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'''Giovanni Parenti''', [[Franciscans|O.F.M.]]<ref>Johannes, Joannes, John Parenti; Johannes Parens.</ref> (died 1250) was an Italian [[Franciscans|Friar Minor]] and successor of St. [[Francis of Assisi]] as head of the Order. |
'''Giovanni Parenti''', [[Franciscans|O.F.M.]]<ref>Johannes, Joannes, John Parenti; Johannes Parens.</ref> (died 1250) was an Italian [[Franciscans|Friar Minor]] and successor of St. [[Francis of Assisi]] as head of the Order. Parenti had a legal background. He served as Minister Provincial in Spain before being chosen Minister General in 1227. Parenti held a literal interpretation of poverty as it applied to the Order; a view that was not shared by everyone. He stepped down in 1232 and was succeeded by [[Elias of Cortona]]. |
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==Life== |
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Parenti |
Parenti was born in [[Carmignano]] near [[Pistoia]]. He was a lawyer and judge in [[Civita Castellana]]. He became a member of the Province of Tuscany. After the General Chapter of 1219, he was sent to the [[Iberian peninsula]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ofmconv.org/franciscans/FranConv-5.htm |title=Friars Minor Conventual |access-date=2007-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430184141/http://www.ofmconv.org/franciscans/FranConv-5.htm |archive-date=2007-04-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to succeed [[Bernard of Quintavalle]] as [[Provincial Superior|Minister Provincial]] for that region. |
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In 1220, Francis resigned the office of general of the order, which he entrusted first to Peter of Cattaneo. Upon Peter's early death on 10 March, 1221, he appointed Elias of Cortona but retained a certain supreme direction of the order until his death on 3 October 1226. Elias of Cortona, as the [[vicar general]] of Francis, summoned the regular Pentecost chapter for the following year, and on 29 May 1227, Parenti |
In 1220, Francis resigned the office of general of the order, which he entrusted first to Peter of Cattaneo. Upon Peter's early death on 10 March, 1221, he appointed Elias of Cortona but retained a certain supreme direction of the order until his death on 3 October 1226. Elias of Cortona, as the [[vicar general]] of Francis, summoned the regular Pentecost chapter for the following year, and on 29 May 1227, Parenti, was chosen as first successor of St. Francis and first minister-general. He has often been regarded as a native of Florence, but probably came from the neighborhood of Rome.<ref name=Bihl>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06281a.htm Bihl, Michael. "Order of Friars Minor." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 28 December 2019{{PD-notice}}</ref> |
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==Minister General== |
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[[Gregory IX]] employed the new general on political missions at Florence and Rome, and charged the Franciscans with the direction and maintenance of the [[Poor Clares]].<ref name=Bihl/> |
As Minister General, Parenti he gave the order not to accept apostates, and that no one should be professed without permission of the Provincial Minister. [[Gregory IX]] employed the new general on political missions at Florence and Rome, and charged the Franciscans with the direction and maintenance of the [[Poor Clares]].<ref name=Bihl/> |
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In 1230, the friars gathered for the General Chapter. There were also many people from the surrounding towns, as this was to coincide with the translation of Francis' body from the Church of St. George to the new basilica. It was then discovered that Elias, with the cooperation of the secular authorities who were concerned about crowd control, had the body secretly interred some days previously, without notifying the Minister General. The celebratory ceremonies went on after the fact.<ref name=Arnald>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wshYVi3KM4C&pg=RA1-PA246-IA1&lpg=RA1-PA246-IA1&dq=Albert+of+Pisa&source=bl&ots=mxGwNqGdbm&sig=ACfU3U00LUW1A4CWfBTnQgmJk8hAOnEnVw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRoPb64uvmAhUOrVkKHcFbDxI4ChDoATABegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=Albert%20of%20Pisa&f=false Arnald of Sarrant. "Beginning of the Life of Brother John Parenti", ''Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor'', (Noel Muscat ofm, trans.) Ordo Fratrum Minorum. Malta, 2010]</ref> |
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At the 1230 General Chapter, Elias attempted to take charge of the Order; but he was resisted.<ref>[http://www.churchofthebeatitudes.com/1226_1274.htm 1226_1274<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> He was elected Minister General only in 1232, after Parenti had been put under pressure to step down.<ref>Colin Morris, ''The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250'', p. 462.</ref> |
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At the General Chapter, Elias, through his supporters, attempted to take charge of the Order; but he was resisted by [[Anthony of Padua]] and a number of Minister Provincials. Those who had disturbed the proceedings were subsequently scattered among the various provinces, and Elias retired to a hermitage for a time.<ref name=Arnald/> |
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Parenti and Elias differed on their interpretation of the Rule. Parenti held a strictly literal view. A delegation was sent to Rome to ask for clarification. The section in question was Chapter IV, which "strictly enjoins on all the brothers that in no wise they receive coins or money, either themselves or through an interposed person." However, the ministers and custodes have to take the greatest care of their subjects through spiritual friends, according to places and times and other circumstances, saving always that, as has been said, they shall not "receive coins or money".<ref name=Oliger>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06208a.htm Oliger, Livarius. "Rule of Saint Francis." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 6 January 2020{{PD-notice}}</ref> |
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In September 1230, Gregory IX issued the bull ''Quo elongati''. In it, the pope said that as he helped Francis draft the Rule, he understood the founder's intent. Realizing that strict compliance with "holy poverty" was in many ways impractical for both adequate care off the aged and infirm friars, and those friars serving in convents in the towns, rather than in hermitages, Gregory declared that the brothers may appoint a messenger (nuntius), who may receive money from benefactors and in the latter's name either spend it for the present needs of the friars, or confide it to a spiritual friend for imminent wants. The principle of absolute poverty is maintained for the individual friar and for the whole community; still the use of the necessary movable objects is granted them.<ref name=Oliger/> |
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Parenti, under pressure to step down,<ref>Colin Morris, ''The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250'', p. 462.</ref> resigned in 1232 at a chapter held in [[Rieti]], and Elias became General Minister. |
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Parenti retired to the Vicariate of Sardinia. According to the Franciscan Martyrology, he died in Corsica in 1240.<ref name=Arnald/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 04:41, 7 January 2020
Giovanni Parenti, O.F.M.[1] (died 1250) was an Italian Friar Minor and successor of St. Francis of Assisi as head of the Order. Parenti had a legal background. He served as Minister Provincial in Spain before being chosen Minister General in 1227. Parenti held a literal interpretation of poverty as it applied to the Order; a view that was not shared by everyone. He stepped down in 1232 and was succeeded by Elias of Cortona.
Life
Parenti was born in Carmignano near Pistoia. He was a lawyer and judge in Civita Castellana. He became a member of the Province of Tuscany. After the General Chapter of 1219, he was sent to the Iberian peninsula,[2] to succeed Bernard of Quintavalle as Minister Provincial for that region.
In 1220, Francis resigned the office of general of the order, which he entrusted first to Peter of Cattaneo. Upon Peter's early death on 10 March, 1221, he appointed Elias of Cortona but retained a certain supreme direction of the order until his death on 3 October 1226. Elias of Cortona, as the vicar general of Francis, summoned the regular Pentecost chapter for the following year, and on 29 May 1227, Parenti, was chosen as first successor of St. Francis and first minister-general. He has often been regarded as a native of Florence, but probably came from the neighborhood of Rome.[3]
Minister General
As Minister General, Parenti he gave the order not to accept apostates, and that no one should be professed without permission of the Provincial Minister. Gregory IX employed the new general on political missions at Florence and Rome, and charged the Franciscans with the direction and maintenance of the Poor Clares.[3]
In 1230, the friars gathered for the General Chapter. There were also many people from the surrounding towns, as this was to coincide with the translation of Francis' body from the Church of St. George to the new basilica. It was then discovered that Elias, with the cooperation of the secular authorities who were concerned about crowd control, had the body secretly interred some days previously, without notifying the Minister General. The celebratory ceremonies went on after the fact.[4]
At the General Chapter, Elias, through his supporters, attempted to take charge of the Order; but he was resisted by Anthony of Padua and a number of Minister Provincials. Those who had disturbed the proceedings were subsequently scattered among the various provinces, and Elias retired to a hermitage for a time.[4]
Parenti and Elias differed on their interpretation of the Rule. Parenti held a strictly literal view. A delegation was sent to Rome to ask for clarification. The section in question was Chapter IV, which "strictly enjoins on all the brothers that in no wise they receive coins or money, either themselves or through an interposed person." However, the ministers and custodes have to take the greatest care of their subjects through spiritual friends, according to places and times and other circumstances, saving always that, as has been said, they shall not "receive coins or money".[5]
In September 1230, Gregory IX issued the bull Quo elongati. In it, the pope said that as he helped Francis draft the Rule, he understood the founder's intent. Realizing that strict compliance with "holy poverty" was in many ways impractical for both adequate care off the aged and infirm friars, and those friars serving in convents in the towns, rather than in hermitages, Gregory declared that the brothers may appoint a messenger (nuntius), who may receive money from benefactors and in the latter's name either spend it for the present needs of the friars, or confide it to a spiritual friend for imminent wants. The principle of absolute poverty is maintained for the individual friar and for the whole community; still the use of the necessary movable objects is granted them.[5]
Parenti, under pressure to step down,[6] resigned in 1232 at a chapter held in Rieti, and Elias became General Minister.
Parenti retired to the Vicariate of Sardinia. According to the Franciscan Martyrology, he died in Corsica in 1240.[4]
References
- ^ Johannes, Joannes, John Parenti; Johannes Parens.
- ^ "Friars Minor Conventual". Archived from the original on 2007-04-30. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
- ^ a b Bihl, Michael. "Order of Friars Minor." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 28 December 2019
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b c Arnald of Sarrant. "Beginning of the Life of Brother John Parenti", Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor, (Noel Muscat ofm, trans.) Ordo Fratrum Minorum. Malta, 2010
- ^ a b Oliger, Livarius. "Rule of Saint Francis." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 6 January 2020
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Colin Morris, The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250, p. 462.
Sources
- Rosalind B. Brooke, Early Franciscan Government:Ellias to Bonaventure, Ch. 3