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#REDIRECT [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus]]
{{about|the strain of virus that causes the disease [[SARS]]|the species of virus to which this strain belongs|severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus|the strain of virus that causes [[COVID-19]]|severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2}}
{{short description|Strain of virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome}}
{{Virusbox
| image = SARS virion.gif
| image_alt =
| image_caption = electron microscope image of SARS [[virion]]
| parent = Sarbecovirus
| species = Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
| strain = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
| authority =
| synonyms =
*''SARS coronavirus''
*''SARS-related coronavirus''
*''Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus''<ref name="TaxHist">{{cite web |title=ICTV Taxonomy history: ''Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus'' |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=20181868 |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |accessdate=27 January 2019 |language=en |format=html}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref =
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
}}

'''''Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus''''' ('''SARS-CoV''') is the strain of [[virus]] that causes [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS).<ref name=Thiel>{{cite book | author = Thiel V (editor). | title = Coronaviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology | edition = 1st | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-904455-16-5 }}</ref> On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in [[Asia]] and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) issued a press release stating that the [[coronavirus]] identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. Samples of the virus are being held in laboratories in [[New York City]], [[San Francisco]], [[Manila]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Toronto]].

The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) in the United States and [[National Microbiology Laboratory]] (NML) in Canada identified the SARS-CoV [[genome]] in April 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/about/history/sars/feature.htm |title=Remembering SARS: A Deadly Puzzle and the Efforts to Solve It |date=11 April 2013 |accessdate=3 August 2013 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801143131/http://www.cdc.gov/about/history/sars/feature.htm |archivedate=1 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2003/pr31/en/ |title=Coronavirus never before seen in humans is the cause of SARS |publisher=United Nations World Health Organization |date=16 April 2006 |accessdate=5 July 2006 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040812124322/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2003/pr31/en/ |archivedate=12 August 2004 }}</ref> Scientists at [[Erasmus University]] in [[Rotterdam]], the Netherlands demonstrated that the SARS coronavirus fulfilled [[Koch's postulates]] thereby confirming it as the causative agent. In the experiments, [[macaque]]s infected with the virus developed the same symptoms as human SARS victims.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fouchier RA, Kuiken T, Schutten M, etal |title=Aetiology: Koch's postulates fulfilled for SARS virus |journal=Nature |volume=423 |issue=6937 |page=240 |year=2003 |pmid=12748632 |doi=10.1038/423240a |bibcode=2003Natur.423..240F }}</ref>

[[2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak|An outbreak]] of a [[COVID-19|novel coronavirus disease in 2019]] showed many similarities with the SARS outbreak, and the viral agent was identified as another strain of the SARS coronavirus, [[SARS-CoV-2]]. Although the two are strains of the same virus, SARS-CoV-2 is not a direct descendant of SARS-CoV, and made the jump into humans separately.

==SARS==
SARS, or [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]], is the disease caused by SARS-CoV. It causes an often severe illness marked initially by systemic symptoms of [[muscle pain]], [[headache]], and [[fever]], followed in 2–14 days by the onset of respiratory symptoms,<ref name="pmid15018127">{{cite journal |author1=Chan-Yeung M |author2=Xu RH |title=SARS: epidemiology |journal=Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) |volume=8 |issue=Suppl |pages=S9–14 |date=November 2003 |pmid=15018127 |doi= 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x|url=}}</ref> mainly cough, [[dyspnea]], and [[pneumonia]]. Another common finding in SARS patients is a decrease in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood.<ref name="pmid15254784">{{cite journal |author1=Yang M |author2=Li CK |author3=Li K |author4=Hon KL |author5=Ng MH |author6=Chan PK |author7=Fok TF |title=Hematological findings in SARS patients and possible mechanisms (review) |journal=International Journal of Molecular Medicine |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=311–5 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15254784 |url=http://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijmm/14/2/311 |doi=10.3892/ijmm.14.2.311 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104246/http://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijmm/14/2/311 |archivedate=2015-09-24 }}</ref>

In the SARS outbreak of 2003, about 9% of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV infection died.<ref name="pmid16804033">{{cite journal |author1=Sørensen MD |author2=Sørensen B |author3=Gonzalez-Dosal R |author4=Melchjorsen CJ |author5=Weibel J |author6=Wang J |author7=Jun CW |author8=Huanming Y |author9=Kristensen P | title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): development of diagnostics and antivirals | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 1067 | issue = 1| pages = 500–5 |date=May 2006 | pmid = 16804033 | doi = 10.1196/annals.1354.072|bibcode=2006NYASA1067..500S }}</ref> The mortality rate was much higher for those over 60 years old, with mortality rates approaching 50% for this subset of patients.<ref name="pmid16804033"/>

==History==
On April 12, 2003, scientists working at the Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre in [[Vancouver]] finished mapping the [[genetic sequence]] of a coronavirus believed to be linked to SARS. The team was led by Dr. [[Marco Marra]] and worked in collaboration with the [[British Columbia]] Centre for Disease Control and the [[National Microbiology Laboratory]] in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], using samples from infected patients in [[Toronto]]. The map, hailed by the WHO as an important step forward in fighting SARS, is shared with scientists worldwide via the GSC website (see below). Dr. [[Donald Low]] of [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto)|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in Toronto described the discovery as having been made with "unprecedented speed".<ref>{{cite web |title=B.C. lab cracks suspected SARS code |date=April 2003 |publisher=CBCNews, Canada |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2003/04/12/sars_code030412.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126060924/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2003/04/12/sars_code030412.html |archivedate=2007-11-26 }}</ref> The sequence of the SARS coronavirus has since been confirmed by other independent groups.

In late May 2003, studies from samples of wild animals sold as food in the local market in Guangdong, China, found a strain of SARS coronavirus could be isolated from [[masked palm civet]]s (''Paguma'' sp.), but the animals did not always show clinical signs. The preliminary conclusion was the SARS virus crossed the [[xenographic]] barrier from palm civet to humans, and more than 10,000 masked palm civets were killed in Guangdong Province. The virus was also later found in [[raccoon dog]]s (''Nyctereuteus'' sp.), [[ferret badger]]s (''Melogale'' spp.), and domestic cats. In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese [[bat]]s.<ref name=Li>{{cite journal |vauthors=Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, etal |title=Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses |journal=Science |volume=310 |issue=5748 |pages=676–9 |year=2005 |pmid=16195424 |doi=10.1126/science.1118391 |bibcode=2005Sci...310..676L }}</ref><ref name=Lau>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lau SK, Woo PC, Li KS, etal |title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=102 |issue=39 |pages=14040–5 |year=2005 |pmid=16169905 |pmc=1236580 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0506735102 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10214040L }}</ref>
Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability that SARS coronavirus originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or through animals held in Chinese markets. The bats did not show any visible signs of disease, but are the likely natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. In late 2006, scientists from the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of [[Hong Kong University]] and the [[Guangzhou]] Centre for Disease Control and Prevention established a genetic link between the SARS coronavirus appearing in civets and humans, confirming claims that the disease had jumped across species.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/23/content_740511.htm |title=Scientists prove SARS-civet cat link |work=China Daily |date=23 November 2006 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614103319/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/23/content_740511.htm |archivedate=14 June 2011 }}</ref>

==Virology==
[[File:SARS CoV.jpg|thumb|Scanning Electron Micrograph of SARS virions]]

SARS-Coronavirus follows the replication strategy typical of the [[Coronavirus]] genus. The primary human receptor of the virus is [[Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2|angiotensin-converting enzyme 2]] (ACE2), first identified in 2003.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Wenhui|last2=Moore|first2=Michael J.|last3=Vasilieva|first3=Natalya|last4=Sui|first4=Jianhua|last5=Wong|first5=Swee Kee|last6=Berne|first6=Michael A.|last7=Somasundaran|first7=Mohan|last8=Sullivan|first8=John L.|last9=Luzuriaga|first9=Katherine|last10=Greenough|first10=Thomas C.|last11=Choe|first11=Hyeryun|date=Nov 2003|title=Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=426|issue=6965|pages=450–454|doi=10.1038/nature02145|pmid=14647384|issn=0028-0836}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Carlo Urbani]]
* [[Timeline of the SARS outbreak]]
* [[SL-CoV-WIV1]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Peiris JS, Lai ST, Poon LL, etal |title=Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome |journal=Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9366 |pages=1319–25 |date=April 2003 |pmid=12711465 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13077-2}}
* {{cite journal
|vauthors=Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS, etal |date=30 May 2003
|title=Characterization of a Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
|journal=Science
|volume=300
|issue=5624
|pages=1394–9
|doi=10.1126/science.1085952
|pmid=12730500
|bibcode=2003Sci...300.1394R
}}
* {{cite journal
| author=Marco A. Marra| date=30 May 2003
| title=The Genome Sequence of the SARS-Associated coronavirus
| journal=Science
| volume=300
| issue=5624
| pages=1399–1404
| doi=10.1126/science.1085953
| pmid=12730501
|display-authors=etal| bibcode=2003Sci...300.1399M
}}
* {{cite journal
|vauthors=Snijder EJ, etal |date=29 August 2003
|title=Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage
|journal=[[J Mol Biol]]
|volume=331
|issue=5
|pages=991–1004
|doi=10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00865-9
|pmid=12927536
|citeseerx=10.1.1.319.7007
}}
* {{cite journal
|vauthors=Yount B, etal |date=15 August 2006
|title=Rewiring the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) transcription circuit: engineering a recombination-resistant genome
|journal=[[Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A]]
|volume=103
|issue=33
|pages=12546–51
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
|doi=10.1073/pnas.0605438103
|pmid=16891412
|pmc=1531645
|bibcode=2006PNAS..10312546Y
}}
* {{cite book | editor = Thiel V | title = Coronaviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology | edition = 1st | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-904455-16-5 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Enjuanes L, etal |year=2008|chapter=Coronavirus Replication and Interaction with Host|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn= 978-1-904455-22-6}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2003/pr31/en/ WHO press release identifying and naming the SARS virus]
* [http://www.bcgsc.ca/bioinfo/SARS/ The SARS virus genetic map]
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/sars/ ''Science'' special on the SARS virus] (free content: no registration required)
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301194019/http://www.health.library.mcgill.ca/resource/sars.htm |date=March 1, 2005 |title=McGill University SARS Resources }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160412085632/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/ U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) SARS home]
* [http://www.castanet.net/news/Canada/80872/World-Health-Organization-on-alert World Health Organization on alert]

{{SARS}}
{{Viral diseases}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q278567}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sars Coronavirus}}

Revision as of 10:06, 17 February 2020

This article is about the strain of virus that causes the disease SARS. For the species of virus to which this strain belongs, see severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. For the strain of virus that causes COVID-19, see severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
electron microscope image of SARS virion
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Betacoronavirus
Subgenus: Sarbecovirus
Species:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
Strain:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
Synonyms
  • SARS coronavirus
  • SARS-related coronavirus
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus[1]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the strain of virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).[2] On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. Samples of the virus are being held in laboratories in New York City, San Francisco, Manila, Hong Kong, and Toronto.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States and National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) in Canada identified the SARS-CoV genome in April 2003.[3][4] Scientists at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, the Netherlands demonstrated that the SARS coronavirus fulfilled Koch's postulates thereby confirming it as the causative agent. In the experiments, macaques infected with the virus developed the same symptoms as human SARS victims.[5]

An outbreak of a novel coronavirus disease in 2019 showed many similarities with the SARS outbreak, and the viral agent was identified as another strain of the SARS coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Although the two are strains of the same virus, SARS-CoV-2 is not a direct descendant of SARS-CoV, and made the jump into humans separately.

SARS

SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome, is the disease caused by SARS-CoV. It causes an often severe illness marked initially by systemic symptoms of muscle pain, headache, and fever, followed in 2–14 days by the onset of respiratory symptoms,[6] mainly cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia. Another common finding in SARS patients is a decrease in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood.[7]

In the SARS outbreak of 2003, about 9% of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV infection died.[8] The mortality rate was much higher for those over 60 years old, with mortality rates approaching 50% for this subset of patients.[8]

History

On April 12, 2003, scientists working at the Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre in Vancouver finished mapping the genetic sequence of a coronavirus believed to be linked to SARS. The team was led by Dr. Marco Marra and worked in collaboration with the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control and the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, using samples from infected patients in Toronto. The map, hailed by the WHO as an important step forward in fighting SARS, is shared with scientists worldwide via the GSC website (see below). Dr. Donald Low of Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto described the discovery as having been made with "unprecedented speed".[9] The sequence of the SARS coronavirus has since been confirmed by other independent groups.

In late May 2003, studies from samples of wild animals sold as food in the local market in Guangdong, China, found a strain of SARS coronavirus could be isolated from masked palm civets (Paguma sp.), but the animals did not always show clinical signs. The preliminary conclusion was the SARS virus crossed the xenographic barrier from palm civet to humans, and more than 10,000 masked palm civets were killed in Guangdong Province. The virus was also later found in raccoon dogs (Nyctereuteus sp.), ferret badgers (Melogale spp.), and domestic cats. In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese bats.[10][11] Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability that SARS coronavirus originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or through animals held in Chinese markets. The bats did not show any visible signs of disease, but are the likely natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. In late 2006, scientists from the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Hong Kong University and the Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention established a genetic link between the SARS coronavirus appearing in civets and humans, confirming claims that the disease had jumped across species.[12]

Virology

Scanning Electron Micrograph of SARS virions

SARS-Coronavirus follows the replication strategy typical of the Coronavirus genus. The primary human receptor of the virus is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), first identified in 2003.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus" (html). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  2. ^ Thiel V (editor). (2007). Coronaviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology (1st ed.). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-16-5. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  3. ^ "Remembering SARS: A Deadly Puzzle and the Efforts to Solve It". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  4. ^ "Coronavirus never before seen in humans is the cause of SARS". United Nations World Health Organization. 16 April 2006. Archived from the original on 12 August 2004. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
  5. ^ Fouchier RA, Kuiken T, Schutten M, et al. (2003). "Aetiology: Koch's postulates fulfilled for SARS virus". Nature. 423 (6937): 240. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..240F. doi:10.1038/423240a. PMID 12748632.
  6. ^ Chan-Yeung M; Xu RH (November 2003). "SARS: epidemiology". Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 8 (Suppl): S9–14. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x. PMID 15018127.
  7. ^ Yang M; Li CK; Li K; Hon KL; Ng MH; Chan PK; Fok TF (August 2004). "Hematological findings in SARS patients and possible mechanisms (review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 14 (2): 311–5. doi:10.3892/ijmm.14.2.311. PMID 15254784. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
  8. ^ a b Sørensen MD; Sørensen B; Gonzalez-Dosal R; Melchjorsen CJ; Weibel J; Wang J; Jun CW; Huanming Y; Kristensen P (May 2006). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): development of diagnostics and antivirals". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1067 (1): 500–5. Bibcode:2006NYASA1067..500S. doi:10.1196/annals.1354.072. PMID 16804033.
  9. ^ "B.C. lab cracks suspected SARS code". CBCNews, Canada. April 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-11-26.
  10. ^ Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, et al. (2005). "Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses". Science. 310 (5748): 676–9. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..676L. doi:10.1126/science.1118391. PMID 16195424.
  11. ^ Lau SK, Woo PC, Li KS, et al. (2005). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (39): 14040–5. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10214040L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506735102. PMC 1236580. PMID 16169905.
  12. ^ "Scientists prove SARS-civet cat link". China Daily. 23 November 2006. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011.
  13. ^ Li, Wenhui; Moore, Michael J.; Vasilieva, Natalya; Sui, Jianhua; Wong, Swee Kee; Berne, Michael A.; Somasundaran, Mohan; Sullivan, John L.; Luzuriaga, Katherine; Greenough, Thomas C.; Choe, Hyeryun (Nov 2003). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus". Nature. 426 (6965): 450–454. doi:10.1038/nature02145. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 14647384.

References


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