List of presidents of the National Rifle Association: Difference between revisions

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|{{sortname|William Conant|Church}}
|{{sortname|William Conant|Church}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1872–1875
| style="text-align:center;" |1872–1875
|{{sort|Other, Journalist|Journalist{{Efn|Co-founded the NRA<ref name="Rothman" />|name=founder|group=}} }}
|{{sort|Other, Journalist|Journalist}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nyti.ms/32vHlAp |title=National Rifle Association. |date=7 August 1872 |work=New York Times |access-date=8 November 2019 |issue=6516 |volume=21 |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1875/01/20/82749718.html?zoom=16.240000000000002 |title=The National Rifle Association. |date=20 January 1875 |work=New York Times |language=en |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nyti.ms/32vHlAp |title=National Rifle Association. |date=7 August 1872 |work=New York Times |access-date=8 November 2019 |issue=6516 |volume=21 |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1875/01/20/82749718.html?zoom=16.240000000000002 |title=The National Rifle Association. |date=20 January 1875 |work=New York Times |language=en |url-status=live |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>
|- id=3
|- id=3
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|{{sortname|Winfield S.|Hancock|Winfield Scott Hancock}}
|{{sortname|Winfield S.|Hancock|Winfield Scott Hancock}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1881
| style="text-align:center;" |1881
|{{sort|Politics, Candidate, Democrat|[[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets#1880|Democratic presidential nominee]] [[1880 United States presidential election|in 1880]]{{Efn|Also [[List of American Civil War generals (Union)|General of the Union Army]]|name=union|group=}} }}
|{{sort|Politics, Candidate, Democrat|[[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets#1880|Democratic presidential nominee]] [[1880 United States presidential election|in 1880]]}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/kopel200407020018.asp |title=The Hero of Gettysburg: Winfield Scott Hancock's shot straight |last1=Kopel |first1=David |last2=Gallant |first2=Paul |last3=Eisen |first3=Joanne |date=2 July 2004 |website=National Review Online |at=Masters of Their Arms |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420080111/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/kopel200407020018.asp |archive-date=20 April 2005 |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://nyti.ms/2NOEhKo |title=National Rifle Association.; The Programme For The Fall Meeting At Creedmoor. |date=14 August 1881 |work=New York Times |volume=30 |issue=9339 |language=en |access-date=8 November 2019 |page=12}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/kopel200407020018.asp |title=The Hero of Gettysburg: Winfield Scott Hancock's shot straight |last1=Kopel |first1=David |last2=Gallant |first2=Paul |last3=Eisen |first3=Joanne |date=2 July 2004 |website=National Review Online |at=Masters of Their Arms |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420080111/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/kopel200407020018.asp |archive-date=20 April 2005 |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://nyti.ms/2NOEhKo |title=National Rifle Association.; The Programme For The Fall Meeting At Creedmoor. |date=14 August 1881 |work=New York Times |volume=30 |issue=9339 |language=en |access-date=8 November 2019 |page=12}}</ref>
|- id=7
|- id=7
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|{{sortname|Ulysses S.|Grant}}
|{{sortname|Ulysses S.|Grant}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1883–1884
| style="text-align:center;" |1883–1884
|{{sort|Politics, President|[[List of presidents of the United States|18th]] [[President of the United States]]{{Efn||name=union|group=}} }}
|{{sort|Politics, President|[[List of presidents of the United States|18th]] [[President of the United States]]}}
|<ref name=":2" />
|<ref name=":2" />
|- id=9
|- id=9
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|{{sortname|George Wood|Wingate}}
|{{sortname|George Wood|Wingate}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1886–1900
| style="text-align:center;" |1886–1900
|{{sort|Military, Soldier, Union|Union soldier{{Efn||name=founder|group=}} }}
|{{sort|Military, Soldier, Union|Union soldier}}
|<ref name="Page-118" /><ref name=":4" />
|<ref name="Page-118" /><ref name=":4" />
|- id=11
|- id=11
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|{{sortname|Benedict|Crowell}}
|{{sortname|Benedict|Crowell}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1930–1931
| style="text-align:center;" |1930–1931
|{{sort|Military, General, Brigadier|[[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]]{{Efn|Also former [[United States Assistant Secretary of War|Assistant Secretary of War]]|name=|group=}} }}
|{{sort|Military, General, Brigadier|[[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]]}}
|<ref name="Rdngn2002">{{cite book |last1=Rodengen |first1=Jeffrey L. |editor1-last=Maysonet |editor1-first=Melody |title=NRA: An American legend |date=2002 |publisher=Write Stuff Enterprises |location=Fort Lauderdale, Florida |isbn=0-945903-81-2 |page=276 |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name="Rdngn2002">{{cite book |last1=Rodengen |first1=Jeffrey L. |editor1-last=Maysonet |editor1-first=Melody |title=NRA: An American legend |date=2002 |publisher=Write Stuff Enterprises |location=Fort Lauderdale, Florida |isbn=0-945903-81-2 |page=276 |language=en}}</ref>
|- id=21
|- id=21
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|{{sortname|Ammon B.|Critchfield|nolink=1}}
|{{sortname|Ammon B.|Critchfield|nolink=1}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1936
| style="text-align:center;" |1936
|{{sort|Military, General, Adjutant, Ohio|[[Ohio Adjutant General's Department|Ohio Adjutant general]]{{efn|Also a [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]]}} }}
|{{sort|Military, General, Adjutant, Ohio|[[Ohio Adjutant General's Department|Ohio Adjutant general]]}}
|<ref name="Rdngn2002" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The biographical annals of Ohio 1906-1907-1908: A handbook of the Government and Institutions of the State of Ohio |editor1-first=A. P. |editor1-last=Sandles |editor2-first=Edward William |editor2-last=Doty |editor3-last=Scobey |editor3-first=Frank Edgar |editor4-last=McElroy |editor4-first=Burgess L. |publisher=State of Ohio |page=590 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-clAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA590 |year=1898 |access-date=21 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Camp Perry joint Training Center |url=https://ong.ohio.gov/campperry/history.html |website=Ohio National Guard |publisher=Ohio Adjutant General's Department |access-date=11 November 2019 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
|<ref name="Rdngn2002" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The biographical annals of Ohio 1906-1907-1908: A handbook of the Government and Institutions of the State of Ohio |editor1-first=A. P. |editor1-last=Sandles |editor2-first=Edward William |editor2-last=Doty |editor3-last=Scobey |editor3-first=Frank Edgar |editor4-last=McElroy |editor4-first=Burgess L. |publisher=State of Ohio |page=590 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-clAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA590 |year=1898 |access-date=21 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Camp Perry joint Training Center |url=https://ong.ohio.gov/campperry/history.html |website=Ohio National Guard |publisher=Ohio Adjutant General's Department |access-date=11 November 2019 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
|- id=24
|- id=24
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|{{sortname|Harlon|Carter}}
|{{sortname|Harlon|Carter}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1965–1967
| style="text-align:center;" |1965–1967
|{{sort|Activism|Activist}}
|{{sort|Activism|Activist{{Efn|First executive director of the [[Institute for Legislative Action]]<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Sierpien |first=Jeffery A. |title=Frontline Strategies of the National Rifle Association |date=March 2006 |degree=Master's |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a445384.pdf |page=3 |language=en |place=Monterey, California}}</ref>|name=|group=}} }}
|<ref name="Rdngn2002" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Bruce |title=Harlon B. Carter, Longtime Head Of Rifle Association, Dies at 78 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/22/us/harlon-b-carter-longtime-head-of-rifle-association-dies-at-78.html |access-date=10 November 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=22 November 1991 |page=29 |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name="Rdngn2002" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Bruce |title=Harlon B. Carter, Longtime Head Of Rifle Association, Dies at 78 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/22/us/harlon-b-carter-longtime-head-of-rifle-association-dies-at-78.html |access-date=10 November 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=22 November 1991 |page=29 |language=en}}</ref>
|- id=40
|- id=40
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|{{sortname|Joe|Foss}}
|{{sortname|Joe|Foss}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1988–1990
| style="text-align:center;" |1988–1990
|{{sort|Politics, Governor, South Dakota|[[List of governors of South Dakota|20th Governor of South Dakota]]{{efn|Also a [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier general]] for the [[Air National Guard]] and first commissioner of the [[American Football League]]}} }}
|{{sort|Politics, Governor, South Dakota|[[List of governors of South Dakota|20th Governor of South Dakota]]}}
|<ref name="Rdngn2002" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldstein |first1=Richard |title=Joe Foss, Ace, Dies at 87; Also Led Football League |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/02/us/joe-foss-ace-dies-at-87-also-led-football-league.html |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=2 January 2003 |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name="Rdngn2002" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldstein |first1=Richard |title=Joe Foss, Ace, Dies at 87; Also Led Football League |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/02/us/joe-foss-ace-dies-at-87-also-led-football-league.html |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=2 January 2003 |language=en}}</ref>
|- id=52
|- id=52
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|{{sortname|Marion|Hammer}}
|{{sortname|Marion|Hammer}}
| style="text-align:center;" |1995–1998
| style="text-align:center;" |1995–1998
|{{sort|Activism|Activist{{efn|First female president of the NRA}} }}
|{{sort|Activism|Activist
|<ref name="NRAFlorida" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bragg |first1=Rick |title=Leader as Hard as Nails Is Taking Reins at N.R.A. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/us/leader-as-hard-as-nails-is-taking-reins-at-nra.html |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=14 April 1996 |page=14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Menzel |first1=Margie |title=Q&amp;A: An Interview With Florida Gun Lobbyist Marion Hammer |url=https://www.wlrn.org/post/qa-interview-florida-gun-lobbyist-marion-hammer |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=WLRN |agency=News Service of Florida |date=9 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name="NRAFlorida" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bragg |first1=Rick |title=Leader as Hard as Nails Is Taking Reins at N.R.A. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/us/leader-as-hard-as-nails-is-taking-reins-at-nra.html |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=14 April 1996 |page=14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Menzel |first1=Margie |title=Q&amp;A: An Interview With Florida Gun Lobbyist Marion Hammer |url=https://www.wlrn.org/post/qa-interview-florida-gun-lobbyist-marion-hammer |access-date=11 November 2019 |work=WLRN |agency=News Service of Florida |date=9 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
|- id=56
|- id=56
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|{{sortname|Oliver|North}}
|{{sortname|Oliver|North}}
| style="text-align:center;" |2018–2019
| style="text-align:center;" |2018–2019
|{{sort|Politics, Commentator|Political commentator{{efn|Also a retired [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant colonel]]}}}}
|{{sort|Politics, Commentator|Political commentator}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Orr |first1=Gabby |title=NRA announces North's resignation onstage as 'crisis' hits gun lobby |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/27/nra-oliver-north-1291369 |access-date=10 November 2019 |work=POLITICO |date=27 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Orr |first1=Gabby |title=NRA announces North's resignation onstage as 'crisis' hits gun lobby |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/04/27/nra-oliver-north-1291369 |access-date=10 November 2019 |work=POLITICO |date=27 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|- id=67
|- id=67
| style="text-align:right;" scope="row" |'''67'''
| style="text-align:right;" scope="row" |'''67'''
|{{sortname|Carolyn D.|Meadows}}{{efn|''Incumbent''}}
|{{sortname|Carolyn D.|Meadows}}
| style="text-align:center;" |2019–
| style="text-align:center;" |2019–
|{{sort|Activism|Activist}}
|{{sort|Activism|Activist}}

Revision as of 16:36, 7 March 2020

Incumbents
NRA President
Carolyn D. Meadows
Executive Vice President
Wayne LaPierre

The president of the National Rifle Association (NRA) is a largely symbolic role,[1] which dates back to the NRA's origins in New York on 17 November 1871.[2] Founded by George Wood Wingate and William Conant Church, two Union veterans dismayed by the lack of shooting skills among recruits,[3] the rifle association voted to have Union general Ambrose Burnside as its first president.[4] Church would soon succeed Burnside as the second president of the organization,[5] and Wingate would become the tenth in 1886.[6]

Throughout its history, presidents have served purposes ranging from providing the NRA greater legitimacy[6][7] to intentionally provoking outrage and condemnation.[2][8] Since the 1990s, some NRA presidents have made controversial statements such as when James W. Porter II referred to Barack Obama as a "fake president" and when Charlton Heston proclaimed to gun control advocates that they could only have his firearm after taking it "from my cold, dead hands."[2][9]

While once elected at the annual convention,[10] As of 2019, NRA presidents are chosen by the board of directors.[11] They generally serve out two one-year terms.[12] While the position of president is unpaid, during Oliver North's time in office he sought to make the position a paid one, but this initiative failed when he was ousted as president after a power struggle with vice president Wayne LaPierre.[13] Some former presidents have later been employed by the NRA[14] such as Marion Hammer, the association's first female president, who is the executive director of the group's Florida affiliate.[15][16] Since 1991, the executive vice president, who acts as the group's chief operating officer,[17] has been Wayne LaPierre, despite several internal challenges to his role.[17][18]

There have been 65 NRA presidents, serving 67 distinct terms. Those who have held the position include former president Ulysses S. Grant, Harlon Carter, American Football League commissioner Joe Foss, and David Keene. As of 2019, the current president of the National Rifle Association is Carolyn D. Meadows.

Presidents of the National Rifle Association

Ambrose Burnside in a chair
Ambrose Burnside was the first president of the NRA
colored painting of President Ulysses S. Grant
Presidential Portrait of Ulysses S. Grant
Black and white photograph of Merritt A. Edson in uniform
Retired Marine officer "Red Mike" Edson
Photograph of Charlton Heston in a suit addressing guests
Actor Charlton Heston at an American Film Institute gala
Oliver North speaking from notes behind a red background at a blue podium
Oliver North speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference
# Name Tenure Background Ref.
1 Ambrose Burnside 1871–1872 Union general [4]
2 William Conant Church 1872–1875 Journalist [19][20]
3 Alexander Shaler 1875–1877 Union general [21][22]
4 N. P. Stanton 1877–1880 Judge [22][23][24]
5 Henry A. Gildersleeve 1880 Judge [24][25]
6 Winfield S. Hancock 1881 Democratic presidential nominee in 1880 [26][27]
7 E. L. Molineux 1882 Union soldier [25]
8 Ulysses S. Grant 1883–1884 18th President of the United States [25]
9 Philip Sheridan 1885 Union general [25]
10 George Wood Wingate 1886–1900 Union soldier [6][7]
11 Bird W. Spencer 1900–1907 Brigadier general [7][28]
12 James Drain 1907–1916 Washington Adjutant General [28][29]
13 William Libbey 1916–1921 Sports shooter [30][31]
14 Smith W. Brookhart 1921–1925 U.S. Senator from Iowa [32][33]
15 Francis E. Warren 1925[a] U.S. Senator from Wyoming [35][34]
16 Smith W. Brookhart 1925–1926 U.S. Senator from Iowa [36][37]
17 Fred M. Waterbury 1926–1927 Lieutenant colonel [38]
18 L. M. Rumsey Jr. 1928 Lieutenant colonel [39][40]
19 Patrick J. Hurley 1929 Assistant Secretary of War [41]
20 Benedict Crowell 1930–1931 Brigadier general [42]
21 G. A. Fraser 1932 Brigadier general [42][43]
22 Karl T. Frederick 1934 Sports shooter [44]
23 Ammon B. Critchfield 1936 Ohio Adjutant general [42][45][46]
24 Gustavus D. Pope 1937–1938 Humanitarian [42][47][48]
25 Littleton W. T. Waller Jr. 1939 Brigadier general [42][49]
26 Nathaniel C. Nash 1941 Botanist [42][50]
27 Hilliard Comstock 1942–1943 Judge [42][51]
28 Thurman Randle 1944–1946 Lieutenant colonel [42][52]
29 Francis W. Parker Jr. 1946–1947 Patent lawyer [42][53]
30 Emmett Swanson 1948–1949 Sports shooter [42][54]
31 Merritt A. Edson 1949–1950 Marine Corps general [42][54]
32 Harry D. Linn 1951–1952 Businessman [42][55]
33 J. Alvin Badeaux 1953–1954 Activist [42][56][57]
34 Morton C. Mumma 1955 Rear admiral [42][58]
35 George R. Whittington 1957 Attorney [42][59]
36 Irvine C. Porter 1959–1961 Attorney [42][60][61]
37 John M. Schooley 1961–1963 Sheriff of Denver [42][62][63]
38 Bartlett Rummel 1963–1964 Judge [42][64]
39 Harlon Carter 1965–1967 Activist [42][65]
40 Harold W. Glassen 1967–1968 Sports shooter [42][66]
41 Woodson D. Scott 1969–1970 Attorney [67][68]
42 Fred M. Hakenjos 1971 Artist [42][69]
43 C. R. Gutermuth 1973–1974 Conservationist [42][70][71]
44 Merrill W. Wright 1975 Major general [42][60]
45 Lloyd M. Mustin 1977–1978 Vice admiral [10][72][73][74]
46 John B. Layton 1979 Washington, D.C. Chief of police [42][75]
47 Keith M. Gaffaney 1981–1983 Police officer [42][76]
48 Howard W. Pollock 1983–1985 Alaskan Congressman [42][77]
49 Alonzo H. Garcelon 1985 Dentist [42][60][78]
50 James E. Reinke 1985–1988 Eastern Airlines Vice President [78][79][80][81]
51 Joe Foss 1988–1990 20th Governor of South Dakota [42][82]
52 Richard D. Riley 1990–1992 Activist [83][42][84]
53 Robert K. Corbin 1992–1993 Arizona Attorney General [42][85]
54 Thomas L. Washington 1994–1995 Conservationist [42][86]
55 Marion Hammer 1995–1998 Activism|Activist [16][87][88]
56 Charlton Heston 1998–2003 Actor [89]
57 Kayne Robinson 2003–2005 Des Moines Chief of detectives [90][91]
58 Sandra Froman 2005–2007 Attorney [92]
59 John C. Sigler 2007–2009 Attorney [93][94]
60 Ron Schmeits 2009–2011 Mayor of Jordan, Minnesota [94][95]
61 David Keene 2011–2013 Activist [96]
62 James W. Porter II 2013–2015 Activist[b] [61][97]
63 Allan D. Cors 2015–2017 Sports shooter [98][99][100]
64 Pete Brownell 2017–2018 Businessperson [90][101]
65 Carolyn D. Meadows 2018 Activist [102]
66 Oliver North 2018–2019 Political commentator [103]
67 Carolyn D. Meadows 2019– Activist [102]

Notes

  1. ^ Resigned 16 May 1925 along with first Vice President Major General Fred C. Ainsworth. At the time, Fred M. Waterbury was second Vice President.[34]
  2. ^ Son of Irvine C. Porter

References

  1. ^ Beckett, Lois (27 April 2019). "NRA's Wayne LaPierre claims he's being pressured to resign". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  2. ^ a b c Graham, David A. (7 May 2018). "The Logic of the NRA Choosing Ollie North as President". The Atlantic. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  3. ^ Rothman, Lily (17 November 2015). "The Original Reason the NRA Was Founded". Time. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  4. ^ a b "Meeting of the National Rifle Association Election of Officers". New York Times. Vol. 21, no. 6297. 25 November 1871. p. 3. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  5. ^ Bedard, Paul (14 April 2018). "Rare Abraham Lincoln tie to the NRA shows up at auction". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Marlin, Jeffrey A. (10 May 2013). The National Guard, the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice, and the National Rifle Association: Public Institutions and the Rise of a Lobby for Private Gun Ownership (PDF) (PhD thesis). Georgia State University. p. 118. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  7. ^ a b c "Will Encourage Marksmen.; National Rifle Association's Plans to Stimulate Shooting and Arrange an International Contest". New York Times. 18 December 1900. p. 10. Retrieved 8 November 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ Korte, Gregory (5 May 2013). "New NRA leader says Obama seeks 'revenge' on gun owners". USA TODAY. Washington. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  9. ^ "Why is US gun lobby NRA so controversial?". BBC. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  10. ^ a b "NRA chief vows renewed gun-control fight". The Billings Gazette. Cincinnati. 25 May 1977. p. 3.
  11. ^ Nast, Condé. "Could the NRA Be Taken Over from the Inside?". GQ. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  12. ^ Pane, Lisa Marie (27 April 2019). "North says he won't serve second term as president of NRA". www.wdtv.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  13. ^ Hakim, Danny (29 April 2019). "Wayne LaPierre Prevails in Fierce Battle for the N.R.A." The New York Times. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  14. ^ Reinhard, Beth; Zezima, Katie; Hamburger, Tom; Leonnig, Carol D. (10 June 2019). "NRA money flowed to board members amid allegedly lavish spending by top officials and vendors". OregonLive.com. Oregonian Media Group. The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  15. ^ Reinhard, Beth; Hamburger, Tom (6 September 2019). "NRA board member and former president Marion Hammer obtained low-interest loan from affiliate she leads". Washington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  16. ^ a b Spies, Mike (23 February 2018). "The N.R.A. Lobbyist Behind Florida's Pro-Gun Policies". The New Yorker. Condé Nast. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  17. ^ a b Thomas, Pierre (10 February 1997). "Nra's Lapierre Survives Internal Assault On Tenure". Washington Post. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  18. ^ Hakim, Danny (28 August 2019). "How Wayne LaPierre Survived a Revolt at the N.R.A." New York Times. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  19. ^ "National Rifle Association". New York Times. Vol. 21, no. 6516. 7 August 1872. p. 2. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  20. ^ "The National Rifle Association". New York Times. 20 January 1875. Retrieved 8 November 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ "The International Rifle Match.; Special Meeting Of The National Rifle Association Favorable Reports On The Proposed Dramatic Entertainment". New York Times. 28 March 1875. Retrieved 8 November 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  22. ^ a b "National Rifle Association". New York Times. Vol. 26, no. 7902. 10 January 1877. p. 8. Retrieved 8 November 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ "National Rifle Association". New York Times. Vol. 28, no. 8532. 15 January 1879. p. 2. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  24. ^ a b "National Rifle Association". New York Times. Vol. 29, no. 8844. 14 January 1880. p. 2. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  25. ^ a b c d Utter, Glenn H. (1 December 2015). Guns and Contemporary Society: The Past, Present, and Future of Firearms and Firearm Policy [3 volumes]: The Past, Present, and Future of Firearms and Firearm Policy. ABC-CLIO. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-4408-3218-5.
  26. ^ Kopel, David; Gallant, Paul; Eisen, Joanne (2 July 2004). "The Hero of Gettysburg: Winfield Scott Hancock's shot straight". National Review Online. Masters of Their Arms. Archived from the original on 20 April 2005. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  27. ^ "National Rifle Association.; The Programme For The Fall Meeting At Creedmoor". New York Times. Vol. 30, no. 9339. 14 August 1881. p. 12. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  28. ^ a b Marlin, Jeffrey A. (10 May 2013). The National Guard, the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice, and the National Rifle Association: Public Institutions and the Rise of a Lobby for Private Gun Ownership (PDF) (PhD thesis). Georgia State University. pp. 182–183.
  29. ^ Marlin, Jeffrey A. (10 May 2013). The National Guard, the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice, and the National Rifle Association: Public Institutions and the Rise of a Lobby for Private Gun Ownership (PDF) (PhD thesis). Georgia State University. p. 198. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  30. ^ Hardy, David (28 December 2009). "Of Arms and the Law: A Rifleman in No Man's Land". Armsandthelaw.com. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  31. ^ Libbey, Rick (February 2006). "Colonel WILLIAM LIBBEY 6-4-8-2-4-5-1" (PDF). The Libby Family Newsletter. The John Libby Family Association. p. 6. OCLC 46697183. Retrieved 8 November 2019.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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