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The '''Antideficiency Act''' ('''ADA'''), {{USStatute|97|258|96|923}}, is [[legislation]] enacted by the [[United States Congress]] to prevent the incurring of obligations or the making of expenditures (outlays) in excess of amounts available in [[Appropriation (law)|appropriation]]s or funds. The law was initially enacted in 1884, with major amendments occurring in 1950 ({{USStat|64|765}}) and 1982 ({{USStat|96|923}}). It is now codified at {{UnitedStatesCode|31|1341}}. The ADA prohibits the [[United States Government|federal government]] from entering into a contract that is not "fully funded" because doing so would obligate the government in the absence of an appropriation adequate to the needs of the contract. This [[Act of Congress]] is sometimes known as Section 3679 of the [[Revised Statutes]], as amended.
The '''Antideficiency Act''' ('''ADA'''), {{USStatute|97|258|96|923}}, is [[legislation]] enacted by the [[United States Congress]] to prevent the incurring of obligations or the making of expenditures (outlays) in excess of amounts available in [[Appropriation (law)|appropriation]]s or funds. The law was initially enacted in 1884, with major amendments occurring in 1950 ({{USStat|64|765}}) and 1982 ({{USStat|96|923}}). It is now codified at {{UnitedStatesCode|31|1341}}. The ADA prohibits the [[United States Government|federal government]] from entering into a contract that is not "fully funded" because doing so would obligate the government in the absence of an appropriation adequate to the needs of the contract. This [[Act of Congress]] is sometimes known as Section 3679 of the [[Revised Statutes]], as amended.


==History==
==Provisions==
The Antideficiency Act has evolved over time in response to various abuses. The earliest version of the legislation was enacted in 1870 ({{USStat|16|251}}), after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], to end the executive branch's long history of creating [[Coercive deficiency|coercive deficiencies]]. Many agencies, particularly the military, would intentionally run out of money, obligating Congress to provide additional funds to avoid breaching contracts. Some went as far as to spend their entire budget in the first few months of the fiscal year, funding the rest of the year after the fact with additional appropriations from Congress.{{sfn|General Accounting Office|1982|p=6-9}}<ref name="Atlantic Cohen">{{cite news|title=The Odd Story of the Law That Dictates How Government Shutdowns Work|first=Andrew|last=Cohen|work=[[The Atlantic]]|publisher=[[Atlantic Media]]|date=September 28, 2013|accessdate=October 6, 2013|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/the-odd-story-of-the-law-that-dictates-how-government-shutdowns-work/280047/}}</ref> The act provided that ... "it shall not be lawful for any department of the government to expend in any one fiscal year any sum in excess of appropriations made by Congress for that fiscal year, or to involve the government in any contract for the future payment of money in excess of such appropriations."<ref>{{cite book|title=Free Course Book for Course 3: Statutory Law and Intelligence 2011|author=David Alan Jordan|page=386}}</ref>
The Antideficiency Act has evolved over time in response to various abuses. The earliest version of the legislation was enacted in 1870 ({{USStat|16|251}}), after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], to end the executive branch's long history of creating [[Coercive deficiency|coercive deficiencies]]. Many agencies, particularly the military, would intentionally run out of money, obligating Congress to provide additional funds to avoid breaching contracts. Some went as far as to spend their entire budget in the first few months of the fiscal year, funding the rest of the year after the fact with additional appropriations from Congress.{{sfn|General Accounting Office|1982|p=6-9}}<ref name="Atlantic Cohen">{{cite news|title=The Odd Story of the Law That Dictates How Government Shutdowns Work|first=Andrew|last=Cohen|work=[[The Atlantic]]|publisher=[[Atlantic Media]]|date=September 28, 2013|accessdate=October 6, 2013|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/the-odd-story-of-the-law-that-dictates-how-government-shutdowns-work/280047/}}</ref> The act provided that ... "it shall not be lawful for any department of the government to expend in any one fiscal year any sum in excess of appropriations made by Congress for that fiscal year, or to involve the government in any contract for the future payment of money in excess of such appropriations."<ref>{{cite book|title=Free Course Book for Course 3: Statutory Law and Intelligence 2011|author=David Alan Jordan|page=386}}</ref>


The act was amended and expanded several times, most significantly in 1905 and 1906, when it was mandated for all appropriations to be apportioned in monthly installments and criminal penalties for violations were imposed. It was further modified by an executive order in 1933 and significantly revamped in 1950.<ref>[http://www.justice.gov/olc/appropriations2.htm Government Operations In The Event Of A Lapse In Appropriations<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The current version was enacted on Sept. 12, 1982. It is reasonable and accurate to note that the "Anti-Deficiency Act" (the "ADA") actually includes provisions of Title 31 that are not always associated with the principal provision of the Act which is found at 31 USC 1341. Thus, the ADA also includes 31 USC 1342, a provision which prohibits voluntary services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/legal/lawresources/antideficiencybackground.html |title=Antideficiency Act Background |website=U.S. GAO |publisher=U.S. Government Accountability Office |accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> It also includes 31 USC 1501-1519, provisions which require that appropriated funds be subdivided, "apportioned" and "allocated" before any of the appropriated funds can be expended by the Executive Branch.
The Act was amended and expanded several times, most significantly in 1905 and 1906, when it was mandated for all appropriations to be apportioned in monthly installments and criminal penalties for violations were imposed.
The "Anti-Deficiency Act" actually includes provisions of Title 31 that are not always associated with the principal provision of the Act which is found at 31 USC 1341. Thus, the ADA also includes 31 USC 1342, a provision which prohibits voluntary services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/legal/lawresources/antideficiencybackground.html |title=Antideficiency Act Background |website=U.S. GAO |publisher=U.S. Government Accountability Office |accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> It also includes 31 USC 1501-1519, provisions which require that appropriated funds be subdivided, "apportioned" and "allocated" before any of the appropriated funds can be expended by the Executive Branch.


{{Expand section|date=January 2011}}
{{Expand section|date=January 2011}}

==Legislative history==
The earliest version of the legislation was enacted in 1870 ({{USStat|16|251}}). The Antideficiency Act ({{USStatute|97|258|96|923}}) was initially enacted in 1884.

The Act was amended and expanded several times, most significantly in 1905 and 1906. It was further modified by an executive order in 1933 and significantly revamped in 1950 ({{USStat|64|765}}).<ref>[http://www.justice.gov/olc/appropriations2.htm Government Operations In The Event Of A Lapse In Appropriations<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The current version was enacted on September 12, 1982 ({{USStat|96|923}}). It is now codified at {{UnitedStatesCode|31|1341}}.


==Constitutional authority==
==Constitutional authority==

Revision as of 04:31, 17 October 2013

Antideficiency Act
Great Seal of the United States
Long titleAn Act to revise, codify, and enact without substantive change certain general and permanent laws, related to money and finance, as title 31, United States Code, "Money and Finance".
NicknamesMoney and Finance Enactment as title 31, United States Code
Enacted bythe 97th United States Congress
EffectiveSeptember 13, 1982
Citations
Public law97-258
Statutes at Large96 Stat. 877
Codification
Titles amended31 U.S.C.: Money and Finance
U.S.C. sections amended
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the House as H.R. 6128 by Peter W. Rodino, Jr. (D-NJ) on April 21, 1982
  • Committee consideration by House Judiciary, Senate Judiciary
  • Passed the House on August 9, 1982 (passed voice vote)
  • Passed the Senate Committee on Judiciary on August 20, 1982 (unanimous consent) with amendment
  • Senate agreed to Senate Committee on Judiciary amendment on August 20, 1982 (passed voice vote)
  • Signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on September 13, 1982

The Antideficiency Act (ADA), Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 97–258, 96 Stat. 923, is legislation enacted by the United States Congress to prevent the incurring of obligations or the making of expenditures (outlays) in excess of amounts available in appropriations or funds. The law was initially enacted in 1884, with major amendments occurring in 1950 (64 Stat. 765) and 1982 (96 Stat. 923). It is now codified at 31 U.S.C. § 1341. The ADA prohibits the federal government from entering into a contract that is not "fully funded" because doing so would obligate the government in the absence of an appropriation adequate to the needs of the contract. This Act of Congress is sometimes known as Section 3679 of the Revised Statutes, as amended.

Provisions

The Antideficiency Act has evolved over time in response to various abuses. The earliest version of the legislation was enacted in 1870 (16 Stat. 251), after the Civil War, to end the executive branch's long history of creating coercive deficiencies. Many agencies, particularly the military, would intentionally run out of money, obligating Congress to provide additional funds to avoid breaching contracts. Some went as far as to spend their entire budget in the first few months of the fiscal year, funding the rest of the year after the fact with additional appropriations from Congress.[1][2] The act provided that ... "it shall not be lawful for any department of the government to expend in any one fiscal year any sum in excess of appropriations made by Congress for that fiscal year, or to involve the government in any contract for the future payment of money in excess of such appropriations."[3]

The Act was amended and expanded several times, most significantly in 1905 and 1906, when it was mandated for all appropriations to be apportioned in monthly installments and criminal penalties for violations were imposed.

The "Anti-Deficiency Act" actually includes provisions of Title 31 that are not always associated with the principal provision of the Act which is found at 31 USC 1341. Thus, the ADA also includes 31 USC 1342, a provision which prohibits voluntary services.[4] It also includes 31 USC 1501-1519, provisions which require that appropriated funds be subdivided, "apportioned" and "allocated" before any of the appropriated funds can be expended by the Executive Branch.

Legislative history

The earliest version of the legislation was enacted in 1870 (16 Stat. 251). The Antideficiency Act (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 97–258, 96 Stat. 923) was initially enacted in 1884.

The Act was amended and expanded several times, most significantly in 1905 and 1906. It was further modified by an executive order in 1933 and significantly revamped in 1950 (64 Stat. 765).[5] The current version was enacted on September 12, 1982 (96 Stat. 923). It is now codified at 31 U.S.C. § 1341.

Constitutional authority

To some extent, but not entirely, it implements the provisions of Article One of the United States Constitution, Section 9, Clause 7 (the "power of the purse"), which provides that "No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law."

A corollary of the constitutional provision is that departments and agencies of the government may not "augment" appropriations either by raising money instead of seeking and getting an appropriation or by retaining funds collected and using them instead of receiving an appropriation.[citation needed]

Enforcement

The Government Accountability Office, inspectors general, and individual agencies investigate potential violations of the Antideficiency Act every year. The act has ramifications for agencies and individual employees alike.[2]

Although the ADA and its predecessors are over 120 years old, no one has ever been convicted or indicted for its violation.[6] However, agreements have been changed and reported due to ADA violations,[7] and punitive administrative actions are routinely taken against government employees.[8]

The ADA is cited as the reason for a government shutdown when Congress misses a deadline for passing an interim or full-year appropriations bill.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ General Accounting Office 1982, p. 6-9.
  2. ^ a b c Cohen, Andrew (September 28, 2013). "The Odd Story of the Law That Dictates How Government Shutdowns Work". The Atlantic. Atlantic Media. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  3. ^ David Alan Jordan. Free Course Book for Course 3: Statutory Law and Intelligence 2011. p. 386.
  4. ^ "Antideficiency Act Background". U.S. GAO. U.S. Government Accountability Office. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  5. ^ Government Operations In The Event Of A Lapse In Appropriations
  6. ^ Arnold, William G. (2009). The Antideficiency ACT Answer Book. Management Concepts. p. 112.
  7. ^ Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Commerce (2005). Semi Annual Report to Congress. p. 37 (PDF 42). {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ "Antideficiency Act Reports 2010" (PDF). Antideficiency Act Reports 2010. Government Accountability Office. Retrieved 20 January 2012.

Further reading

External links

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