Soomra dynasty: Difference between revisions
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Grammar issue. Since they are also claimed to perhaps be Arab, it’s even more nonsensical to say they’re from the subcontinent |
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The '''Soomra dynasty''' were rulers of [[Sindh]] and adjacent regions, who were based in [[Thatta]], located in present-day [[Pakistan]]. Their origins are variously claimed to be Arab, indigenous Sindhi |
The '''Soomra dynasty''' were rulers of [[Sindh]] and adjacent regions, who were based in [[Thatta]], located in present-day [[Pakistan]]. Their origins are variously claimed to be Arab, indigenous Sindhi, or [[Rajput]]. Beginning with the reign of Soomar, the dynasty ruled Sindh, in the northwest part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] from 1026 to 1356,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf |title=The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD) |first=Habibullah |last=Siddiqui |journal=Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh}}</ref> and re-established local rule over Sindh after a period of several centuries of Arab rule.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty&dq=soomra+dynasty&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic0_SS9tXmAhUPuZ4KHT1vDUU4ChDoATAGegQIBxAC|title=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics|date=2007|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala.|language=en}}</ref> Despite their fall, Soomra culture and traditions continued to deeply impact Sindh for the next several centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjsCfDDbZg8C&q=soomra+dynasty&dq=soomra+dynasty&hl=en&ppis=_c&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic0_SS9tXmAhUPuZ4KHT1vDUU4ChDoATABegQIBBAC|title=The Herald|date=1992|publisher=Pakistan Herald Publications.|language=en}}</ref> |
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==History == |
==History == |
Revision as of 19:41, 21 March 2020
Soomra dynasty | |||||||||
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1026–1356 (Continued in exile until 1440 in Umerkot) | |||||||||
Capital | Thari (in present-day Badin District in Sindh), and Thatta | ||||||||
Common languages | Sindhi (native language) Arabic (liturgical language) | ||||||||
Religion | Shia Ismaili Islam | ||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Soomra dynasty begins | 1026 | ||||||||
• Soomra dynasty ends | 1356 (Continued in exile until 1440 in Umerkot) | ||||||||
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History of Pakistan |
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The Soomra dynasty were rulers of Sindh and adjacent regions, who were based in Thatta, located in present-day Pakistan. Their origins are variously claimed to be Arab, indigenous Sindhi, or Rajput. Beginning with the reign of Soomar, the dynasty ruled Sindh, in the northwest part of the Indian subcontinent from 1026 to 1356,[1] and re-established local rule over Sindh after a period of several centuries of Arab rule.[2] Despite their fall, Soomra culture and traditions continued to deeply impact Sindh for the next several centuries.[3]
History
In 711 CE, Muhammad Bin Qasim extended Umayyad rule to Sindh, making it the easternmost province of the Umayyad empire based in Damascus.[4] Under Umayyad rule, the Arab Habbari dynasty was established as a vassal state of the Umayyads, before ruling semi independently between the 9th and 11th centuries from their capital at Mansura.[5]
The Umayyad Caliphate was overthrown by the Abbasids of Baghdad in 850,[4] and the Habbari state continued to rule mostly independently, despite nominal recognition from the Abbasids.[6] The Arab Habbari state was then invaded in 1010 by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi,[6] who believed the Abbasids of to be the rightful caliphs and sought to extinguish any remnants of Umayyad influence in Sindh by sacking Mansura.[7]
Ghaznavi was unable to hold Sindh following his sacking of Mansura.[7] In place of him, the local Soomro tribe established the Soomra Dynasty, and began to govern Sindh as a vassal state of the Abbasid Caliphate.[4] Soomro historians regarded their first sultan to be Khafif, although modern research suggests that Khafif was the last Habbari sultan, rather than the first Soomra sultan.[8]
The Soomro tribe were one of the first tribes in Sindh to convert to Islam, and had become wealthy at Mansura.[4] Their origins were claimed to be Arab, although they were most likely indigenous Sindhis,[9] with a ruling elite that also had mixed origins from Arab officers who were encouraged to intermarry with local Sindhis under Umayyad rule.[7] Their name, in fact, may be derived from the city of Samarra in Iraq.[10] They sometimes are claimed to be of Rajput descent,[10][2] although no definitive evidence exists which corroborates that claim.[11] Despite conversion to Islam, they continued to maintain several Hindu customs and traditions.[7]
Under the rule of the second Soomra sultan, Soomra rule was extended northward until Multan and Uch.[7] During the early 11th century, an Ismaili missionary from the Fatimid Caliphate named Abdullah visited Sindh to spread Isma'ilism, resulting the Sindh, Multan, and Uch becoming centers of Ismaili Shi'ism.[9] Around the same time, large numbers of Sunni Sufi missionaries from Persia and Central Asia entered Sindh, and would eventually lead to large numbers of Sindhis converting to Islam.[9] Both the Shia and Sunni traditions peacefully coexisted in Sindh.[7]
In the late 1000s-early 1100s, Soomra control was extended southwards to the regions of Kutch and Kathiawar in the modern-day Indian state of Gujarat under the rule of Sanghar, and later under his son Khafif-ll.[7] Following his death, Sanghar's wife Hamoon attempted to usurp the Soomra throne for herself, though her efforts were quickly crushed by Soomra nobles.[7]
In the late 1100s, Muhammad Ghori invaded Sindh, leading to struggles over Kutch with the neighboring Samma dynasty.[7] In the 1220s, Jalaluddin Mingburnu of Khwarezm sacked Sindh, and briefly occupied the Soomra port of Debal.[7]
The Soomros ruled as Abbasid vassals until the Siege of Baghdad (1258), after which they began to rule independently.[10] Soomro rule over Sindh was weakened in the 1330s as the River Indus shifted course, disturbing Sindh's economy.[12]
The Soomra dynasty's rule over Sindh largely ended when the last Soomra king was defeated by Alauddin Khalji, the second king of the Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.[13][14] They continued to rule pockets of territory in the Thar desert around Umerkot until the mid 1400s.[7]
List of Rulers
Soomro historians regarded their first sultan to be Khafif, although he may have been in fact the last Habbari sultan. Consensus lists the following as Soomro rulers:[7]
- Sardar Soomar; 1025-1030
- Ibn Soomar Rajpal, also known as Dodo-l; 1030-1054
- Bhoongar-l, the son of Khafif, the last Habbari ruler of Mansura; 1054-1068
- Dodo-ll; 1068-1089
- Sanghar; 1089-1107. First three years under the care of his sister Tari who acted as regent
- Khafif-ll, son of Dodo-ll; 1107-1142
- Umar-l; 1142-1181
- Dodo-lll; 1181-1195
- Bhoongar-ll; 1195-1226
- Ganhwar; 1226-1242
- Muhammad Toor; 1242-1251
- Amrah Soomro; 1251-1256
Following the dissolution of Abbasid rule:
- Ganhwar-ll; 1256-1259
- Dodo-IV; 1259-1273
- Tai; 1273-1296
- Chanesar; 1296-1300
- Bhoongar-lll; 1301-1315
- Khafif-lll; 1315-1333
- Dodo-V; 1333-1351
Following the collapse of Soomra rule in Sindh, and exile to Umarkot
- Hamir Soomro; 1351-1355
- Umar; 1355-1390
- Bhoongar-V; 1390-1400
- Hamir-ll; 1400-1440
Notable people
See also
References
- ^ Siddiqui, Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD)" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
- ^ a b International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. 2007.
- ^ The Herald. Pakistan Herald Publications. 1992.
- ^ a b c d Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7.
- ^ DADUZEN, Dayal N. Harjani aka (19 July 2018). Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part 1. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64249-289-7.
- ^ a b Varyāh, ʻAbdullāh (1983). Souvenir, Mansura Seminar: 12th Rabi-us-Sani, 1403 A.H./27th January, 1983 A.D. Sanghar Historical and Cultural Society.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Siddiqui, Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD)" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
- ^ The Archeology: An Organ of the Friends of Cultural and Archeeological [i.e. Archaeological] Heritage of Pakistan. International Press & Publications Bureau. 1993.
- ^ a b c Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages. Sang-e Meel Publications. ISBN 978-969-35-2020-0.
- ^ a b c DADUZEN, Dayal N. Harjani aka (19 July 2018). Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part 1. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64249-289-7.
- ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages. Sang-e Meel Publications. ISBN 978-969-35-2020-0.
- ^ Meadows, Azra; Meadows, P. S. (1999). The Indus River: Biodiversity, Resources, Humankind. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577905-9.
- ^ "Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land".
- ^ "A tale of two legends: Padmavat and Dodo-Chanesar".