Edward Stafford (diplomat): Difference between revisions

Sir Edward Stafford (1552 – 5 February 1605) was an English Member of Parliament, courtier and diplomat to France during the time of Queen Elizabeth I.

He was involved in abortive negotiations for a proposed marriage between Elizabeth and Francis, Duke of Anjou.

After he was appointed ambassador to Paris in 1583, he took money from Henry I, Duke of Guise, in return for access to diplomatic correspondence. He also received money from a Spanish agent, Bernardino de Mendoza, and there is strong circumstantial evidence that Stafford thereafter passed on secrets to Spain. However, no action was taken against him by Elizabeth, although he was not given any posts of consequence after his recall in 1590.

Stafford was born to Sir William Stafford of Chebsey, Staffordshire and Dorothy Stafford, his second wife.

After studying at St John's College, Cambridge and Pembroke College, Cambridge,^[1] Stafford was assisted by William Cecil, Lord Burghley and became a Member of Parliament for Mitchell in Cornwall (1571) and then for Heytesbury in Wiltshire (1572). He was a member of Elizabeth I's court from 1573, carrying Burghley's secret letters.^[2] His mother was Mistress of the Robes to Elizabeth I from 1564, which assisted Stafford's position.

In 1578, he was sent to France to act in negotiations on behalf of the queen with Henri III, King of France, concerning the possibility of Elizabeth's engagement to Francis, Duke of Anjou; the duke stayed with Stafford on a visit to England in August 1579. Stafford was sent on three further missions to France in 1580 concerning the proposed marriage.^[2]

He was knighted in 1583 and was appointed ambassador to Paris. He aligned himself with Burghley, rather than with Francis Walsingham, which caused complications of loyalties in Walsingham's intelligence network, and Stafford's own letters were intercepted by Walsingham's agents.

Stafford's gambling and financial difficulties were reported upon by Walsingham, which led to Stafford ignoring Walsingham when sending information from Paris. He took 3,000 crowns from Henry I, Duke of Guise, in return for access to diplomatic correspondence, and became linked with Charles Arundel, an English Catholic agitator living in Paris. These developments became known to Walsingham, although he did not seek to move against Stafford, who still had Burghley's protection; the death of Walsingham's heir in October 1586 led to a reconciliation between Walsingham and Burghley in any case, and Stafford and Walsingham exchanged friendly letters in April 1587.^[2]

However, before this reconciliation, in January 1587, Arundel had acted as an intermediary between Stafford and the Spanish agent Bernardino de Mendoza in discussions about Stafford acting as a spy; Arundel was given 2,000 crowns to hand to Stafford. Whilst one suggested motive is money, another possibility is a desire for revenge upon Walsingham. Although it is unclear whether Mendoza had three informers in Paris, or just one (Stafford) to whom Mendoza gave three pseudonyms, Mendoza was given warning of Francis Drake's attack on the Spanish fleet at Cadiz, amongst other secrets.

However, some information passed on to Spain was inaccurate, either because Stafford was deliberately not giving Spain the full picture, or because Stafford himself was kept ill-informed. Stafford was less than forthcoming in his reports to London when giving details of preparations for the Spanish Armada in 1588, either deliberately or because of over-reliance on Mendoza. There is only circumstantial evidence that Stafford acted traitorously, although the weight of evidence against him has been described as "substantial".^[2]

After the defeat of the Armada, Stafford eventually stopped giving intelligence to Mendoza – either because he no longer had a financial incentive so to do (as Elizabeth had cancelled his debts) or because Walsingham's death in 1590 removed a personal motive.

He was recalled from Paris in 1590, and held no major posts thereafter, although he was returned to the House of Commons of England for various constituencies (Winchester in 1593; Stafford in 1597 and 1601; Queenborough in 1604). He died on 5 February 1605, and was buried at St. Margaret's, Westminster.^[2]

Stafford married Robertsa Chapman during the early 1570s; they had one son (who outlived Stafford) and two daughters; Robertsa died during her fourth pregnancy in 1578.

Stafford then married Douglas Sheffield, sister of Charles Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham and former lover of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester. The marriage strengthened his links with the queen, since his sister-in-law Katherine was Elizabeth's closest female companion, as well as being her second cousin. Stafford had two daughters with his second wife, who did not survive childhood.^[2]

• History of Parliament STAFFORD, Edward II (1552-1605) of London

• Leimon, Mitchell; Parker, Geoffrey. "Treason and plot in Elizabethan diplomacy: The 'fame of Sir Edward Stafford' reconsidered," English Historical Review (1996) 111#444 pp 1134-58, emphasizes his guilt
• McDermott, James (2004). "Stafford, Sir Edward (1552–1605)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2012 accessed 5 Dec 2012 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26203
• Neale, J. E. "The fame of Sir Edward Stafford" Studies in Elizabethan History (1959), pp 146–69 doubts his guilt

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