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==Version history by API level==
==Version history by API level==
===API level 1, Android 1.0===
===Android 1.0 (API level 1)===
Android 1.0, the first commercial version of the software, was released on 23 September 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Announcing the Android 1.0 SDK, release 1 |work=Android Developers Blog |date=23 September 2008 |url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/09/announcing-android-10-sdk-release-1.html |accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref> The first Android device, the [[HTC Dream]],<ref name=HTC>{{cite news |publisher=HTC |url=http://www.htc.com/www/press.aspx?id=66338&lang=1033 |accessdate=19 May 2009 |title=T-Mobile Unveils the T-Mobile G1 – the First Phone Powered by Android}}</ref> incorporated the following Android 1.0 features:
Android 1.0, the first commercial version of the software, was released on 23 September 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morrill |first=Dan |title=Announcing the Android 1.0 SDK, release 1 |work=Android Developers Blog |date=23 September 2008 |url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/09/announcing-android-10-sdk-release-1.html |accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref> The first Android device, the [[HTC Dream]],<ref name=HTC>{{cite news |publisher=HTC |url=http://www.htc.com/www/press.aspx?id=66338&lang=1033 |accessdate=19 May 2009 |title=T-Mobile Unveils the T-Mobile G1 – the First Phone Powered by Android}}</ref> incorporated the following Android 1.0 features:


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===API level 2, Android 1.1===
===Android 1.1 (API level 2)===
On 9 February 2009, the Android 1.1 update was released, initially for the HTC Dream only. Android 1.1 was known as "[[Petit four|Petit Four]]" internally, though this name was not used officially.<ref>{{cite web|title=Android Platform Overview|url=http://source.android.com/source/overview.html|accessdate=15 September 2012}}</ref> The update resolved, changed the Android [[Application programming interface|API]] and added a number of features:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-1.1.html |title=Android 1.1 Version Notes |date=February 2009 |work=Android Developers |accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref>
On 9 February 2009, the Android 1.1 update was released, initially for the HTC Dream only. Android 1.1 was known as "[[Petit four|Petit Four]]" internally, though this name was not used officially.<ref>{{cite web|title=Android Platform Overview|url=http://source.android.com/source/overview.html|accessdate=15 September 2012}}</ref> The update resolved, changed the Android [[Application programming interface|API]] and added a number of features:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-1.1.html |title=Android 1.1 Version Notes |date=February 2009 |work=Android Developers |accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref>


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===API level 3, Android 1.5 Cupcake===
===Android 1.5 Cupcake (API level 3)===
On 30 April 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on [[Linux kernel]] 2.6.27.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2009/04/android-15-is-here.html |title=Android 1.5 is here! |date=27 April 2009 |work=Android Developers Blog |first=Xavier |last=Ducrohet |accessdate=3 September 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090925095047/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2009/04/android-15-is-here.html| archivedate=25 September 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rob |first=Jackson |title=CONFIRMED: Official Cupcake Update Underway for T-Mobile G1 USA & UK! |date=30 April 2009 |url=http://phandroid.com/2009/04/30/official-cupcake-update-underway-for-t-mobile-g1-usa/ |work=Android Phone Fans |accessdate=3 September 2009}}</ref> This was the first release to officially use a name based on a dessert ("Cupcake"), a theme which would be used for all releases henceforth. The update included several new features and UI amendments:<ref name="cupcake-highlights">{{cite web |date =April 2009|url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-1.5-highlights.html |title=Android 1.5 Platform Highlights |work=Android Developers |accessdate=3 September 2009}}</ref>
On 30 April 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on [[Linux kernel]] 2.6.27.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2009/04/android-15-is-here.html |title=Android 1.5 is here! |date=27 April 2009 |work=Android Developers Blog |first=Xavier |last=Ducrohet |accessdate=3 September 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090925095047/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2009/04/android-15-is-here.html| archivedate=25 September 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rob |first=Jackson |title=CONFIRMED: Official Cupcake Update Underway for T-Mobile G1 USA & UK! |date=30 April 2009 |url=http://phandroid.com/2009/04/30/official-cupcake-update-underway-for-t-mobile-g1-usa/ |work=Android Phone Fans |accessdate=3 September 2009}}</ref> This was the first release to officially use a name based on a dessert ("Cupcake"), a theme which would be used for all releases henceforth. The update included several new features and UI amendments:<ref name="cupcake-highlights">{{cite web |date =April 2009|url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-1.5-highlights.html |title=Android 1.5 Platform Highlights |work=Android Developers |accessdate=3 September 2009}}</ref>


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===API level 4, Android 1.6 Donut===
===Android 1.6 Donut (API level 4)===
On 15 September 2009, the Android 1.6 SDK – dubbed Donut – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.<ref name="donut-highlights" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2009/09/android-16-sdk-is-here.html |title=Android 1.6 SDK is here |date=15 September 2009 |work=Android Developers Blog |first=Xavier |last=Ducrohet |accessdate=1 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090925095011/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2009/09/android-16-sdk-is-here.html| archivedate=25 September 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Paul |title=Google releases Android 1.6; Palm unleashes WebOS 1.2 |date=1 October 2009 |url= http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2009/10/google-releases-android-16-palm-releases-webos-12.ars |work=Ars Technica |accessdate=1 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091002105348/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2009/10/google-releases-android-16-palm-releases-webos-12.ars| archivedate=2 October 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Included in the update were numerous new features:<ref name="donut-highlights">{{cite web |title=Android 1.6 Platform Highlights |work=Android Developers |date=September 2009 |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-1.6-highlights.html |accessdate=1 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090927092517/http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-1.6-highlights.html| archivedate=27 September 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
On 15 September 2009, the Android 1.6 SDK – dubbed Donut – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.<ref name="donut-highlights" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2009/09/android-16-sdk-is-here.html |title=Android 1.6 SDK is here |date=15 September 2009 |work=Android Developers Blog |first=Xavier |last=Ducrohet |accessdate=1 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090925095011/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2009/09/android-16-sdk-is-here.html| archivedate=25 September 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Paul |title=Google releases Android 1.6; Palm unleashes WebOS 1.2 |date=1 October 2009 |url= http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2009/10/google-releases-android-16-palm-releases-webos-12.ars |work=Ars Technica |accessdate=1 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091002105348/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2009/10/google-releases-android-16-palm-releases-webos-12.ars| archivedate=2 October 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Included in the update were numerous new features:<ref name="donut-highlights">{{cite web |title=Android 1.6 Platform Highlights |work=Android Developers |date=September 2009 |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-1.6-highlights.html |accessdate=1 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090927092517/http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-1.6-highlights.html| archivedate=27 September 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>


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===API level 5, Android 2.0 Eclair===
===Android 2.0 Eclair (API level 5)===
On 26 October 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK – codenamed Eclair – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.0.html |title=Android 2.0, Release 1 |work=Android Developers |accessdate=27 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091028223443/http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.0.html| archivedate=28 October 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Changes included:<ref name="eclair-highlights">{{cite web |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.0-highlights.html |title=Android 2.0 Platform Highlights |work=Android Developers |accessdate=27 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091029032030/http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.0-highlights.html| archivedate=29 October 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
On 26 October 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK – codenamed Eclair – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.0.html |title=Android 2.0, Release 1 |work=Android Developers |accessdate=27 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091028223443/http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.0.html| archivedate=28 October 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Changes included:<ref name="eclair-highlights">{{cite web |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.0-highlights.html |title=Android 2.0 Platform Highlights |work=Android Developers |accessdate=27 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091029032030/http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.0-highlights.html| archivedate=29 October 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>


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===API level 6, Android 2.01 Eclair===
===Android 2.01 Eclair (API level 6)===
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===API level 7, Android 2.1 Eclair===
===Android 2.1 Eclair (API level 7)===
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===API level 8, Android 2.2.x Froyo===
===Android 2.2.x Froyo (API level 8)===
On 20 May 2010, Android 2.2 (Froyo, short for Frozen Yogurt) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.32.<ref name="froyo-dev-blog">{{cite web |url= http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2010/05/android-22-and-developers-goodies.html |work=Android Developers Blog |title=Android 2.2 and developers goodies |publisher=[[Google]] |accessdate=20 May 2010 |first=Xavier |last=Ducrohet |date=20 May 2010}}</ref>
On 20 May 2010, Android 2.2 (Froyo, short for Frozen Yogurt) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.32.<ref name="froyo-dev-blog">{{cite web |url= http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2010/05/android-22-and-developers-goodies.html |work=Android Developers Blog |title=Android 2.2 and developers goodies |publisher=[[Google]] |accessdate=20 May 2010 |first=Xavier |last=Ducrohet |date=20 May 2010}}</ref>


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===API level 9, Android 2.3-2.3.2 Gingerbread{{Anchor|Gingerbread}}===
===Android 2.3-2.3.2 Gingerbread{{Anchor|Gingerbread}} (API level 9)===
On 6 December 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.<ref name="gingerbread-highlights"/><ref name="gingerbread-dev-blog">{{cite web |url= http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2010/12/android-23-platform-and-updated-sdk.html |work=Android Developers Blog |title = Android 2.3 Platform and Updated SDK Tools |publisher=[[Google]] |accessdate=7 December 2010 |first=Xavier |last=Ducrohet |date=6 December 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101227190245/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2010/12/android-23-platform-and-updated-sdk.html| archivedate=27 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Changes included:<ref name="gingerbread-highlights">{{cite web |date=6 December 2010 |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.3-highlights.html |title=Android 2.3 Platform Highlights |work=Android Developers |accessdate=7 December 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101210235053/http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.3-highlights.html| archivedate=10 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref></small>
On 6 December 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.<ref name="gingerbread-highlights"/><ref name="gingerbread-dev-blog">{{cite web |url= http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2010/12/android-23-platform-and-updated-sdk.html |work=Android Developers Blog |title = Android 2.3 Platform and Updated SDK Tools |publisher=[[Google]] |accessdate=7 December 2010 |first=Xavier |last=Ducrohet |date=6 December 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101227190245/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2010/12/android-23-platform-and-updated-sdk.html| archivedate=27 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> Changes included:<ref name="gingerbread-highlights">{{cite web |date=6 December 2010 |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.3-highlights.html |title=Android 2.3 Platform Highlights |work=Android Developers |accessdate=7 December 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101210235053/http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.3-highlights.html| archivedate=10 December 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref></small>


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===API level 10, Android 2.3.3-2.3.7 Gingerbread===
===Android 2.3.3-2.3.7 Gingerbread (API level 10)===
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===API level 11, Android 3.0 Honeycomb===
===Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API level 11)===
On 22 February 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first [[tablet computer|tablet]]-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.<ref name="honeycomb-highlights"/><ref name="honeycomb-sneak-peek">{{cite web |url=http://googlemobile.blogspot.com/2011/01/sneak-peak-of-android-30-honeycomb.html |title=A Sneak Peek of Android 3.0, Honeycomb |first=Andy |last=Rubin |work=Google Mobile Blog |date=5 January 2011 |publisher = Google |accessdate=5 January 2011 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110108061358/http://googlemobile.blogspot.com/2011/01/sneak-peak-of-android-30-honeycomb.html| archivedate=8 January 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2011/02/final-android-30-platform-and-updated.html |title=Final Android 3.0 Platform and Updated SDK Tools |author=Xavier Ducrohet |work=Android Developers blog |date=22 February 2011 |accessdate=23 February 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110305143408/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2011/02/final-android-30-platform-and-updated.html| archivedate=5 March 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.anandtech.com/show/4150/googles-android-event-analysis/2 |title=Google's Android Event Analysis |author=Mithun Chandrasekhar |work=AnandTech |date=2 February 2011 |accessdate=5 February 2011 |quote=I confirmed this with Google; Honeycomb, at least in the current form, will not be coming to non-tablet devices.}}</ref> The first device featuring this version, the [[Motorola Xoom]] tablet, was released on 24 February 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.engadget.com/2011/01/26/motorola-atrix-4g-and-xoom-tablet-launching-at-the-end-of-februa/ |title=Motorola Atrix 4G and Xoom tablet launching at the end of February, Droid Bionic and LTE Xoom in Q2 |author=Nilay Patel |work=Engadget |date=26 January 2011 |accessdate=5 February 2011}}</ref></small> The update's features included:<ref name="honeycomb-highlights">{{cite web |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-3.0-highlights.html |title=Android 3.0 Platform Highlights |work=Android Developers |accessdate=23 February 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110216200154/http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-3.0-highlights.html| archivedate=16 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
On 22 February 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first [[tablet computer|tablet]]-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.<ref name="honeycomb-highlights"/><ref name="honeycomb-sneak-peek">{{cite web |url=http://googlemobile.blogspot.com/2011/01/sneak-peak-of-android-30-honeycomb.html |title=A Sneak Peek of Android 3.0, Honeycomb |first=Andy |last=Rubin |work=Google Mobile Blog |date=5 January 2011 |publisher = Google |accessdate=5 January 2011 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110108061358/http://googlemobile.blogspot.com/2011/01/sneak-peak-of-android-30-honeycomb.html| archivedate=8 January 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2011/02/final-android-30-platform-and-updated.html |title=Final Android 3.0 Platform and Updated SDK Tools |author=Xavier Ducrohet |work=Android Developers blog |date=22 February 2011 |accessdate=23 February 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110305143408/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2011/02/final-android-30-platform-and-updated.html| archivedate=5 March 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.anandtech.com/show/4150/googles-android-event-analysis/2 |title=Google's Android Event Analysis |author=Mithun Chandrasekhar |work=AnandTech |date=2 February 2011 |accessdate=5 February 2011 |quote=I confirmed this with Google; Honeycomb, at least in the current form, will not be coming to non-tablet devices.}}</ref> The first device featuring this version, the [[Motorola Xoom]] tablet, was released on 24 February 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.engadget.com/2011/01/26/motorola-atrix-4g-and-xoom-tablet-launching-at-the-end-of-februa/ |title=Motorola Atrix 4G and Xoom tablet launching at the end of February, Droid Bionic and LTE Xoom in Q2 |author=Nilay Patel |work=Engadget |date=26 January 2011 |accessdate=5 February 2011}}</ref></small> The update's features included:<ref name="honeycomb-highlights">{{cite web |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-3.0-highlights.html |title=Android 3.0 Platform Highlights |work=Android Developers |accessdate=23 February 2011| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110216200154/http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-3.0-highlights.html| archivedate=16 February 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>


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===API level 12, Android 3.1 Honeycomb===
===Android 3.1 Honeycomb (API level 12)===
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===API level 13, Android 3.2 Honeycomb===
===Android 3.2 Honeycomb (API level 13)===
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===API level 14, Android 4.0-4.0.2 Ice Cream Sandwich===
===Android 4.0-4.0.2 Ice Cream Sandwich (API level 14)===
The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1,<ref>{{cite web|last=Maroger|title=Ice Cream Sandwich Runs on Linux Kernel 3.0.1 |url= http://fineoils.blogspot.com/2011/10/ice-cream-sandwich-runs-on-linux-kernel.html#!/2011/10/ice-cream-sandwich-runs-on-linux-kernel.html |publisher=Blogspot – Fine Oils|accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref> was publicly released on 19 October 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://socialbarrel.com/android-4-0-ice-cream-sandwich-sdk-now-available/24093/ |title=Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich SDK Now Available |publisher=Social Barrel |first=Francis |last=Rey |date=19 October 2011}}</ref> Google's Gabe Cohen stated that Android 4.0 was "theoretically compatible" with any Android 2.3.x device in production at that time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/19/google-confirms-nexus-s-will-get-ice-cream-sandwich-for-real/ |title=Google confirms Nexus S will get Ice Cream Sandwich – for real this time (Gingerbread devices, too) |publisher=Engadget |first=Tim |last=Stevens |date=19 October 2011}}</ref> The [[source code]] for Android 4.0 became available on 14 November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.androidguys.com/2011/11/15/ice-cream-sandwich-source-code-released-custom-roms-inevitable/ |title=Ice Cream Sandwich source code released, custom ROMs inevitable |publisher=AndroidGuys |first=Vincent |last=Messina |date=15 November 2011}}</ref>
The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1,<ref>{{cite web|last=Maroger|title=Ice Cream Sandwich Runs on Linux Kernel 3.0.1 |url= http://fineoils.blogspot.com/2011/10/ice-cream-sandwich-runs-on-linux-kernel.html#!/2011/10/ice-cream-sandwich-runs-on-linux-kernel.html |publisher=Blogspot – Fine Oils|accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref> was publicly released on 19 October 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://socialbarrel.com/android-4-0-ice-cream-sandwich-sdk-now-available/24093/ |title=Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich SDK Now Available |publisher=Social Barrel |first=Francis |last=Rey |date=19 October 2011}}</ref> Google's Gabe Cohen stated that Android 4.0 was "theoretically compatible" with any Android 2.3.x device in production at that time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/19/google-confirms-nexus-s-will-get-ice-cream-sandwich-for-real/ |title=Google confirms Nexus S will get Ice Cream Sandwich – for real this time (Gingerbread devices, too) |publisher=Engadget |first=Tim |last=Stevens |date=19 October 2011}}</ref> The [[source code]] for Android 4.0 became available on 14 November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.androidguys.com/2011/11/15/ice-cream-sandwich-source-code-released-custom-roms-inevitable/ |title=Ice Cream Sandwich source code released, custom ROMs inevitable |publisher=AndroidGuys |first=Vincent |last=Messina |date=15 November 2011}}</ref>
The update introduced numerous new features, including:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/18/android-4-0-ice-cream-sandwich-now-official/ |title=Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich now official, includes revamped design, enhancements galore |publisher=Engadget |first=Brad |last=Molen |date=19 October 2011 |accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19736_7-20122331-251/ice-cream-sandwich-adds-tons-of-new-features/?tag=mncol;txt |title=Ice Cream Sandwich adds tons of new features |publisher=CNET |first=Kent |last=German |date=18 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/10/18/a-quick-ice-cream-sandwich-feature-rundown/ |title=A Quick Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich Feature Rundown |publisher=Tech Crunch |first=Chris |last=Velazco |date=18 October 2011}}</ref>
The update introduced numerous new features, including:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/18/android-4-0-ice-cream-sandwich-now-official/ |title=Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich now official, includes revamped design, enhancements galore |publisher=Engadget |first=Brad |last=Molen |date=19 October 2011 |accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19736_7-20122331-251/ice-cream-sandwich-adds-tons-of-new-features/?tag=mncol;txt |title=Ice Cream Sandwich adds tons of new features |publisher=CNET |first=Kent |last=German |date=18 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/10/18/a-quick-ice-cream-sandwich-feature-rundown/ |title=A Quick Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich Feature Rundown |publisher=Tech Crunch |first=Chris |last=Velazco |date=18 October 2011}}</ref>
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===API level 15, Android 4.0.3-4.0.4 Ice Cream Sandwich===
===Android 4.0.3-4.0.4 Ice Cream Sandwich (API level 15)===
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Support for [[Adobe Systems]]' [[Flash_player#Mobile_platforms|Flash player]] ended with Ice Cream Sandwich.
Support for [[Adobe Systems]]' [[Flash_player#Mobile_platforms|Flash player]] ended with Ice Cream Sandwich.


===API level 16, Android 4.1 Jelly Bean===
===Android 4.1 Jelly Bean (API level 16)===
Google announced Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) at the [[Google I/O]] conference on 27 June 2012. Based on Linux kernel 3.0.31, Jelly Bean was an incremental update with the primary aim of improving the functionality and performance of the user interface. The performance improvement involved "Project Butter", which uses touch anticipation, [[Multiple buffering|triple buffering]], extended [[vsync]] timing and a fixed frame rate of 60 [[frames per second|fps]] to create a fluid and "buttery-smooth" UI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://developer.android.com/about/versions/jelly-bean.html|title=Android 4.1 for Developers|accessdate=27 June 2012}}</ref> Android 4.1 Jelly Bean was released to the [[AOSP#Android_Open_Source_Project|Android Open Source Project]] on 9 July 2012,<ref>{{cite web|last=Queru|first=Jean-Baptiste|title=Android 4.1 in AOSP|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/android-building/XBYeD-bhk1o|accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref> and the [[Nexus 7]] tablet, the first device to run Jelly Bean, was released on 13 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.gsmarena.com/nexus-7-gets-android-4-1-1-update-adds-support-for-google-wallet/ |title=Android 4.1.1 Nexus 7 Update|accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref>
Google announced Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) at the [[Google I/O]] conference on 27 June 2012. Based on Linux kernel 3.0.31, Jelly Bean was an incremental update with the primary aim of improving the functionality and performance of the user interface. The performance improvement involved "Project Butter", which uses touch anticipation, [[Multiple buffering|triple buffering]], extended [[vsync]] timing and a fixed frame rate of 60 [[frames per second|fps]] to create a fluid and "buttery-smooth" UI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://developer.android.com/about/versions/jelly-bean.html|title=Android 4.1 for Developers|accessdate=27 June 2012}}</ref> Android 4.1 Jelly Bean was released to the [[AOSP#Android_Open_Source_Project|Android Open Source Project]] on 9 July 2012,<ref>{{cite web|last=Queru|first=Jean-Baptiste|title=Android 4.1 in AOSP|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/android-building/XBYeD-bhk1o|accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref> and the [[Nexus 7]] tablet, the first device to run Jelly Bean, was released on 13 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.gsmarena.com/nexus-7-gets-android-4-1-1-update-adds-support-for-google-wallet/ |title=Android 4.1.1 Nexus 7 Update|accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref>


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|}


===API level 17, Android 4.2 Jelly Bean===
===Android 4.2 Jelly Bean (API level 17)===
Google was expected to announce Jelly Bean 4.2 at an event in [[New York City]] on 29 October 2012, but the event was cancelled due to [[Hurricane Sandy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.androidcentral.com/monday-s-google-event-nyc-cancelled-due-hurricane-sandy |title=Monday's Google event in NYC canceled due to Hurricane Sandy |accessdate=29 October 2012}}</ref> Instead of rescheduling the live event, Google announced the new version with a press release, under the slogan "A new flavor of Jelly Bean". The first devices to run Android 4.2 were [[LG]]'s [[Nexus 4]] and [[Samsung]]'s [[Nexus 10]], which were released on 13 November 2012.<ref name=New4.2And>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourmobile.com/blog/1678521/android_42_jelly_bean_lands_on_nexus_7.html|title=Android 4.2 Jelly Bean lands on Nexus 7|publisher=Know Your Mobile|date=14 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/11/14/google-releases-nexus-4-nexus-10-and-android-42|title=Google Releases Nexus 4, Nexus 10 and Android 4.2|publisher=IGN|date=13 November 2012|accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref>
Google was expected to announce Jelly Bean 4.2 at an event in [[New York City]] on 29 October 2012, but the event was cancelled due to [[Hurricane Sandy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.androidcentral.com/monday-s-google-event-nyc-cancelled-due-hurricane-sandy |title=Monday's Google event in NYC canceled due to Hurricane Sandy |accessdate=29 October 2012}}</ref> Instead of rescheduling the live event, Google announced the new version with a press release, under the slogan "A new flavor of Jelly Bean". The first devices to run Android 4.2 were [[LG]]'s [[Nexus 4]] and [[Samsung]]'s [[Nexus 10]], which were released on 13 November 2012.<ref name=New4.2And>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourmobile.com/blog/1678521/android_42_jelly_bean_lands_on_nexus_7.html|title=Android 4.2 Jelly Bean lands on Nexus 7|publisher=Know Your Mobile|date=14 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/11/14/google-releases-nexus-4-nexus-10-and-android-42|title=Google Releases Nexus 4, Nexus 10 and Android 4.2|publisher=IGN|date=13 November 2012|accessdate=16 November 2012}}</ref>


Revision as of 12:15, 18 January 2013

A chart showing global Android version distribution from November 2009 to December 2012

The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the release of the Android beta in November 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008. Android is under ongoing development by Google and the Open Handset Alliance, and has seen a number of updates to its base operating system since its original release. These updates typically fix bugs and add new features. Since April 2009, Android versions have been developed under a codename and released in alphabetical order: Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich (ICS), and Jelly Bean. As of 2012, over 400 million active devices use the Android OS worldwide.[1] The most recent major Android update was Jelly Bean 4.2, which was announced in October 2012, and was released on commercial devices in November.[2][3]

Android alpha

There were at least two internal releases inside Google/OHA before the Android beta was released November 2007. The second of these releases was code-named (in a temporary naming scheme) "R2-D2".[4] Dan Morill created some of the first mascotte logos, but the well-known green Android logo was designed by Irina Blok. Ryan Gibson thought of the confections naming scheme that would be used for the public releases (starting with "Cupcake").

Android beta

The Android beta was released on 5 November 2007,[5][6] while the software development kit (SDK) was released on 12 November 2007.[7] The 5 November date is popularly taken to be Android's "birthday".[8]

Public beta versions of the SDK were released in the following order:

Version history by API level

Android 1.0 (API level 1)

Android 1.0, the first commercial version of the software, was released on 23 September 2008.[15] The first Android device, the HTC Dream,[16] incorporated the following Android 1.0 features:

Android 1.1 (API level 2)

On 9 February 2009, the Android 1.1 update was released, initially for the HTC Dream only. Android 1.1 was known as "Petit Four" internally, though this name was not used officially.[23] The update resolved, changed the Android API and added a number of features:[24]

Android 1.5 Cupcake (API level 3)

On 30 April 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.27.[25][26] This was the first release to officially use a name based on a dessert ("Cupcake"), a theme which would be used for all releases henceforth. The update included several new features and UI amendments:[27]

Android 1.6 Donut (API level 4)

On 15 September 2009, the Android 1.6 SDK – dubbed Donut – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.[29][30][31] Included in the update were numerous new features:[29]

Android 2.0 Eclair (API level 5)

On 26 October 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK – codenamed Eclair – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.[32] Changes included:[33]

Android 2.01 Eclair (API level 6)

Android 2.1 Eclair (API level 7)

Android 2.2.x Froyo (API level 8)

On 20 May 2010, Android 2.2 (Froyo, short for Frozen Yogurt) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.32.[37]

Android 2.3-2.3.2 Gingerbread (API level 9)

On 6 December 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.[44][45] Changes included:[44]

Android 2.3.3-2.3.7 Gingerbread (API level 10)

Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API level 11)

On 22 February 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first tablet-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.[54][55][56][57] The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on 24 February 2011.[58] The update's features included:[54]

Android 3.1 Honeycomb (API level 12)

Android 3.2 Honeycomb (API level 13)

Android 4.0-4.0.2 Ice Cream Sandwich (API level 14)

The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1,[64] was publicly released on 19 October 2011.[65] Google's Gabe Cohen stated that Android 4.0 was "theoretically compatible" with any Android 2.3.x device in production at that time.[66] The source code for Android 4.0 became available on 14 November 2011.[67] The update introduced numerous new features, including:[68][69][70]

Android 4.0.3-4.0.4 Ice Cream Sandwich (API level 15)

Support for Adobe Systems' Flash player ended with Ice Cream Sandwich.

Android 4.1 Jelly Bean (API level 16)

Google announced Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) at the Google I/O conference on 27 June 2012. Based on Linux kernel 3.0.31, Jelly Bean was an incremental update with the primary aim of improving the functionality and performance of the user interface. The performance improvement involved "Project Butter", which uses touch anticipation, triple buffering, extended vsync timing and a fixed frame rate of 60 fps to create a fluid and "buttery-smooth" UI.[79] Android 4.1 Jelly Bean was released to the Android Open Source Project on 9 July 2012,[80] and the Nexus 7 tablet, the first device to run Jelly Bean, was released on 13 July 2012.[81]

Android 4.2 Jelly Bean (API level 17)

Google was expected to announce Jelly Bean 4.2 at an event in New York City on 29 October 2012, but the event was cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy.[91] Instead of rescheduling the live event, Google announced the new version with a press release, under the slogan "A new flavor of Jelly Bean". The first devices to run Android 4.2 were LG's Nexus 4 and Samsung's Nexus 10, which were released on 13 November 2012.[3][92]

See also

References

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