batak
Buginese
Zanabazar Square
𑨱
Bengali-Assamese
Ha
Takri
𑚩
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠪
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
Modi
𑘮
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈪
Khudabadi
𑋞
Mahajani
𑅱
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Ha
Nandinagari
𑧎
Kaithi
Ha
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊦
Buhid
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑪂
Sylheti Nagari
Gunjala Gondi
𑶇
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴬
Hanuno'o
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Ha

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER HA BENGALI LETTER HA TAMIL LETTER HA TELUGU LETTER HA ORIYA LETTER HA KANNADA LETTER HA MALAYALAM LETTER HA GUJARATI LETTER HA GURMUKHI LETTER HA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2361 U+0939 2489 U+09B9 3001 U+0BB9 3129 U+0C39 2873 U+0B39 3257 U+0CB9 3385 U+0D39 2745 U+0AB9 2617 U+0A39
UTF-8 224 164 185 E0 A4 B9 224 166 185 E0 A6 B9 224 174 185 E0 AE B9 224 176 185 E0 B0 B9 224 172 185 E0 AC B9 224 178 185 E0 B2 B9 224 180 185 E0 B4 B9 224 170 185 E0 AA B9 224 168 185 E0 A8 B9
Numeric character reference ह ह হ হ ஹ ஹ హ హ ହ ହ ಹ ಹ ഹ ഹ હ હ ਹ ਹ
ISCII 216 D8 216 D8 216 D8 216 D8 216 D8 216 D8 216 D8 216 D8 216 D8


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨱 𑌹
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER HA KHAROSHTHI LETTER HA SIDDHAM LETTER HA GRANTHA LETTER HA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69683 U+11033 68145 U+10A31 71086 U+115AE 70457 U+11339
UTF-8 240 145 128 179 F0 91 80 B3 240 144 168 177 F0 90 A8 B1 240 145 150 174 F0 91 96 AE 240 145 140 185 F0 91 8C B9
UTF-16 55300 56371 D804 DC33 55298 56881 D802 DE31 55301 56750 D805 DDAE 55300 57145 D804 DF39
Numeric character reference 𑀳 𑀳 𐨱 𐨱 𑖮 𑖮 𑌹 𑌹


Character information
Preview 𑨱 𑐴 𑰮 𑆲
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER HA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER HA PHAGS-PA LETTER HA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER HA NEWA LETTER HA BHAIKSUKI LETTER HA SHARADA LETTER HA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3943 U+0F67 4023 U+0FB7 43100 U+A85C 72241 U+11A31 70708 U+11434 72750 U+11C2E 70066 U+111B2
UTF-8 224 189 167 E0 BD A7 224 190 183 E0 BE B7 234 161 156 EA A1 9C 240 145 168 177 F0 91 A8 B1 240 145 144 180 F0 91 90 B4 240 145 176 174 F0 91 B0 AE 240 145 134 178 F0 91 86 B2
UTF-16 3943 0F67 4023 0FB7 43100 A85C 55302 56881 D806 DE31 55301 56372 D805 DC34 55303 56366 D807 DC2E 55300 56754 D804 DDB2
Numeric character reference ཧ ཧ ྷ ྷ ꡜ ꡜ 𑨱 𑨱 𑐴 𑐴 𑰮 𑰮 𑆲 𑆲


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER HA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH HA TAI THAM LETTER LOW HA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH HA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4127 U+101F 6729 U+1A49 6732 U+1A4C 6560 U+19A0
UTF-8 225 128 159 E1 80 9F 225 169 137 E1 A9 89 225 169 140 E1 A9 8C 225 166 160 E1 A6 A0
Numeric character reference ဟ ဟ ᩉ ᩉ ᩌ ᩌ ᦠ ᦠ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER HA LAO LETTER HO SUNG THAI CHARACTER HO HIP TAI VIET LETTER LOW HO TAI VIET LETTER HIGH HO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6048 U+17A0 3755 U+0EAB 3627 U+0E2B 43692 U+AAAC 43693 U+AAAD
UTF-8 225 158 160 E1 9E A0 224 186 171 E0 BA AB 224 184 171 E0 B8 AB 234 170 172 EA AA AC 234 170 173 EA AA AD
Numeric character reference ហ ហ ຫ ຫ ห ห ꪬ ꪬ ꪭ ꪭ


Character information
Preview 𑄦 𑜑 𑤭
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER HAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER HA CHAKMA LETTER HAA TAI LE LETTER HA AHOM LETTER HA DIVES AKURU LETTER HA SAURASHTRA LETTER HA CHAM LETTER HA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3524 U+0DC4 43295 U+A91F 69926 U+11126 6494 U+195E 71441 U+11711 71981 U+1192D 43186 U+A8B2 43560 U+AA28
UTF-8 224 183 132 E0 B7 84 234 164 159 EA A4 9F 240 145 132 166 F0 91 84 A6 225 165 158 E1 A5 9E 240 145 156 145 F0 91 9C 91 240 145 164 173 F0 91 A4 AD 234 162 178 EA A2 B2 234 168 168 EA A8 A8
UTF-16 3524 0DC4 43295 A91F 55300 56614 D804 DD26 6494 195E 55301 57105 D805 DF11 55302 56621 D806 DD2D 43186 A8B2 43560 AA28
Numeric character reference හ හ ꤟ ꤟ 𑄦 𑄦 ᥞ ᥞ 𑜑 𑜑 𑤭 𑤭 ꢲ ꢲ ꨨ ꨨ


Character information
Preview 𑘮 𑧎 𑪂 𑶇
Unicode name MODI LETTER HA NANDINAGARI LETTER HA SOYOMBO LETTER HA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER HO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER HA KAITHI LETTER HA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71214 U+1162E 72142 U+119CE 72322 U+11A82 43042 U+A822 73095 U+11D87 69807 U+110AF
UTF-8 240 145 152 174 F0 91 98 AE 240 145 167 142 F0 91 A7 8E 240 145 170 130 F0 91 AA 82 234 160 162 EA A0 A2 240 145 182 135 F0 91 B6 87 240 145 130 175 F0 91 82 AF
UTF-16 55301 56878 D805 DE2E 55302 56782 D806 DDCE 55302 56962 D806 DE82 43042 A822 55303 56711 D807 DD87 55300 56495 D804 DCAF
Numeric character reference 𑘮 𑘮 𑧎 𑧎 𑪂 𑪂 ꠢ ꠢ 𑶇 𑶇 𑂯 𑂯


Character information
Preview 𑒯 𑲎
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER HA LEPCHA LETTER HA LIMBU LETTER HA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER HUK MARCHEN LETTER HA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70831 U+114AF 7197 U+1C1D 6428 U+191C 43981 U+ABCD 72846 U+11C8E
UTF-8 240 145 146 175 F0 91 92 AF 225 176 157 E1 B0 9D 225 164 156 E1 A4 9C 234 175 141 EA AF 8D 240 145 178 142 F0 91 B2 8E
UTF-16 55301 56495 D805 DCAF 7197 1C1D 6428 191C 43981 ABCD 55303 56462 D807 DC8E
Numeric character reference 𑒯 𑒯 ᰝ ᰝ ᤜ ᤜ ꯍ ꯍ 𑲎 𑲎


Character information
Preview 𑚩 𑠪 𑈪 𑋞 𑅱 𑊦
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER HA DOGRA LETTER HA KHOJKI LETTER HA KHUDAWADI LETTER HA MAHAJANI LETTER HA MULTANI LETTER HA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71337 U+116A9 71722 U+1182A 70186 U+1122A 70366 U+112DE 70001 U+11171 70310 U+112A6
UTF-8 240 145 154 169 F0 91 9A A9 240 145 160 170 F0 91 A0 AA 240 145 136 170 F0 91 88 AA 240 145 139 158 F0 91 8B 9E 240 145 133 177 F0 91 85 B1 240 145 138 166 F0 91 8A A6
UTF-16 55301 57001 D805 DEA9 55302 56362 D806 DC2A 55300 56874 D804 DE2A 55300 57054 D804 DEDE 55300 56689 D804 DD71 55300 56998 D804 DEA6
Numeric character reference 𑚩 𑚩 𑠪 𑠪 𑈪 𑈪 𑋞 𑋞 𑅱 𑅱 𑊦 𑊦


Character information
Preview
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER HA BATAK LETTER HA BUGINESE LETTER HA JAVANESE LETTER HA REJANG LETTER HA SUNDANESE LETTER HA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6963 U+1B33 7106 U+1BC2 6678 U+1A16 43442 U+A9B2 43329 U+A941 7072 U+1BA0
UTF-8 225 172 179 E1 AC B3 225 175 130 E1 AF 82 225 168 150 E1 A8 96 234 166 178 EA A6 B2 234 165 129 EA A5 81 225 174 160 E1 AE A0
Numeric character reference ᬳ ᬳ ᯂ ᯂ ᨖ ᨖ ꦲ ꦲ ꥁ ꥁ ᮠ ᮠ


Character information
Preview 𑴬
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER HA BUHID LETTER HA HANUNOO LETTER HA MASARAM GONDI LETTER HA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5905 U+1711 5969 U+1751 5937 U+1731 73004 U+11D2C
UTF-8 225 156 145 E1 9C 91 225 157 145 E1 9D 91 225 156 177 E1 9C B1 240 145 180 172 F0 91 B4 AC
UTF-16 5905 1711 5969 1751 5937 1731 55303 56620 D807 DD2C
Numeric character reference ᜑ ᜑ ᝑ ᝑ ᜱ ᜱ 𑴬 𑴬



References

  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha.
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