Green ticket roundup
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The green ticket roundup[1][2] (or green card roundup;[3] French: rafle du billet vert [1]) is the name given to the summons and arrest of foreign Jews in France by French police on 14 May 1941. It is called a roundup, although the term roundup is not strictly accurate since the victims responded to a summons; but it has become the conventional term to use in this case, because it was the first of a wave of massive arrests of Jews under the Vichy regime. In particular, it occurred before the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup of July 1942.[2][4]
Terminology
This event is called in French, la rafle du billet vert. A literal translation is "green ticket roundup" or "green card roundup", although it was not a roundup. The "green" is because of the summons that was sent to Jewish residents of the Paris region printed on "green paper"[5] or green card stock. The term "billet" can be translated in various ways, and scholarship in English has tended to use either green ticket roundup or green card roundup to discuss the event. Some sources in English just refer to it in the original French.
Background
In September 1940, French authorities performed a census of foreign Jews by order of the Germans. In October, the Vichy regime then took the initiative to promulgate a new law on the status of Jews. Theodor Dannecker, representative of Adolf Eichmann in Paris, wished to speed up the exclusion of Jews, not only by registering them and plundering their goods, but also by interning them. He counted on Carltheo Zeitschel at the German embassy in Paris, who shared the same objectives, and who was in charge of relations with the Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs, which was created on 29 March 1941.
On 22 April 1941, Dannecker informed Prefect Ingrand, representative of the Ministry of the Interior in the Occupied zone, of the transformation of the prison camp of Pithiviers into an internment camp, with the transfer of its management to French authorities. At the same time, the Germans insisted on implementation of the 4 October 1940 law which allowed the internment of foreign Jews. The camp at Pithiviers being insufficient for the purpose on its own, the Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp was needed as well, for a total capacity of 5,000 detainees.[6][page needed]
Operations
On the basis of censuses, 6694 foreign Jews, mostly Polish males between 18 and 60 years old living in the Paris region, received a summons (the French: billet vert)for a "status investigation" (French: examen de situation, lit. 'examination of situation'". The green card ordered them to go to a place of assembly on 14 May 1941, accompanied by a relative. More than half (3747) obeyed the summons, because they thought it was only an administrative formality, and were immediately arrested; while the person accompanying them was requested to go fetch their belongings and food. They were transferred by bus to the Paris Austerlitz railway station and deported the same day by four special trains to the internment camps of the Loiret department, about 1700 in Pithiviers and 2000 in Beaune-la-Rolande.
Fate of the deportees
Between May 1941 and June 1942, about 800 prisoners managed to escape but they were often recaptured. The overwhelming majority of the victims of the operation were deported in the first deportation convoys [fr] of June and July 1942 and murdered at Auschwitz concentration camp.
See also
- Maurice Papon
- History of the Jews in France
- Internment camps in France
- The Holocaust in France
- Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline
References
Notes
- ^ a b Laub 2010, p. 217.
- ^ a b Marrus & Paxton 2019, p. 274.
- ^ Zuccotti 1999, p. 312.
- ^ Drake 2015, p. 207Unlike the earlier 'green card roundup' this one included a thousand Jews who were French, of whom about forty were well-known lawyers.
- ^ Marrus & Paxton, p. 274.
- ^ Peschanski 2002.
Sources
- Drake, David (16 November 2015), Paris at War: 1939-1944, Boston: Harvard University Press, p. 544, ISBN 978-0-674-49591-3, retrieved 25 May 2020
- Laub, Thomas J. (2010). After the Fall: German Policy in Occupied France, 1940-1944. Oxford: OUP. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-19-953932-1. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- Marrus, Michael R.; Paxton, Robert O. (17 September 2019) [1st pub. Basic Books (1981)], Vichy France and the Jews (2nd ed.), Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-1-5036-0982-2, OCLC 1137492753, retrieved 25 May 2020
- Peschanski, Denis (2002). La France des camps. L'internement 1938-1946 [France in the era of the camps. The internment 1938–1946] (doctoral thesis). Suite des temps (in French). Paris: Gallimard. ISBN 978-2-07-214077-8. OCLC 937884093.
- Susan Zuccotti (1999), "5 Roundups and Deportations", The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews, Lincoln, Nebraska: U of Nebraska Press, p. 81, ISBN 0-8032-9914-1, retrieved 25 May 2020
Further reading
- "Le rôle des camps de Pithiviers et de Beaune-la-Rolande dans l'internement et la déportation des Juifs de France" [The role of Pithiviers and Beaune-la-Rolande camps in the internment and deportation of the Jews of France] (PDF). Cercil archive (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
- Benoît Verny; Berthe Burko-Falcman; Claude Ungar (2011). "La « rafle » du billet vert et l'ouverture des camps d'internement du Loiret" [The green ticket roundup and the opening of internment camps in the Loiret] (in French). conférence du Cercle d'étude.
- Josephs, Jeremy (1 May 2012), Swastika Over Paris, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, p. 60, ISBN 978-1-4088-3448-0, retrieved 25 May 2020
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