Convoys Wharf: Difference between revisions

Convoys Wharf, formerly called the King's Yard,^[1] is the site of Deptford Dockyard, the first of the Royal Dockyards, built on a riverside site in Deptford, by the River Thames in London. It was first developed in 1513 by Henry VIII to build vessels for the Royal Navy. Convoys Wharf also covers most of the site of Sayes Court manor house and gardens,^[2] home of diarist John Evelyn. The site was owned until 2008 by News International, which used it to import newsprint and other paper products from Finland until early 2000. It is now owned by Hutchison Whampoa Limited and is subject to a planning application to convert it into residential units,^[3] though it has safeguarded wharf status.^[4]

The King's Yard was established in 1513 by Henry VIII as the first Royal Dockyard building vessels for the Royal Navy, and the leading dockyard of the period.^[5][6] It brought a large population and prosperity to Deptford.^[7]

The docks are also associated with the knighting of Sir Francis Drake by Queen Elizabeth I aboard the Golden Hind,^[8] the legend of Sir Walter Raleigh laying down his cape for Elizabeth,^[9] Captain James Cook's third voyage aboard Resolution,^[10] Frobisher’s and Vancouver’s voyages of discovery, despatching ships against the Spanish Armada,^[11] as well as for Nelson’s battles including Trafalgar.^[12]

In 1698 Tsar Peter I of Russia aged 25, came to Deptford to learn about shipbuilding and seamanship. He was granted the use of John Evelyn’s Sayes Court, adjoining the Royal Dockyard, by William III. In three months he and his party caused considerable damage to the famous^[13][14] gardens, and also to the house, with "much of the furniture broke, lost or destroyed". Sir Christopher Wren was instructed to survey the property and declared it "entirely ruined".^[15] At the mouth of Deptford Creek, on the Fairview Housing estate, there is a statue, designed by Mihail Chemiakin and gifted by Russia commemorating Peter's visit.

By the 18th century, due to the silting of the Thames, the dockyard's use was restricted to ship building and distributing stores to other yards and fleets abroad. It was shut down from 1830 to 1844^[5] and in 1864 a Parliamentary Committee recommended that the dockyards at Deptford (and Woolwich) should be closed. Their recommendation was accepted and the Deptford dockyard was closed in May 1869,^[16] by which time it employed 800 people. It had produced some 450 ships, the last being the wooden screw corvette HMS Druid launched in 1869.^[7]

In 1846, the board of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) requested Chief Engineer Robert Jacomb-Hood to construct a branchline from New Cross to the River Thames at Deptford, where he was to also design, survey and manage the construction of a new dock system to replace the now closed Convoys Wharf. Jacomb-Hood instructed his recently appointed assistant Frederick Banister to design, survey and manage construction of the branchline and dock, which was completed in 1849.^[17]

Before refrigeration cattle had to be imported alive, and the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act 1869 gave the City of London Corporation exclusive local authority for foreign animal imports and processing subject to its opening a market before January 1872.

The complete site at Deptford, including a lease on the LB&SCR docks, was acquired and the market opened in 1871,^[18] By 1889 the site had been extended to 27 acres (11 ha). In 1907 at its peak, 184,971 cattle and 49,350 sheep were imported through the market but by 1912 these figures had declined to 21,547 cattle and 11,993 sheep.^[19]

The Foreign Cattle Market was taken over by the War Department in 1914, on a tenancy agreement from the City of London Corporation, for use as the Royal Army Service Corps Supply Reserve Depot.^[18] On several occasions after the Armistice traders and others urged that the market should be reopened, however in 1924^[20] the War Office exercised their option to buy it^[19][21] along with the adjacent the Sayes Court property for £400,500 (£Format price error: cannot parse value "Error when using {{Inflation}}: |end_year=2024 (parameter 4) is greater than the latest available year (2023) in index "UK"." as of 2024),^[22] under deeds dated 25 March 1926, 18 March 1927 & 25 July 1927 including the railway, tramway, wharfage and jetty rights and easements.^[18]

The yard also served as a United States' Advance Amphibious Vehicle base and married quarters during the Second World War.^[12][23]

The site lay unused until 1980 when it was purchased by News International from the UK Ministry of Defence for £1,600,000 (£Format price error: cannot parse value "Error when using {{Inflation}}: |end_year=2024 (parameter 4) is greater than the latest available year (2023) in index "UK"." as of 2024),^[22], and a remainder in 1986, for £340,000 (£Format price error: cannot parse value "Error when using {{Inflation}}: |end_year=2024 (parameter 4) is greater than the latest available year (2023) in index "UK"." as of 2024),^[22].^[24] In 1993 the Greenwich and Lewisham (London Borough Boundaries) Order transferred the site from the London Borough of Greenwich to the London Borough of Lewisham.^[25]

Most of the Tudor, Stuart, Georgian and Victorian structures above ground level that had survived until 1955 have since been destroyed. One structure that escaped the demolition is Olympia Warehouse, a unique cast-iron building constructed in the 1840s.^[26] However archaeological surveys carried out by CgMs and Pre-Construct Archaeology in 2000 by Duncan Hawkins, in 2000 by Jon Lowe and in 2001 by David Divers, established that by far the greater part of the dockyard survives as buried structures filled in intact between 1869 and 1950. The structures of the yard proper, the docks, slips, basins, mast ponds, landing places and stairs, constitute a substantial architectural fabric that is currently extant, though largely invisible, being covered by superficial accretion or infill.^[12] As yet there has been no archaeological investigation of the garden area of Sayes Court, and only limited trial trenching of part of the manor house.^[27]

The War Department hired the Sayes Court area and almshouses, from the City of London Corporation from 19 September 1914 to use as a Horse Transport Reserve Depot at a rental of £90 per annum (£Format price error: cannot parse value "Error when using {{Inflation}}: |end_year=2024 (parameter 4) is greater than the latest available year (2023) in index "UK"." as of 2024),^[22][18] to enlarge its Supply Reserve Depot at the Foreign Cattle Market.^[28]

The fee simple of the Foreign Cattle Market and of the Sayes Court property were purchased by the War Department, for £400,500 (£Format price error: cannot parse value "Error when using {{Inflation}}: |end_year=2024 (parameter 4) is greater than the latest available year (2023) in index "UK"." as of 2024),^[22] under deeds dated 25 March 1926, 18 March 1927 & 25 July 1927 including the railway, tramway, wharfage and jetty rights and easements.^[18]

From 15 December 1900 there was tramway access via Grove Street, to the Foreign Cattle Market, using their own Maudslay petrol locomotive. When the docks became an army depot the junction was relaid to standard gauge for direct connection to the LB&SCR.^[29] There was as well, an internal narrow gauge tramway system. When the War Department took over, they introduced steam locomotives to work the tramways,^[30][31] purchasing between 1915 and 1917, twelve oil-fired Warril type 18 gauge locomotives from the Hunslet Engine Company.^[32] In December 1920 the Government announced the sale of the equipment from the railway at the Deptford Meat Depot. In 1921 Sir Robert Walker purchased three locos and 75 wagons for the Sand Hutton Light Railway, and purchased a fourth 1927. By January 1938 of the remaining eight locos, seven were apparently still in existence at Deptford, but out of use.^[30]

In 2002 News International applied to the London Borough of Lewisham for outline planning permission to erect 3,500 residential units on the site. Lewisham councillors resolved to approve the application in May 2005. As of July 2008 the application had yet to be referred to Mayor of London Boris Johnson. The Mayor has the power to direct a refusal of planning consent and if the matter is ever referred will probably direct a refusal.^{[citation needed]}

If the Mayor allows the application it will then be referred to the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government. Reasons for such a referral would include a Government direction that half the site is safeguarded for freight use. Since freight wharves on the Thames were safeguarded in 1997 by the then Secretary of State for the Environment, John Gummer, only one operational wharf has been lost to residential use without a full public inquiry. This was Delta/Blackwall Wharf, a major aggregates wharf redeveloped as part of the Greenwich Peninsula masterplan.^{[citation needed]}

On 18 May 2005 a 50/50 joint venture company of Cheung Kong Holdings and Hutchison Whampoa entered into an agreement to acquire Convoys Wharf, to develop it as a mixed residential and commercial project.^[33] In 2008 a new planning application was submitted by Hutchison based largely on the original Richard Rogers scheme.^[34]

The Grade II listed Olympia Warehouse will have to be preserved and refurbished as part of the redevelopment of the site.^[26]

In October 2000, 'Creekside Forum' set up the 'Convoys Opportunity' umbrella group in response to the News International Ltd plan to sell the 40-acre (160,000 m²) Convoys Wharf site.^[35] Convoys Opportunity, composed of community organisations, churches, businesses and others in Deptford and beyond,^[36] campaigned to have the News International scheme refused and the safeguarding order upheld. In 2011 a group of local residents came together to try to ensure that the development is for the best of Deptford.^[37]

• An archaeological desk-based assessment, by Duncan Hawkins, CgMs Consulting, April 2000
• Preliminary Assessment of Surviving Historic Fabric Convoy’s Wharf, Deptford, June, 2000 by Jon Lowe
• Convoys Wharf, Deptford; TQ 3700 7820; (David Divers); evaluation; 9 October-14 November 2000; CgMs Consulting on behalf of News International PLC; CVW00
• An archaeological field evaluation (trial trenching) in consultation with English Heritage, by David Divers, CgMs Ltd., January, 2001
• Our Future Heritage: A Framework for the Management of The Heritage Resource, Convoys Wharf, Deptford, London Borough of Lewisham.,English Heritage, October 2003
• London Snoring: A tale of missed opportunity Creekside Forum, Spring 2007
• "The Battle of Convoys Wharf" Kieran Long, London Evening Standard, 26 October 2011

• Convoys Wharf development website
• Lewisham Unitary Development Plan 2004, Schedule 3 – Areas of Archaeological Priority protected by Policy URB 21 Archaeology and shown on the Proposals Map
• No more penthouses News Shopper, Lewisham & Greenwich, 17 May 2005
• New look for old wharf News Shopper, Lewisham & Greenwich, 31 May 2005
• Include tribute in wharf scheme News Shopper, Lewisham & Greenwich, 19 July 2005
• Convoys Wharf, Deptford at GLIAS Notes and news, December 2009
• Safeguarded Wharves - the official 2005 list and descriptions
• Model of the Royal dockyard at Deptford in 1774
• The campaign to restore Sayes Court Garden

51°29′10″N 0°01′37″W / 51.486°N 0.027°W / 51.486; -0.027