Draft:Arylacetamide deacetylase like 2

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  • Comment: Pictures showing the full sequence length are not encyclopedic and not necessary in the article. See MOS:IMAGES for more information. Bobby Cohn (talk) 22:01, 29 July 2024 (UTC)


Arylacetamide Deacetylase Like 2, also known as AADACL2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the AADACL2 gene.

Gene

The AADACL2 gene consists of 27413 nucleotides..[1] with an mRNA of approximately 5060 base pairs.[2] There are five exons found in the AADACL2 gene.[2] AADACL2 is found to function in catalytic activity, hydrolase activity, and found to enable carboxylic ester hydrolase activity.[3]

mRNA

The chromosomal band location of AADACL2 is 3q25.1[4] and is located on the plus strand of the DNA.

Protein

2D structure of AADACL2. Domains and  post-translational modifications are labeled within each of its corresponding boundaries. Red indicates phosphorylation sites, blue indicates SUMOylation sites, and yellow indicates ubiquitination sites.

AADACL2 in humans is 401 amino acids long.[5] with a predicted molecular weight of 46 kDa.[6] The isoelectric point of AADACL2 is 7.2.[7] The AADACL2  protein contains two domains, Abhydrolase_3, that spans nearly the entire protein. Along with an intermediate domain which is Involved in the stabilization of the negatively charged intermediate by the formation of the oxyanion hole.[5] Both of which are found to be conserved amongst orthologs.

Localization

Human AADACL2 is predicted to be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum.[8]

Expression

AADACL2 is tissue specific. AADACL2 is expressed at a very high level in skin tissues.[4] It is found to express at low levels in placenta, esophagus, small intestine and colon[4]. It is also found in circular RNA induction during fetal development at higher levels at the intestines at 10 weeks and 20 weeks.[4]

Tertiary structure

The protein AADACL2 was found to be composed of both alpha helices along with beta barrels.[9]

Evolution

This graph depicts the corrected sequence divergence vs median date of divergence. The blue line and dots indicate AADACL2. Purple indicates the Fibrinogen alpha, and the orange indicates Cytochrome C.

The protein encoded by AADACL2[5] evolves slower than the fibrinogen alpha[10] protein but faster than the protein cytochrome c.[11]

Paralogs

Paralogs of AADACL2 include: AADAC (Arylacetamide Deacetylase), NCEH1 (Neutral Cholesterol Ester Hydrolase 1), AADACL3 (Arylacetamide Deacetylase Like 3), AADACL4 (Arylacetamide Deacetylase Like 4), and AFMID (Arylformamidase).[3]

Orthologs

Arylacetamide Deacetylase like 2 is found only in mammals. AADACL2 is not found in fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Arylacetamide Deacetylase like 2 is found in the following mammals: primates, flying lemurs, bats, rabbits & hares, rodents, insectivores, afrotheria, carnivores, even-toed ungulates, and odd-toed ungulates. Arylacetamide Deacetylase like 2 was approximately found to have first appeared in afrotheria 99 million years ago.

AADACL2                   Genus and Species Common Name Taxonomic Group Median Date of Divergence (MYA) Protein Accession # Protein Sequence Length (aa) Sequence Identity to Human Protein (%) Sequence Similarity to Human Protein (%)
Primates Homo sapiens Human Primates 0 NP_997248.2 401 100.0 100.0
Macaca mulatta Rhesus monkey Primates 28.8 XP_001106757.2 401 98 99.3
Rhinopithecus roxellana Golden snub-nosed monkey Primates 28.8 XP_010370407.2 401 97.3 99.0
Sapajus apella Tufted capuchin Primates 43 XP_032118900.1 401 94 96.3
Aotus nancymaae Nancy Ma's monkey Primates 43 XP_012292432.2 401 94.5 96.5
Microcebus murinus Gray mouse lemur Primates 74 XP_012646764.1 402 72.1 81.8
Flying Lemurs Cynocephalus volans Philippine flying lemur Dermoptera 74 XP_062934601.1 401 82.5 89.0
Bats Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Greater Horseshoe Bat Bats 94 XP_032991506.1 401 81.0 87.8
Pteropus alecto Black flying fox Chiroptera 94 XP_006926324.1 343 50.5 63.6
Rabbits & Hares Ochotona princeps American Pika Lagomorpha 87 XP_004598151.2 401 80.5 88.3
Rodents Octodon degus Degu Rodentia 87 XP_004643988.1 401 80.0 89.0
Mus musculus Mouse Rodentia 87 NP_001121563 401 79.1 89.5
Marmota monax Woodchuck Rodentia 87 XP_046287168.1 401 65.1 78.1
Insectivores Condylura cristata Star-nosed Mole Eulipotyphla 94 XP_004682396.1 401 78.8 86.3
Afrotheria Trichechus manatus latirostris Florida Manatee Sirenia 99 XP_004379276.3 402 78.4 88.1
Elephas maximus indicus Indian Elephant Proboscideans 99 XP_049723395.1 402 78.1 86.8
Carnivores Lontra canadensis Northern American River Otter Carnivora 94 XP_032708555.1 401 75.1 84.0
Phoca vitulina Harbor Seal Carnivora 94 XP_032265082.1 400 73.8 82.0
Ursus maritimus Polar Bear Carnivora 94 XP_008705296.2 401 73.6 83.3
Mustela putorius furo Domestic Ferret Carnivora 94 XP_004755622.1 401 73.6 82.5
Canis lupus dingo Dingo Carnivora 94 XP_025291970.3 403 73.4 81.9
Ailuropoda melanoleuca Giant Panda Carnivora 94 XP_002916395.1 397 72.1 81.0
Odobenus rosmarus divergens Pacific Walrus Carnivora 94 XP_004405057.1 400 70.3 80.5
Even-Toed Ungulates Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko Common Hippopotamus Artiodactyls 94 XP_057593784.1 416 70.0 79.4
Camelus dromedarius Arabian Camel Artiodactyls 94 XP_010985013.1 401 63.8 78.1
Odd-Toed Ungulates Equus caballus Horse Perissodactyla 94 XP_014587028.1 587 49.6 56.6

Clinical significance

Allergic contact dermatitis exposed to a nickel allergy, indicates that there is lower presence in the AADACL2 RNA when exposed to a nickel allergy versus the non-allergic control.[12] Arylacetamide deacetylase-like 2 was found to be in the top fifty skin enriched genes, and was predicted to contain a signal peptide and function as a secreted protein.[13]

References

  1. ^ "UCSC Genome Browser". University of California Santa Cruz: Human BLAT Search- BLAT Search Genome.
  2. ^ a b "Homo sapiens arylacetamide deacetylase like 2 (AADACL2), mRNA". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information. June 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Gene - Arylacetamide Deacetylase Like 2". Gene Cards: The Human Gene Database.
  4. ^ a b c d "AADACL2 arylacetamide deacetylase like 2 [Homo sapiens (human)]". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  5. ^ a b c "Arylacetamide Deacetylase-like 2 precursor [Homo sapiens]". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  6. ^ "Protein Molecular Weight". Bioinformatics.org: Protein Molecular Weight.
  7. ^ "Compute pI/Mw". Expasy: Swiss Bioinformatics Resource Portal.
  8. ^ "PSORT II Prediction". PSORT WWW Server.
  9. ^ "NCBI Domains & Structures". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  10. ^ "Fibrinogen Alpha Chain Isoform Alpha Precursor [Homo sapiens]". National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  11. ^ "Cytochrome c [Homo sapiens]". National Library of Medicine- National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  12. ^ Pedersen, MB; et al. (November 2007). "Gene expression time course in the human skin during elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 127 (11): 2585–2595. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700902. PMID 17597826. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  13. ^ Per-Henrik, D.; et al. (November 19, 2014). "Expression of Human Skin-Specific Genes Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling". Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry. 63 (2): 129–141. doi:10.1369/0022155414562646. PMC 4305515. PMID 25411189. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
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