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[[Executive order (United States)|Executive Order]] 12947, issued by President [[Bill Clinton]] on January 23, 1995, prohibits financial transactions with SDTs.<ref name="ter"/><ref name="report">{{cite web |url=http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/reports/tar2002.pdf|title=Terrorist Assets Report; Calendar Year 2002|last=U.S. Treasury Department|accessdate=March 12, 2010}}</ref><ref name="eord">{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12947|title=Executive Order 12947 |last=Clinton|first=William J.|date=January 23, 1995|work=Wikisource|accessdate=April 13, 2011}}</ref> Twelve organizations and 18 people were identified in the Order as threatening disruption of the [[Middle East peace process]]. The U.S. [[Secretary of the Treasury]] and the [[U.S. Attorney General]] were given the power to add other organizations and people to the list.<ref name="ter"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e90zAAAAIBAJ&pg=2433,1087582&dq=specially-designated-terrorist&hl=en |title=Islamic Jihad Leader's Bank Accounts Frozen |publisher=Gainesville Sun|date=November 3, 1995 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA671&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22executive+order%22+18#v=onepage |title=The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America |year=1997 |publisher=|accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref> On August 20, 1998, President Clinton expanded the list by Executive Order 13099.<ref name="report"/>
[[Executive order (United States)|Executive Order]] 12947, issued by President [[Bill Clinton]] on January 23, 1995, prohibits financial transactions with SDTs.<ref name="ter"/><ref name="report">{{cite web |url=http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/reports/tar2002.pdf|title=Terrorist Assets Report; Calendar Year 2002|last=U.S. Treasury Department|accessdate=March 12, 2010}}</ref><ref name="eord">{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_12947|title=Executive Order 12947 |last=Clinton|first=William J.|date=January 23, 1995|work=Wikisource|accessdate=April 13, 2011}}</ref> Twelve organizations and 18 people were identified in the Order as threatening disruption of the [[Middle East peace process]]. The U.S. [[Secretary of the Treasury]] and the [[U.S. Attorney General]] were given the power to add other organizations and people to the list.<ref name="ter"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e90zAAAAIBAJ&pg=2433,1087582&dq=specially-designated-terrorist&hl=en |title=Islamic Jihad Leader's Bank Accounts Frozen |publisher=Gainesville Sun|date=November 3, 1995 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA671&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22executive+order%22+18#v=onepage |title=The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America |year=1997 |publisher=|accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref> On August 20, 1998, President Clinton expanded the list by Executive Order 13099.<ref name="report"/>


The U.S. government began to impose economic sanctions against international terrorists in 1995.<ref name="report"/> On January 25, 1995, [[Hamas]] and [[Hezbollah]] were listed as SDTs, as was [[Ziyad al-Nakhalah]]. [[Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook]] was added in August 1995, [[Osama bin Laden]] was added in 1998, and on December 4, 2001 the [[Holy Land Foundation]] was also designated.<ref name="eord"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DcUeAc4YZo0C&pg=PA135&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=18#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false ''Checkpoints in cyberspace: best practices to avert liability in cross-border transactions'', [[American Bar Association]], Roland L. Trope, Gregory E. Upchurch, 2005, {{ISBN|1-59031-429-8}}, accessed March 12, 2010]</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYHi5qBaM7MC&pg=PA265&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&cd=2#v=onepage |title=Unfunding terror: the legal response to the financing of global terrorism'', Jimmy Gurulé |isbn=978-1-84542-962-1|publisher= Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2008 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref> On February 28, 2006, [[Sami Al-Arian]] signed a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to one count of [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to contribute services to or for the benefit of the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], a SDT organization, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; he was sentenced to 57 months in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/24/Hillsborough/Plea_deal_overcame_th.shtml |title=Hillsborough: Plea deal overcame the discord |publisher=Sptimes.com |date=April 24, 2006 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref name="plea">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_pleaagr.pdf|title=Plea Agreement; U.S. v. Al-Arian|date=February 28, 2006|accessdate=March 8, 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301162657/http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_pleaagr.pdf|archivedate=March 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name="57months">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_dojprsentencing.pdf|title=Sami Al-Arian Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison for Assisting Terrorist Group|last=U.S. Department of Justice|date=May 1, 2006|work=Press Release|accessdate=March 8, 2010}}</ref>
The U.S. government began to impose economic sanctions against international terrorists in 1995.<ref name="report"/> On January 25, 1995, [[Hamas]] and [[Hezbollah]] were listed as SDTs. [[Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook]] was added in August 1995, [[Osama bin Laden]] was added in 1998, and on December 4, 2001 the [[Holy Land Foundation]] was also designated.<ref name="eord"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DcUeAc4YZo0C&pg=PA135&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=18#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false ''Checkpoints in cyberspace: best practices to avert liability in cross-border transactions'', [[American Bar Association]], Roland L. Trope, Gregory E. Upchurch, 2005, {{ISBN|1-59031-429-8}}, accessed March 12, 2010]</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYHi5qBaM7MC&pg=PA265&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&cd=2#v=onepage |title=Unfunding terror: the legal response to the financing of global terrorism'', Jimmy Gurulé |isbn=978-1-84542-962-1|publisher= Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2008 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref> On February 28, 2006, [[Sami Al-Arian]] signed a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to one count of [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to contribute services to or for the benefit of the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], a SDT organization, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; he was sentenced to 57 months in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/24/Hillsborough/Plea_deal_overcame_th.shtml |title=Hillsborough: Plea deal overcame the discord |publisher=Sptimes.com |date=April 24, 2006 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref name="plea">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_pleaagr.pdf|title=Plea Agreement; U.S. v. Al-Arian|date=February 28, 2006|accessdate=March 8, 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301162657/http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_pleaagr.pdf|archivedate=March 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name="57months">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_dojprsentencing.pdf|title=Sami Al-Arian Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison for Assisting Terrorist Group|last=U.S. Department of Justice|date=May 1, 2006|work=Press Release|accessdate=March 8, 2010}}</ref> [[Ziyad al-Nakhalah]], the leader of the leader of [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], was designated a SDT in January 2014.<ref name=ecfr>[https://www.ecfr.eu/mapping_palestinian_politics/detail/ziyad_al_nakhalah Mapping Palestinian Politics - Ziyad al-Nakhalah]</ref>


The SDT list appears in the ''[[Federal Register]]'', which is updated regularly.<ref name="Treasury's War book">{{cite book | title=Treasury's War | publisher=PublicAffairs | author=Zarate, Juan C. | year=2013 | location=New York | isbn=9781610391153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gI970h9_pwC&pg=PA37&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&cd=12#v=onepage |title=To supply or to deny: comparing nonproliferation export controls in five key countries'', Michael David Beck, Michael David Beck |isbn=90-411-2216-8|publisher=Kluwer Law International |year= 2003|accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QpVVPtzu1LUC&pg=PA348&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=19#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false ''The cost of counterterrorism: power, politics, and liberty'', Laura K. Donohue, [[Cambridge University Press]], 2008, {{ISBN|0-521-84444-4}}, accessed March 12, 2010]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,118241,00.html |title=Hamas-Linked US Ventures Under Scrutiny|publisher=Fox News|date=April 27, 2004 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref>
The SDT list appears in the ''[[Federal Register]]'', which is updated regularly.<ref name="Treasury's War book">{{cite book | title=Treasury's War | publisher=PublicAffairs | author=Zarate, Juan C. | year=2013 | location=New York | isbn=9781610391153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gI970h9_pwC&pg=PA37&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&cd=12#v=onepage |title=To supply or to deny: comparing nonproliferation export controls in five key countries'', Michael David Beck, Michael David Beck |isbn=90-411-2216-8|publisher=Kluwer Law International |year= 2003|accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QpVVPtzu1LUC&pg=PA348&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=19#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false ''The cost of counterterrorism: power, politics, and liberty'', Laura K. Donohue, [[Cambridge University Press]], 2008, {{ISBN|0-521-84444-4}}, accessed March 12, 2010]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,118241,00.html |title=Hamas-Linked US Ventures Under Scrutiny|publisher=Fox News|date=April 27, 2004 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref>

Revision as of 10:18, 18 September 2020

A Specially Designated Terrorist (SDT) is a person who has been designated by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury to be a specially designated terrorist under notices or regulations issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), under the U.S. Treasury Department.[1][2]

Executive Order 12947, issued by President Bill Clinton on January 23, 1995, prohibits financial transactions with SDTs.[1][3][4] Twelve organizations and 18 people were identified in the Order as threatening disruption of the Middle East peace process. The U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and the U.S. Attorney General were given the power to add other organizations and people to the list.[1][5][6] On August 20, 1998, President Clinton expanded the list by Executive Order 13099.[3]

The U.S. government began to impose economic sanctions against international terrorists in 1995.[3] On January 25, 1995, Hamas and Hezbollah were listed as SDTs. Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook was added in August 1995, Osama bin Laden was added in 1998, and on December 4, 2001 the Holy Land Foundation was also designated.[4][7][8] On February 28, 2006, Sami Al-Arian signed a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to one count of conspiracy to contribute services to or for the benefit of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, a SDT organization, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; he was sentenced to 57 months in prison.[9][10][11] Ziyad al-Nakhalah, the leader of the leader of Palestinian Islamic Jihad, was designated a SDT in January 2014.[12]

The SDT list appears in the Federal Register, which is updated regularly.[2][13][14][15]

Consequences

All of the assets of all SDTs were frozen.[2] In addition, transfers of "funds, goods, or services" to SDTs were prohibited.[16][17][18][19] Also, any U.S. entity that holds any funds in which any interest is held in an SDT was required under the law to report its interest to appropriate U.S. authorities.[1][4][16][20][21] The sanctions apply to any entity "owned or controlled by", or acting on behalf of, an SDT.[1][4][22][23][24] They also apply to foreign branches of U.S. entities, but not to subsidiaries formed under non-U.S. law.[4][25][26][27][28]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Costigan, Sean S.; Gold, David (2007). Terrornomics. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-4995-3. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c Zarate, Juan C. (2013). Treasury's War. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781610391153.
  3. ^ a b c U.S. Treasury Department. "Terrorist Assets Report; Calendar Year 2002" (PDF). Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d e Clinton, William J. (January 23, 1995). "Executive Order 12947". Wikisource. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
  5. ^ "Islamic Jihad Leader's Bank Accounts Frozen". Gainesville Sun. November 3, 1995. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  6. ^ The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America. 1997. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  7. ^ Checkpoints in cyberspace: best practices to avert liability in cross-border transactions, American Bar Association, Roland L. Trope, Gregory E. Upchurch, 2005, ISBN 1-59031-429-8, accessed March 12, 2010
  8. ^ Unfunding terror: the legal response to the financing of global terrorism, Jimmy Gurulé. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-1-84542-962-1. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  9. ^ "Hillsborough: Plea deal overcame the discord". Sptimes.com. April 24, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  10. ^ "Plea Agreement; U.S. v. Al-Arian" (PDF). February 28, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
  11. ^ U.S. Department of Justice (May 1, 2006). "Sami Al-Arian Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison for Assisting Terrorist Group" (PDF). Press Release. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
  12. ^ Mapping Palestinian Politics - Ziyad al-Nakhalah
  13. ^ To supply or to deny: comparing nonproliferation export controls in five key countries, Michael David Beck, Michael David Beck. Kluwer Law International. 2003. ISBN 90-411-2216-8. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  14. ^ The cost of counterterrorism: power, politics, and liberty, Laura K. Donohue, Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-521-84444-4, accessed March 12, 2010
  15. ^ "Hamas-Linked US Ventures Under Scrutiny". Fox News. April 27, 2004. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  16. ^ a b The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America. 1997. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  17. ^ King, Philip; King, Sharmila (September 25, 2008). International economics and ... ISBN 9780072873337. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  18. ^ Root, William A.; Liebman, John R.; Thomsen, Roszel Cathcart (15 November 2006). United States Export Controls. ISBN 9780735565197. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  19. ^ Jandrowitz, James; Spaulding, Jay (September 11, 2001). 9-11 And Beyond. ISBN 9780757504730. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  20. ^ Infiltration: how Muslim spies and subversives have penetrated Washington, Paul Sperry. Thomas Nelson Inc. 2005. ISBN 1-59555-003-8. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  21. ^ Costigan, Sean S.; Gold, David (September 11, 2001). Terrornomics. ISBN 9780754649953. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  22. ^ The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America. 1997. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  23. ^ Costigan, Sean S.; Gold, David (September 11, 2001). Terrornomics. ISBN 9780754649953. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  24. ^ King, Philip; King, Sharmila (September 25, 2008). International economics and ... ISBN 9780072873337. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  25. ^ The law and business of international project finance, Scott L. Hoffman. Kluwer Law International. 2001. ISBN 1-57105-176-7. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  26. ^ The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America. 1997. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  27. ^ The Code of Federal regulations of the United States of America. 1997. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  28. ^ Costigan, Sean S.; Gold, David (September 11, 2001). Terrornomics. ISBN 9780754649953. Retrieved September 28, 2010.

External links

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