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The '''Bündner Wirren''' ({{lang-fr|Troubles des Grisons}}, {{lang-it|Torbidi grigionesi}}, [[English language|English]]: ''Confusion of Graubünden'' or ''Confusion of the Leagues'') was a conflict that lasted between 1618 and 1639 in what is now the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Graubünden]]. The Bündner Wirren was a conflict between the alliance of [[France]] and [[Venice]] against the [[Spain|Spanish]]-[[Austria|Austrian]] [[Habsburg Monarchy]] over control of the [[Swiss alps|alpine]] passes and religion as part of the larger [[Thirty Years War]]. The conflict in Graubünden threatened to draw the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederation]] into the Thirty Years War.
The '''Bündner Wirren''' ({{lang-fr|Troubles des Grisons}}, {{lang-it|Torbidi grigionesi}}, [[English language|English]]: ''Confusion of Graubünden'' or ''Confusion of the Leagues'') was a conflict that lasted between 1618 and 1639 in what is now the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] of [[Graubünden]]. The Bündner Wirren was a conflict between the alliance of [[France]] and [[Venice]] against the [[Spain|Spanish]]-[[Austria|Austrian]] [[Habsburg Monarchy]] over control of the [[Swiss alps|alpine]] passes and religion as part of the larger [[Thirty Years War]]. The conflict in Graubünden threatened to draw the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederation]] into the Thirty Years War.


==Background==
The [[Three Leagues]] were a federation of three states (the [[League of God's House]], the [[League of the Ten Jurisdictions]] and the [[Grey League]]) in the alpine valleys around the city of [[Chur]]. Due to their position, they controlled a number of key alpine passes. The League was also not a unified state and virtually all external affairs were settled by [[referendum]].

At the beginning of the 17th century, the regional powers around the Leagues attempted to secure transit and trade routes through the League passes. For France and Venice the alpine passes represented important trade routes. For the Austrian Habsburgs, they were the shortest route between Habsburg controlled [[Milan]] and Austrian [[Tyrol]].<ref name=History>[http://www.geschichte-schweiz.ch/reformation.html Swiss History] {{de icon}} accessed 16 January 2012</ref> In 1602, France secured some of the alpine passes. A year later Venice bought the transit right through the passes and an alliance for 10 years. This agreement between the Leagues and Venice angered the Spanish Habsburgs. In Milan, Don [[Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes]], declared an embargo against the Leagues and built a fortification at Montecchio on [[Lake Como]] at the entrance to the League controlled [[Valtellina]] valley.<ref name=Religious>[http://www.gr.kath.ch/ressourcen/download/20080529163237.pdf Graubünden's religious history] (PDF; 3.95&nbsp;MB) {{de icon}}</ref> Politically, the Leagues were split into pro-Habsburg and pro-Venice parties. In 1607, about 6,000 armed men met together in a bitter [[Landsgemeinde]] or cantonal assembly. A court was set up that initially supported the French-Venetian faction and pronounced judgments against the Habsburg faction for a variety of crimes. Shortly thereafter the Habsburg faction gained power and returned judgments against the French-Venetian side.<ref name=Religious/>

At the same time, the [[Protestant]] and even a few [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] representatives turned their ire on the [[Bishop of Chur]], Giovanni or Johann V of Flugi. They criticized the Bishop for working against the interests of the Leagues and for living outside the Diocese in [[Feldkirch, Vorarlberg|Feldkirch]] or at Fürstenburg in [[Vintschgau]]. The citizens then got a court to issue an arrest warrant for the Bishop. In response, the Bishop fled to Feldkirch and refused to return and face a trial. The Bishop remained in exile until 1610, but the trial of the Bishop illustrated the religious and secular conflicts in the Leagues.<ref name=Religious/>

==Jörg Jenatsch and the Valtellina murders==
In 1618, the young radical [[Jörg Jenatsch]] became a member of the board of 'clerical overseers' and a leader of the anti-Habsburg faction. The popular court in Thusis, which was associated with the overseers, outlawed many leading men from the pro-Habsburg faction, notably Rudolf von Planta and his brother Pompeius von Planta.

==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 22:08, 16 January 2012

Map of the Three Leagues and surrounding lands

The Bündner Wirren (French: Troubles des Grisons, Italian: Torbidi grigionesi, English: Confusion of Graubünden or Confusion of the Leagues) was a conflict that lasted between 1618 and 1639 in what is now the Swiss canton of Graubünden. The Bündner Wirren was a conflict between the alliance of France and Venice against the Spanish-Austrian Habsburg Monarchy over control of the alpine passes and religion as part of the larger Thirty Years War. The conflict in Graubünden threatened to draw the Swiss Confederation into the Thirty Years War.

Background

The Three Leagues were a federation of three states (the League of God's House, the League of the Ten Jurisdictions and the Grey League) in the alpine valleys around the city of Chur. Due to their position, they controlled a number of key alpine passes. The League was also not a unified state and virtually all external affairs were settled by referendum.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the regional powers around the Leagues attempted to secure transit and trade routes through the League passes. For France and Venice the alpine passes represented important trade routes. For the Austrian Habsburgs, they were the shortest route between Habsburg controlled Milan and Austrian Tyrol.[1] In 1602, France secured some of the alpine passes. A year later Venice bought the transit right through the passes and an alliance for 10 years. This agreement between the Leagues and Venice angered the Spanish Habsburgs. In Milan, Don Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes, declared an embargo against the Leagues and built a fortification at Montecchio on Lake Como at the entrance to the League controlled Valtellina valley.[2] Politically, the Leagues were split into pro-Habsburg and pro-Venice parties. In 1607, about 6,000 armed men met together in a bitter Landsgemeinde or cantonal assembly. A court was set up that initially supported the French-Venetian faction and pronounced judgments against the Habsburg faction for a variety of crimes. Shortly thereafter the Habsburg faction gained power and returned judgments against the French-Venetian side.[2]

At the same time, the Protestant and even a few Catholic representatives turned their ire on the Bishop of Chur, Giovanni or Johann V of Flugi. They criticized the Bishop for working against the interests of the Leagues and for living outside the Diocese in Feldkirch or at Fürstenburg in Vintschgau. The citizens then got a court to issue an arrest warrant for the Bishop. In response, the Bishop fled to Feldkirch and refused to return and face a trial. The Bishop remained in exile until 1610, but the trial of the Bishop illustrated the religious and secular conflicts in the Leagues.[2]

Jörg Jenatsch and the Valtellina murders

In 1618, the young radical Jörg Jenatsch became a member of the board of 'clerical overseers' and a leader of the anti-Habsburg faction. The popular court in Thusis, which was associated with the overseers, outlawed many leading men from the pro-Habsburg faction, notably Rudolf von Planta and his brother Pompeius von Planta.

References

  1. ^ Swiss History Template:De icon accessed 16 January 2012
  2. ^ a b c Graubünden's religious history (PDF; 3.95 MB) Template:De icon

External links

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