Scirpophaga nivella: Difference between revisions
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'''''Scirpophaga nivella''''', the '''sugarcane top borer''', is a [[moth]] in the [[Crambidae]] family. It was described by [[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]] in 1794.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globiz.pyraloidea.org/Pages/Reports/TaxonReport.aspx |title=global Pyraloidea database |publisher=Globiz.pyraloidea.org |date= |accessdate=2014-07-15}}</ref> It is found in [[China]] (Henan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Yunnan), [[Taiwan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], on the [[Andaman Islands]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], western [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], the [[Philippines]], on [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Borneo]], [[Timor]], [[Aru Islands|Aru]], [[New Guinea]], [[Australia]], [[New Caledonia]] and [[Fiji]].<ref>[http://www.zootax.com.cn/admin/downfile.aspx?id=33812 Taxonomic review of the subfamily Schoenobiinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) from China]</ref> |
'''''Scirpophaga nivella''''', the '''sugarcane top borer''', is a [[moth]] in the [[Crambidae]] family. It was described by [[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]] in 1794.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globiz.pyraloidea.org/Pages/Reports/TaxonReport.aspx |title=global Pyraloidea database |publisher=Globiz.pyraloidea.org |date= |accessdate=2014-07-15}}</ref> It is found in [[China]] (Henan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Yunnan), [[Taiwan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], on the [[Andaman Islands]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], western [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], the [[Philippines]], on [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Borneo]], [[Timor]], [[Aru Islands|Aru]], [[New Guinea]], [[Australia]], [[New Caledonia]] and [[Fiji]].<ref>[http://www.zootax.com.cn/admin/downfile.aspx?id=33812 Taxonomic review of the subfamily Schoenobiinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) from China]</ref> |
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==Description== |
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The [[wingspan]] is about 30 mm.<ref>[http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/scho/nivella.html Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia]</ref> The forewings of the males are ochreous white and the hindwings are white. Both the fore- and hindwings of the females are ochreous white with an ochreous yellow anal tuft. |
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The [[wingspan]] is about 28-30 mm in male and 24-50 mm in female.<ref>[http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/scho/nivella.html Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia]</ref> Hind wings with veins 4,5 well separated at origin. A pure white moth with orange anal tuft, sometimes brownish in the female. The larvae are off-white with a reddish dorsal line.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/207319 | title=The Fauna Of British India Including Ceylon And Burma Moths Vol-iv | publisher=Digital Library of India | date=1892 | accessdate=4 July 2016 | author=Hampson G. F. | pages=558}}</ref> |
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==Ecology== |
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The larvae feed on ''[[Oryza sativa]]'', ''[[Scirpus]]'', ''[[Cyperus]]'', ''[[Eleocharis]]'' (including ''[[Eleocharis dulcis]]'') and ''[[Calidum articulatum]]''.<ref>[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/pyraloidea/crambidae/schoenobiinae/scirpophaga/ Scirpophaga at funet]</ref> The larvae are off-white with a reddish dorsal line. |
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Major feeding plant is [[sugarcane]], besides ''[[Oryza sativa]]'', ''[[Scirpus]]'', ''[[Cyperus]]'', ''[[Eleocharis]]'' (including ''[[Eleocharis dulcis]]'') and ''[[Calidum articulatum]]'' are also susceptible as feeding plants of the moth.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=49050 | title=white rice borer (Scirpophaga nivella) | publisher=Plantwise Technical Factsheet | accessdate=26 October 2016}}</ref> |
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==Damage== |
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Caterpillars bore into midrib, by leaving red markings and small holes on the leaves. Then it bore in the upper portion of stem, causing “dead heart” symptoms. Gradually, side branches start growing from a lower node, giving a characteristic “bunchy top” appearance to the plant.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/zoology/top-borer-scirpophaga-nivella-or-trporyza-novella-distribution-life-cycle-and-control/23925/ | title=Top-Borer (Scirpophaga Nivella) or (Trporyza Novella): Distribution, Life Cycle and Control | publisher=YourArticleLibrary.com | accessdate=26 October 2016}}</ref> |
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==Control== |
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Most effective method is using biological predators and parasitoids. It is also environment friendly. Parasitoids such as ''[[Tetrastichus]]'', ''[[Trichogramma intemedium]]'', and ''[[Trichogramma minutum]]'' parasitized upon eggs. ''[[Goniozus indicus]]'', ''[[Stenobracon deesae]]'', ''[[Amauromorpha accepta schoenobii]]'', ''[[Isotima javensis]]'', ''[[Syzeuctus]]'', and ''[[Sturmiopsis infenens]]'' used to eradicate caterpillars. Pupa can destroyed by using ''[[Tetrastichus ayyari]]'', and ''[[Xanthopimpla pedator]] species.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iaszoology.com/scirpophaga-nivella/ | title=The Sugarcane Top Borer | publisher=IASZoology.com | accessdate=26 October 2016}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 15:17, 26 October 2016
| Sugarcane top borer | |
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| Species: | S. nivella
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| Scirpophaga nivella (Fabricius, 1794)
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Scirpophaga nivella, the sugarcane top borer, is a moth in the Crambidae family. It was described by Fabricius in 1794.[1] It is found in China (Henan, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Yunnan), Taiwan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, on the Andaman Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, western Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, on Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Timor, Aru, New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia and Fiji.[2]
Description
The wingspan is about 28-30 mm in male and 24-50 mm in female.[3] Hind wings with veins 4,5 well separated at origin. A pure white moth with orange anal tuft, sometimes brownish in the female. The larvae are off-white with a reddish dorsal line.[4]
Ecology
Major feeding plant is sugarcane, besides Oryza sativa, Scirpus, Cyperus, Eleocharis (including Eleocharis dulcis) and Calidum articulatum are also susceptible as feeding plants of the moth.[5]
Damage
Caterpillars bore into midrib, by leaving red markings and small holes on the leaves. Then it bore in the upper portion of stem, causing “dead heart” symptoms. Gradually, side branches start growing from a lower node, giving a characteristic “bunchy top” appearance to the plant.[6]
Control
Most effective method is using biological predators and parasitoids. It is also environment friendly. Parasitoids such as Tetrastichus, Trichogramma intemedium, and Trichogramma minutum parasitized upon eggs. Goniozus indicus, Stenobracon deesae, Amauromorpha accepta schoenobii, Isotima javensis, Syzeuctus, and Sturmiopsis infenens used to eradicate caterpillars. Pupa can destroyed by using Tetrastichus ayyari, and Xanthopimpla pedator species.[7]
References
- ^ "global Pyraloidea database". Globiz.pyraloidea.org. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
- ^ Taxonomic review of the subfamily Schoenobiinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) from China
- ^ Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia
- ^ Hampson G. F. (1892). "The Fauna Of British India Including Ceylon And Burma Moths Vol-iv". Digital Library of India. p. 558. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
- ^ "white rice borer (Scirpophaga nivella)". Plantwise Technical Factsheet. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
- ^ "Top-Borer (Scirpophaga Nivella) or (Trporyza Novella): Distribution, Life Cycle and Control". YourArticleLibrary.com. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
- ^ "The Sugarcane Top Borer". IASZoology.com. Retrieved 26 October 2016.