Cultural references to Hamlet: Difference between revisions

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Numerous references to Hamlet in popular culture (in film, literature, arts, etc.) reflect the continued influence of this play. Hamlet is one of the most popular of Shakespeare's plays, topping the list at the Royal Shakespeare since 1879.^[1]

The following list of plays including references to Hamlet is ordered alphabetically.

• The Reduced Shakespeare Company's The Compleat Wrks of Wllm Shkspr (Abridged), has been performed in versions where Hamlet is done in about 43 seconds.^[2]
• Paul Rudnick's I Hate Hamlet (1991), tells the story of a TV actor from Los Angeles who gets talked into doing Hamlet for Shakespeare in the park in New York. He rents Shakespearean actor John Barrymore's old apartment, and is soon haunted by the ghost of Barrymore himself.^[3]
• Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966), tells the story of Hamlet from the perspective of two minor characters in Shakespeare's play.^[4] He has also written other Hamlet-inspired drama, including Dogg's Hamlet and The Fifteen-Minute Hamlet.^[5]
• Richard Curtis's parody Skinhead Hamlet (1982), consists of about 600, mostly rude, words. "To be or not to be" becomes "To fuck or be fucked".^[6]
• The comedy Fortinbras covers the beginnings of the Norwegian Prince Fortinbras's reign in Denmark immediately following the events of Hamlet. Fortinbras is experiencing difficulty assuming the crown; Horatio attempts to get Fortinbras to tell Hamlet's story; other characters (Hamlet, Polonius, Ophelia, etc.) haunt Fortinbras as ghosts.^[7]
• Anton Chekhov's plays The Seagull and The Cherry Orchard includes elements from Hamlet.^[8][9]

The following list is ordered alphabetically.

• Egyptian director Youssef Chahine has included elements from Hamlet in his films. Alexandria... Why? (1978) feature performances of soliloquies from the play. In Alexandria Again and Forever (1990), Hamlet appears as a film within the film.^[10][11]
• The 2006 Chinese film The Banquet (also known as Legend of the Black Scorpion) has a storyline loosely based on the story of Hamlet.^[12]
• In the Star Wars film The Empire Strikes Back, Chewbacca tries to reassemble the body of the robot C-3PO. At one point, he holds C-3PO's head in much the same way that Hamlet is traditionally depicted as holding Yorick's skull. This reference was intentional on the part of the director.^[13][14]
• In Ingmar Bergman's Fanny and Alexander, Hamlet is strongly alluded to. The children's father is rehearsing the part of the Ghost for a production of the play when he dies, and then appears to Alexander later in the film as an actual ghost. The play's plot is also referenced in other ways, including Alexander's hatred for and confrontation with his new stepfather. A character explicitly tells Alexander that he is not Hamlet.^[15][16]
• In the 2008 comedy Hamlet 2 a teacher creates a sequel to Hamlet in an effort to save his school's drama program. Apart from some of the names of his characters, there are very few similarities to the original.^[17]
• The plot of the 2012 Indian Malayalam drama Karmayogi ("The Warrior") is adapted from Hamlet.^[18] According to Shakespeare scholar^[19] Poonam Trivedi, Shakespeare "has many affinities with an Indian 'classical vision of art'..."^[20]
• Themes and plot elements from the Disney's The Lion King are inspired by Hamlet.^[21][22]
• The horror movie A Nightmare on Elm Street alludes to Hamlet in connection with the protagonist Nancy.^[23][24]
• In the psychological drama The Ninth Configuration, characters discuss Hamlet at length, and asylum-inmates intends to do a production of the play with dogs.^[25]
• In both the musical and 2005 film adaptation of The Producers, Max Bialystock's musical version of Hamlet, Funny Boy, closes on opening night, one of his many failures.^[26]
• Hamlet features prominently in Renaissance Man, in which a reluctant teacher uses its plot and characters to introduce a group of under-achieving soldiers to critical thinking.^[27][28]
• Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead is a 2009 American independent vampire film. The film's title refers to a play-within-the-movie, which is a comic reinterpretation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet and its aftermath.^[29][30]
• In Soapdish, Jeffrey Anderson (Kevin Kline) expresses his desire to perform a One-Man Hamlet, which he justifies by saying the whole thing is happening in Hamlet's head, so you only need one actor.^[31]
• The title for Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991) is a reference to the soliloquy in Act 3, Scene 1. The Klingons Gorkon and Chang are Shakespeare aficionados, and opines that Shakespearian works are best experienced in the 'original' Klingon. Shakespeare's plays are liberally quoted throughout the film.^[32][33] In 1996, The Klingon Hamlet, a translation of the play into the constructed Klingon language was published, and parts of it have been performed by the Washington Shakespeare Company.^[34]
• The 1983 comedy Strange Brew is loosely based on Hamlet. Prince Hamlet is represented by Pam, daughter of a murdered brewery-owner who's spirit haunts the brewery's electrical system.^[35]
• Both film versions of To Be or Not to Be (Ernst Lubitsch's in 1942 and Mel Brooks' in 1983) heavily alludes to the play.^[36]
• The cult British comedy Withnail and I quotes and alludes to the play.^[37]
• The title and elements in Alfred Hitchcock's 1959 North by Northwest has been seen as references to the play.^[38][39]
• Hamlet Goes Business (Hamlet liikemaailmassa) (1987), written and directed by Aki Kaurismäki, is a comic reworking of the story as a power struggle in a rubber duck factory.^[40]

Sitcoms alluding to Hamlet include Gilligan's Island,^[41] Happy Days,^[42] Skins,^[43] Mystery Science Theater 3000^[44] and Upstart Crow.^[45]

Cartoons include The Simpsons,^[46][47] South Park,^[48] Animaniacs^[49] and The Brak Show.^[43]

• The Canadian television series Slings and Arrows title is from Hamlet, and the first season follows a production of the play. The play's artistic director is haunted by the ghost of his predecessor.^[50]
• The Sons of Anarchy series draws many elements from the play. It has been described as "Hamlet on motorcycles".^[51]

• In the 1991 Tales from the Crypt episode "Top Billing", a struggling actor commits murder for the role of Hamlet, only to realize he was actually auditioning for the role of Yorick.^[52][53]

• The British detective drama Lewis has referenced Shakespeare, including Hamlet, more than once.^[54][55]
• A 2008 episode of the anime-series Black Butler features a production of Hamlet.^[56][57]

• An episode of the original Star Trek series, entitled "The Conscience of the King" (1966) features a production of Hamlet, and alludes to the play in other aspects.^[58]
• In an episode of Star Trek The Next Generation entitled "Hide and Q" (1987), the god-like entity Q is quoting Shakespeare to Captain Picard to justify his tormenting of humanity, and Picard counters him with an earnest quotation of Hamlet's "What a piece of work is man" speech.^[59]
• Hamlet has been referenced in Doctor Who. In The Chase (1965), the Doctor and his companions watch as Francis Bacon gives Shakespeare the idea to write a play about Hamlet.^[60] In City of Death (1979), the Doctor claims to have written down Shakespeare's original draft of Hamlet due to the Bard's sprained wrist, but criticises the mixed metaphor "To take arms against a sea of troubles."^[61]

• Alan Bennett wrote a play for television called Denmark Hill, which sets Hamlet in "a leafy south London suburb" in the 1980s. The tv-play was unproduced, but later broadcast as a radio-play.^[62]

• The ninth chapter of James Joyce's Ulysses, commonly referred to as Scylla and Charybdis, is almost entirely devoted to a rambling discourse by Stephen Daedalus on Shakespeare, centering on the character Hamlet. As a character predicts more or less accurately in the very first chapter, "[Daedalus] proves by algebra that Hamlet's grandson is Shakespeare's grandfather and that he himself is the ghost of his own father."^[63]
• Gertrude and Claudius, a John Updike novel, serves as a prequel to the events of the play. It follows Gertrude from her wedding to King Hamlet, through an affair with Claudius, and its murderous results, up until the very beginning of the play.^[64]
• The Dead Fathers Club, a novel by Matt Haig, retells the story of Hamlet from the point of view of an 11-year-old boy in modern England.^[65]
• Anton Chekhov wrote a feuilleton titled I am a Moscow Hamlet (1891), the mutterings of a gossip-mongering actor who contemplates suicide out of sheer boredom.^[66]
• Jasper Fforde's novel Something Rotten includes Hamlet – transplanted from the BookWorld into reality – as a major character. This version of Hamlet frets about how audiences perceive him, complains about the performances of actors who have portrayed him, and at one point resolves to go back and change the play by killing Claudius in the beginning and marrying Ophelia.^[67]
• In Kurt Vonnegut's 1965 novel, God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, the protagonist, Eliot Rosewater, writes a letter to his wife while pretending to be Hamlet.^[68]
• David Bergantino's novel Hamlet II: Ophelia's Revenge, set in modern Denmark, portrays Ophelia rising from the dead to get revenge on Hamlet.^[69]
• Nick O'Donohoe's 1989 science fiction novel Too Too Solid Flesh portrays a troupe of android actors designed specifically to perform Hamlet; when the androids' designer is murdered, the Hamlet android decides to investigate.^[70]
• In Kyle Baker's 1996 graphic novel The Cowboy Wally Show, Cowboy Wally's masterpiece is the film Cowboy Wally's HAMLET, a modernized version produced in secret while Wally was in prison. He had planned to film Hamlet professionally, but was jailed for an unspecified offense, before he could cast actors, and so used his cell-mates for the cast.^[71]
• David Foster Wallace's novel Infinite Jest takes its name from Hamlet's speech about Yorick, and features a main character struggling with his uncle's influence following the suspicious death of his father.^[72][73]
• The plot of David Wroblewski's novel The Story of Edgar Sawtelle closely follows the story line of Hamlet, and several of the novel's main characters have names similar to their corresponding characters in the play.^[74]
• John Marsden's Hamlet: A Novel is a reinterpretation of the original for young adults. It is set in Denmark and the characters keep their names, their personalities and their functions in the story.^[75]
• In A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens underscores Marley death by analogy to Hamlet:

  There is no doubt that Marley was dead. This must be distinctly understood, or nothing wonderful can come of the story I am going to relate. If we were not perfectly convinced that Hamlet's Father died before the play began, there would be nothing more remarkable in his taking a stroll at night, in an easterly wind, upon his own ramparts, than there would be in any other middle-aged gentleman rashly turning out after dark in a breezy spot … literally to astonish his son's weak mind.

  — Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol^[76][77]

• Ngaio Marsh's detective Roderick Alleyn in all her novels uses quotes, misquotes and allusions to Hamlet as a characteristic conversational idiosyncrasy.
• Pamela Dean's novel Tam Lin prominently features a production of the play which her characters attend and discuss.
• The book and video game To Be or Not to Be by Ryan North uses the play as its core, rendering it as a branching narrative based on the Choose Your Own Adventure series and other gamebooks. The reader is able to follow the play's plot by following the "Yorick Skulls", or to take it in wildly different directions, including bypassing the story altogether.
• Ian McEwan's novel Nutshell (2016) retells the play from the point of view of an unborn child.

• The line, "Good night, ladies, good night, sweet ladies, good night, good night," ends the second part of T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land.^[78]
• T.S. Eliot's poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", includes the line, "No! I am not Prince Hamlet, nor was I meant to be".^[79]
• The poem The Night Before Christmas includes the line "Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse." This may derive from Act 1 Scene 1's "Not a mouse stirring."^[80]

• In the short story, "Much Ado About (Censored)" by Connie Willis, a pair of high school students volunteer to help their teacher edit the play in a satire on political correctness.
• "In The Halls Of Elsinore," a short story by Brad C. Hodson, takes place in an Elsinore occupied by Fortinbras. Told from Horatio's point of view, the story is about a malignant presence that resides in Elsinore – the same presence that appeared to young Hamlet as his father.
• Margaret Atwood's 1992 collection Good Bones and Simple Murders includes "Gertrude Talks Back," in which Hamlet's mother responds to Hamlet's harsh criticism during Act III, Scene 4, and reveals that it wasn't Claudius who killed his father: "It was me."

Several operas have been written based on Hamlet, including:

• Amleto:**by Gaetano Andreozzi (1792)
  • by Franco Faccio (libretto by Arrigo Boito) (1865)
  • by Francesco Gasparini (1706)
  • by Domenico Scarlatti (1715)
• Hamlet
  • by Ambroise Thomas (1868)
  • by Humphrey Searle (1968)
  • by Sándor Szokolay (1968)

Instrumental works based on Hamlet include:

• Hector Berlioz – Funeral March for Hamlet (orchestra) and Mort d'Ophélie (chorus)
• Frank Bridge – There is a willow, impression for orchestra
• Frédéric Chopin – Nocturne in G minor, Op. 15, No. 3, said to have been inspired by Hamlet^{[citation needed]}
• Joseph Joachim – Hamlet Ouverture (1853)
• Guillaume Lekeu – Hamlet symphonic study, Marche d'Ophélie
• Franz Liszt – Hamlet (1858), symphonic poem (it later became Flash Gordon's theme tune.)
• Edward MacDowell – Hamlet and Ophelia, symphonic poem
• Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Hamlet, Overture-Fantasy in F minor, Op. 67a (1888)

Contemporary popular music mentions include:

• Hair: The Tribal Love-Rock Musical (1967) by James Rado and Jerome Ragni, contains the song "What A Piece of Work Is Man", which is taken completely from Hamlet and set to music by Galt McDermott.
• "Cruel to Be Kind" is a 1979 single by Nick Lowe. The title of the song is taken from Hamlet, Act III, Scene 4: "I must be cruel only to be kind. Thus bad begins and worse remains behind."
• Steampunk band Abney Park recorded a song entitled "Dear Ophelia", in which the vocalist sings as Prince Hamlet, and apologizes to Ophelia for all the things he had done, even telling the story of his father, who died when "his brother crept out, and poured poison in his ear"
• The title track of the album Elsinore by Swedish musician Björn Afzelius is about a prince locked up in the castle of Elsinore.
• The Birthday Party recorded a song called "Hamlet (Pow Pow Pow)" on the Junkyard album.
• The Dream Theater song "Pull Me Under" is influenced by, and makes reference to, Hamlet.
• "Hey There Ophelia" is the thirteenth track off the album, This Gigantic Robot Kills by MC Lars. It features lyrics about Ophelia, Claudius, and Hamlet's father's ghost from Hamlet's point of view.
• "Hamlet", a track on the album Vigilantes. Love. Sad. Food. by Nostalgesia is based on the play; it mentions Hamlet's warnings from the ghost of his father and uses lines from the play for some of the lyrics.
• Serbian hard rock band, Riblja Čorba, released album entitled Ostalo je ćutanje (trans. "The Rest Is Silence") in 1996. Album features a track entitled "Nešto je trulo u državi Danskoj" (trans. "Something's Rotten in the State of Denmark"), the song itself referring to Serbia. Album cover features band's frontman Bora Đorđević holding a skull.
• Richard Thompson, British singer/songwriter, sings a live version of the story of Hamlet on "The Life And Music Of – CD 4 – The Songs Pour Down Like Silver". The interpretation is not terribly serious ("Like a hole in the head, Denmark needed that prince").
• Mr. Crumple, an American singer/songwriter, recorded a 5-song EP in 2011 titled "Prince of Denmark" which sets Hamlet's text to music.
• Singer-songwriter Stephan Nance alludes to Hamlet in two songs on their album A Troubled Piece of Fruit. "Paid By Weight" includes multiple references to Laertes' lines in Act 4, Scene 5. The trilingual "Japanese Garden" mentions both Hamlet in the English lyrics ("Hamlet without the Prince") and, in the Russian, a line from Othello (trans. "I love not wisely but too well").
• The Electric Light Orchestra quoted the "To be, or not to be" soliloquy in a verse from their song "Mister Kingdom": "Oh, to sleep, perchance to dream, to live again those joyous scenes". Grandaddy include a very similar verse in their track "Levitz", from The Broken Down Comforter Collection.
• "Song from M*A*S*H (Suicide Is Painless)", written by Mike Altman contains contains the line "Is it to be, or not to be?"

• In the multiplayer RPG Mabinogi, a series of "theatre mission" quests sends the player into scenes from, or based on, Hamlet, frequently enhanced with monster encounters.
• In the video game Mass Effect, Hamlet is re-enacted by an alien race known as Elcors. Due to the Elcor's slow speech, the stage production is a 14-hour experience.
• In the Onimusha video game series, many of the Genma bosses are named after some of the characters in Hamlet: Fortinbras is the Genma King, Rosencrantz Guildenstern is the evil genma scientist, Marcellus one of Guildenstern's greatest creations and a formidable foe for Samanosuke, Ophelia, Gertrude is the Genma hound dog, Guildenstern, Osric, Reynaldo (Sent to spy on Laertes) is also one of the names of one of Guildenstern's creations and a smaller genma you battle throughout the series and Marcellus, the first of Guildenstern's creations and the first boss in Onimusha I.
• In the Warcraft Universe, Illidan Stormrage's character appears to be loosely based on Hamlet. He is known to have gone mad (partly due to rejection from his love) and is depicted peering into a skull (a la Hamlet's soliloquy).
• In LA Noire, Cole Phelps, the protagonist, recites "Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio" after finding a shriveled plaster head at a crime scene.
• The MMORPG video game Mabinogi has Hamlet as the central theme to the thirteenth generation in the game, in which the player is called upon to the city of Avon, a place where Gods are banished, under the knowledge that "The Tragic Bard" (referring to Shakespeare himself) has escaped. You help Shakespeare complete his play, going against the wishes of the Goddess Morrighan, who wishes for Shakespeare's plays to remain unfinished.
• In the game Borderlands 2, Psychos have a chance of reciting a passage from Act 1, Scene 2 of Hamlet. Also, the New-U Stations may reference "The Undiscovered Country" upon the player's death and subsequent respawn.
• In the Halo Game Category Oddball the description is "Like Hamlet with guns". In the Halo novel Contact Harvest the smart AI Mack quotes Hamlet saying " Me thinks the lady protest a little too much."
• The expansion pack The Nightmare Levels for Blood II: The Chosen has the deceased villain Gideon narrating as a talking skull, commenting that perhaps one day he may "serve as a muse to some unfortunate playwright who wanders this way."
• In the FPS game, Wolfenstein: The Old Blood, a bedroom encountered in the first half of the game contains a copy of the play on a bookshelf which can be used to enter a secret area. There is also a skull, in which the game's main character, B.J. Blaskowicz, can interact with where he picks it up and states, "Alas, poor Yorick".

• The play (as well as the Shakespearean canon as a whole) is frequently given as an example of a text which would be reproduced under the conditions of the infinite monkey theorem.
• HamLeT is also the term for a ham, lettuce, and tomato sandwich — like a BLT only with ham instead of bacon.

The play has contributed many phrases to common English vernacular, including the famous "To be, or not to be".

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark

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