Finings: Difference between revisions
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The [[electrostatic]] types comprise the vast majority; including all but [[activated carbon]], fining yeast, [[Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone|PVPP]], [[Copper(II) sulfate|copper sulfate]], [[pectinase]] and [[Pectin lyase|pectolase]]. Their purpose is to selectively remove [[proteins]], [[tannins]] (polyphenolics) and coloring particles (melanoidins). They must be used as a [[batch production|batch technique]], as opposed to [[continuous production|flow-through processing]] methods such as [[Filter (chemistry)|filter]]s. Their particles each have an [[electric charge]] which is attracted to the oppositely charged particles of the [[colloidal]] [[dispersion (materials science)|dispersion]] that they are breaking. The result is that the two substances become bound as a stable [[complex (chemistry)|complex]]; their net charge becoming neutral. Thus the agglomeration of a semi-solid follows, which may be separated from the beverage either as a floating or settled mass. |
The [[electrostatic]] types comprise the vast majority; including all but [[activated carbon]], fining yeast, [[Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone|PVPP]], [[Copper(II) sulfate|copper sulfate]], [[pectinase]] and [[Pectin lyase|pectolase]]. Their purpose is to selectively remove [[proteins]], [[tannins]] (polyphenolics) and coloring particles (melanoidins). They must be used as a [[batch production|batch technique]], as opposed to [[continuous production|flow-through processing]] methods such as [[Filter (chemistry)|filter]]s. Their particles each have an [[electric charge]] which is attracted to the oppositely charged particles of the [[colloidal]] [[dispersion (materials science)|dispersion]] that they are breaking. The result is that the two substances become bound as a stable [[complex (chemistry)|complex]]; their net charge becoming neutral. Thus the agglomeration of a semi-solid follows, which may be separated from the beverage either as a floating or settled mass. |
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The only [[adsorbent]] types of finings in use are [[activated carbon]] and specialized fining yeasts. Although [[activated carbon]] may be implemented as a flow-through [[Filter (chemistry)|filter]], it is also commonly utilized as a batch ingredient, which later must be separated and discarded from the beverage. It can completely/partially remove [[aromatic hydrocarbon|benzenoid compounds]] and all classes of [[polyphenol]]s non-specifically, decolorizing and deodorizing juices and wines. Traditionally, yeast fining has involved the addition of hydrated yeasts used as [[adsorption]] agents. Consisting of approximately 30% [[protein]], yeast cell walls have a [[chemical affinity]] with wine compounds, such as those that may be polyphenolic or metallic. Indeed, yeast fining is a practical means of removing excess [[copper]] [[ions]] (greater than 0.5 mg/L) when copper sulfate is used to bind selected [[organosulfur compounds|volatile sulfur compounds]] (VSCs).<ref>Wine/Enology Notes #85, by Bruce Zoecklein, 22 Jan 2004, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service |
The only [[adsorbent]] types of finings in use are [[activated carbon]] and specialized fining yeasts. Although [[activated carbon]] may be implemented as a flow-through [[Filter (chemistry)|filter]], it is also commonly utilized as a batch ingredient, which later must be separated and discarded from the beverage. It can completely/partially remove [[aromatic hydrocarbon|benzenoid compounds]] and all classes of [[polyphenol]]s non-specifically, decolorizing and deodorizing juices and wines. Traditionally, yeast fining has involved the addition of hydrated yeasts used as [[adsorption]] agents. Consisting of approximately 30% [[protein]], yeast cell walls have a [[chemical affinity]] with wine compounds, such as those that may be polyphenolic or metallic. Indeed, yeast fining is a practical means of removing excess [[copper]] [[ions]] (greater than 0.5 mg/L) when copper sulfate is used to bind selected [[organosulfur compounds|volatile sulfur compounds]] (VSCs).<ref>Wine/Enology Notes #85, by Bruce Zoecklein, 22 Jan 2004, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service {{cite web |url=http://www.fst.vt.edu/extension/enology/EN/85.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901093320/http://www.fst.vt.edu/extension/enology/EN/85.html |archivedate=2006-09-01 |df= }}</ref> |
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The ionic finings are copper sulfate and [[Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone|PVPP]]. When dissolved in aqueous beverages, copper sulfate's copper ions can [[chemical bond|chemically bind]] undesirable [[sulfides]]. The resulting [[complex (chemistry)|complexes]] must be removed by other finings. The action of [[Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone|PVPP]] appears to be through the formation of [[hydrogen bonds]] between its [[carbonyl]] groups and the phenolic hydrogens of the [[polyphenol]]s. It attracts the low [[molecular weight]] polyphenols rather than the condensed [[tannins]] and leucanthocyanins that are removed by [[gelatin]].<ref>[http://www.makewine.com/makewine/fining.html Fining & Clarifying Agents, by Terry Rayner] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616062535/http://makewine.com/makewine/fining.html |date=2006-06-16 }}</ref> |
The ionic finings are copper sulfate and [[Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone|PVPP]]. When dissolved in aqueous beverages, copper sulfate's copper ions can [[chemical bond|chemically bind]] undesirable [[sulfides]]. The resulting [[complex (chemistry)|complexes]] must be removed by other finings. The action of [[Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone|PVPP]] appears to be through the formation of [[hydrogen bonds]] between its [[carbonyl]] groups and the phenolic hydrogens of the [[polyphenol]]s. It attracts the low [[molecular weight]] polyphenols rather than the condensed [[tannins]] and leucanthocyanins that are removed by [[gelatin]].<ref>[http://www.makewine.com/makewine/fining.html Fining & Clarifying Agents, by Terry Rayner] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616062535/http://makewine.com/makewine/fining.html |date=2006-06-16 }}</ref> |
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==Nutritional and vegetarian concerns== |
==Nutritional and vegetarian concerns== |
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{{main|Vegetarianism and wine|Vegetarianism and beer}} |
{{main|Vegetarianism and wine|Vegetarianism and beer}} |
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Unfortunately, beneficial [[antioxidant]] [[flavonoid]]s are removed by some finings. [[Quercetin]] is removed from red wines via the finings [[gelatin]], [[casein]], and [[Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone|PVPP]] to reduce [[astringent]] flavors. If other fining methods are used, the [[quercetin]] remains in the wine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diet-and-health.net/Supplements/Quercetin.html|title=Quercetin - Quercetin - Anti-tumor Activity Helps Fight Cancer - Diet and Health.net|work=diet-and-health.net}}</ref> Similarly the [[flavan-3-ol|catechin]] flavonoids are removed by [[Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone|PVPP]] and other finings that target [[polyphenol]]ic compounds. |
Unfortunately, beneficial [[antioxidant]] [[flavonoid]]s are removed by some finings. [[Quercetin]] is removed from red wines via the finings [[gelatin]], [[casein]], and [[Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone|PVPP]] to reduce [[astringent]] flavors. If other fining methods are used, the [[quercetin]] remains in the wine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diet-and-health.net/Supplements/Quercetin.html|title=Quercetin - Quercetin - Anti-tumor Activity Helps Fight Cancer - Diet and Health.net|work=diet-and-health.net|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928193057/http://www.diet-and-health.net/Supplements/Quercetin.html|archivedate=2007-09-28|df=}}</ref> Similarly the [[flavan-3-ol|catechin]] flavonoids are removed by [[Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone|PVPP]] and other finings that target [[polyphenol]]ic compounds. |
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In the absence of "animal products used here" labels, [[vegetarian]]s may be unaware that the processing of a commercially produced beverage may have utilized animal based finings: either [[gelatin]], [[casein]], [[albumen]], or [[isinglass]]. |
In the absence of "animal products used here" labels, [[vegetarian]]s may be unaware that the processing of a commercially produced beverage may have utilized animal based finings: either [[gelatin]], [[casein]], [[albumen]], or [[isinglass]]. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [http://www.fst.vt.edu/extension/enology/EN/46.html Enology Notes #46], by Bruce Zoecklein, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, 17 May 2002 |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901093452/http://www.fst.vt.edu/extension/enology/EN/46.html Enology Notes #46], by Bruce Zoecklein, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, 17 May 2002 |
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* [http://www.fst.vt.edu/extension/enology/downloads/bentonite01.pdf Bentonite Fining of Juice and Wine], by Bruce Zoecklein, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, pub. 463-014, 1988 |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070815143217/http://www.fst.vt.edu/extension/enology/downloads/bentonite01.pdf Bentonite Fining of Juice and Wine], by Bruce Zoecklein, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, pub. 463-014, 1988 |
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* [http://www.brewerylane.com/finings.html Common Wine and Beer Finings] |
* [http://www.brewerylane.com/finings.html Common Wine and Beer Finings] |
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* [http://www.ibd.org.uk/igbsite/business/training/files/Timscourses/tech%20summ%20January%20.pdf Colloidal stabilisation of beer], The Brewer International, Jan 2002 |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071021124353/http://www.ibd.org.uk/igbsite/business/training/files/Timscourses/tech%20summ%20January%20.pdf Colloidal stabilisation of beer], The Brewer International, Jan 2002 |
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* [http://www.uark.edu/depts/ifse/grapeprog/articles/nmc14wg.pdf Fining Agents for Wine], by J.R. Morris and G.L. Main, Proceedings of the 14th NM Conference, 1995] |
* [http://www.uark.edu/depts/ifse/grapeprog/articles/nmc14wg.pdf Fining Agents for Wine], by J.R. Morris and G.L. Main, Proceedings of the 14th NM Conference, 1995] |
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* [http://www.brsquared.org/wine/Articles/fining.htm Fining], by Ben Rotter |
* [http://www.brsquared.org/wine/Articles/fining.htm Fining], by Ben Rotter |
Revision as of 18:49, 11 January 2018
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Topping_up_the_barrel_with_finings.jpg/220px-Topping_up_the_barrel_with_finings.jpg)
Finings[note 1] are substances that are usually added at or near the completion of the processing of brewing wine, beer, and various nonalcoholic juice beverages. Their purpose is for removal of organic compounds; either to improve clarity or adjust flavor/aroma. Specifically, the removed compounds may be sulfides, proteins, polyphenols, benzenoids, or copper ions. Unless they form a stable bottom sediment in the final container, the spent finings are usually discarded from the beverage along with the target compounds that they capture.
Historically, various substances such as egg whites, blood, milk, isinglass, and Irish moss have been used as finings. These are still used by some producers, but more modern substances have also been introduced and are more widely used, including bentonite, gelatin, casein, carrageenan, alginate, diatomaceous earth, pectinase, pectolyase, PVPP (Polyclar), kieselsol (colloidal silica), copper sulfate, dried albumen, hydrated yeast, and activated carbon.[citation needed]
Actions
Their actions may be broadly categorized as either electrostatic, adsorbent, ionic, or enzymatic.
The electrostatic types comprise the vast majority; including all but activated carbon, fining yeast, PVPP, copper sulfate, pectinase and pectolase. Their purpose is to selectively remove proteins, tannins (polyphenolics) and coloring particles (melanoidins). They must be used as a batch technique, as opposed to flow-through processing methods such as filters. Their particles each have an electric charge which is attracted to the oppositely charged particles of the colloidal dispersion that they are breaking. The result is that the two substances become bound as a stable complex; their net charge becoming neutral. Thus the agglomeration of a semi-solid follows, which may be separated from the beverage either as a floating or settled mass.
The only adsorbent types of finings in use are activated carbon and specialized fining yeasts. Although activated carbon may be implemented as a flow-through filter, it is also commonly utilized as a batch ingredient, which later must be separated and discarded from the beverage. It can completely/partially remove benzenoid compounds and all classes of polyphenols non-specifically, decolorizing and deodorizing juices and wines. Traditionally, yeast fining has involved the addition of hydrated yeasts used as adsorption agents. Consisting of approximately 30% protein, yeast cell walls have a chemical affinity with wine compounds, such as those that may be polyphenolic or metallic. Indeed, yeast fining is a practical means of removing excess copper ions (greater than 0.5 mg/L) when copper sulfate is used to bind selected volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs).[1]
The ionic finings are copper sulfate and PVPP. When dissolved in aqueous beverages, copper sulfate's copper ions can chemically bind undesirable sulfides. The resulting complexes must be removed by other finings. The action of PVPP appears to be through the formation of hydrogen bonds between its carbonyl groups and the phenolic hydrogens of the polyphenols. It attracts the low molecular weight polyphenols rather than the condensed tannins and leucanthocyanins that are removed by gelatin.[2]
The enzymatic finings are pectin and pectinase. They aid in destroying the large polysaccharide molecule named pectin,[clarification needed] which otherwise causes haze in fruit wines and juices. They are among the few finings that are added before juices are fermented.
Nutritional and vegetarian concerns
Unfortunately, beneficial antioxidant flavonoids are removed by some finings. Quercetin is removed from red wines via the finings gelatin, casein, and PVPP to reduce astringent flavors. If other fining methods are used, the quercetin remains in the wine.[3] Similarly the catechin flavonoids are removed by PVPP and other finings that target polyphenolic compounds.
In the absence of "animal products used here" labels, vegetarians may be unaware that the processing of a commercially produced beverage may have utilized animal based finings: either gelatin, casein, albumen, or isinglass.
Notes
See also
References
- ^ Wine/Enology Notes #85, by Bruce Zoecklein, 22 Jan 2004, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ "Quercetin - Quercetin - Anti-tumor Activity Helps Fight Cancer - Diet and Health.net". diet-and-health.net. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
{{cite web}}
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External links
- Enology Notes #46, by Bruce Zoecklein, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, 17 May 2002
- Bentonite Fining of Juice and Wine, by Bruce Zoecklein, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, pub. 463-014, 1988
- Common Wine and Beer Finings
- Colloidal stabilisation of beer, The Brewer International, Jan 2002
- Fining Agents for Wine, by J.R. Morris and G.L. Main, Proceedings of the 14th NM Conference, 1995]
- Fining, by Ben Rotter
- The Use of Gelatin In Wine Fining, by C.G.B. Cole