Suzuki Cultus: Difference between revisions
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The '''Suzuki Cultus''' is a [[supermini car|supermini]] first presented at the 25th [[Tokyo Motor Show]], formally introduced to the [[Japanese domestic market]] in 1983 and ultimately manufactured in seven countries across three generations and marketed worldwide under more than a dozen nameplates — prominently as the '''Suzuki Swift''', '''Geo Metro |
The '''Suzuki Cultus''' is a [[supermini car|supermini]] first presented at the 25th [[Tokyo Motor Show]], formally introduced to the [[Japanese domestic market]] in 1983 and ultimately manufactured in seven countries across three generations and marketed worldwide under more than a dozen nameplates — prominently as the '''Suzuki Swift''', '''[[Geo Metro]]''', and '''Holden Barina'''. |
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Offered across its lifespan in four body-style variations with engines from the [[Suzuki G engine]] family, the Cultus remains in production in [[Pakistan]]. |
Offered across its lifespan in four body-style variations with engines from the [[Suzuki G engine]] family, the second generation Cultus still remains in production in [[Pakistan]]. The Cultus family of vehicles has been marketed in Asia, North America, South America, Australia, and Europe. While never formally marketed in New Zealand they were imported and sold on the secondary market. |
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The name Cultus derives from the [[Latin]] ''cultus,'' meaning "care" or "adoration." |
The name Cultus derives from the [[Latin]] ''cultus,'' meaning "care" or "adoration." |
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== First generation == |
== First generation == |
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{{Infobox automobile |
{{Infobox automobile |
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<sup>c.</sup> Canada's "Chevrolet" Sprint model ran through 1991<br /> |
<sup>c.</sup> Canada's "Chevrolet" Sprint model ran through 1991<br /> |
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<sup>d.</sup> Manufactured at [[GM Colmotores]], [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] |
<sup>d.</sup> Manufactured at [[GM Colmotores]], [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] |
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===American markets=== |
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Originally sold by Suzuki as the '''Suzuki Forsa''', it was marketed in Ecuador, Chile, Canada and the USA (minimally) from 1985 to 1988 — with Suzuki offering the [[supermini car|supermini]] with either a carbureted 1.0 L inline-3 cylinder or fuel injected 1.0 L inline 3 cylinder turbocharged engine. The car had much greater reach in North America as the Chevrolet Sprint and the Pontiac Firefly. |
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Suzuki did not initially market the Forsa on the US mainland, but rather only in Hawaii, Guam and the Northern Marianas. An undetermined number of Forsa models were imported to the U.S. mainland to test the commercial viability of a [[supermini car|supermini]] in the US. As a record of US marketing of the Forsa, listings at the [http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm EPA Fuel Mileage Site] carry the 1985 model as the '''Suzuki SA310''' (the original JDM name for the Cultus, Forsa and Swift), no listing for 1986 — and both the Forsa and Forsa Turbo for 1987 and 1988. For North America, Suzuki changed the name from Forsa to Swift with the 1989 introduction of the second generation. |
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* '''1984''' – Suzuki and General Motors announced they would sell rebadged models of the Suzuki Cultus in North America as Chevrolets and Pontiacs, with Suzuki selling their own version as the Forsa. |
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* '''1985''' – GM began marketing in North America as the [[Chevrolet Sprint]]. The car is also sold as [[Suzuki Forsa]] and Pontiac Firefly in [[Canada]]. The Chevrolet Sprint was sold only in the Western United States until 1986. |
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* '''1986''' – Chevrolet Sprint began nationwide sales in the US. Sprint consumers had a choice of ER, Base, and Turbo models. Firefly marketed in FE, Turbo, and Base models. |
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* '''1987''' – The Metro name first appeared on a model of the naturally aspirated Chevrolet Sprint: the "Chevrolet Sprint Metro." |
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* '''1988''' – Production of the first Geo Metro models begins at Suzuki's plant in [[Hamamatsu]], [[Japan]]. |
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====Chevrolet Sprint==== |
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The '''Chevrolet Sprint''' was sold in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], with GM continuing to market the [[Chevrolet Chevette|Chevette]] until 1987 alongside the Sprint. In the 1988 [[model year]], the naturally aspirated [[hatchback]] was named the '''Chevrolet Sprint Metro'''. |
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The "Sprint" and "Sprint Metro" differed in their engines, though both were computer controlled carb systems. From 1985 to 1988, the carbureted 1.0 L [[Straight-3|3-cylinder]] engine used a hemispherical head design. Later, fuel injection required the cylinder head for 1989 be redesigned to add the additional cooling required, reducing gas mileage. |
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The Sprint was originally offered in parts of the western US for the 1985 model year; subsequently Chevrolet marketed the Sprint across North America. All models were initially 3-dr hatchbacks. Starting in 1986, a five-door hatchback version was offered, called the Sprint Plus. That year, another model called the Sprint ER was offered that included a few extra features, such as an "upshift" light to indicate the ideal speed to shift to the next highest gear on [[manual transmission]] models. Although air conditioning was offered in all years, the three-speed [[automatic transmission]] wasn't offered until 1986. All models featured [[front-wheel drive]] and 12-inch tires. |
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Turbocharged versions of the 1.0 L 3-cylinder engine were available in the Turbo Sprint in both the United States and Canada. Colors were limited to red, white and blue for the Turbo Sprint. In the United States, the label was dropped with the introduction of the [[Geo Metro]] (second generation Cultus), but it continued to be used for a while longer in Canada. |
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'''Colombia'''<br /> |
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The name "Chevette Sprint" was considered before calling the Colombia model (first generation) the "Chevrolet Sprint" — to distinguish it from the Opel knock down kits imported to Brazil.<ref name="carro">{{cite web | title = Historia del Chevrolet Sprint (Spanish) |
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| publisher = Carrosyclasicos.com |
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| url = http://www.carrosyclasicos.com/nuke/contenido.php?sid=425}}</ref> When presented on 7 October 1986, the Sprint caused a sensation.<ref name="carro"/> Slight modifications were made in 1987, including increasing the wheel sizes from 12" to 13" and the Sprint remained in production virtually unchanged til 2004 — with a total production of 70,848.<ref name="carro"/> |
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[http://youtube.com/watch?v=n69k3vYdk6M ''See: 1985 US Chevrolet Sprint commercial'']<br /> |
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[http://youtube.com/watch?v=ZoPm6QHYfGQ ''See: 1988 Colombia Chevrolet Sprint commercial''] |
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<br /> |
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<gallery perrow="3"> |
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Image:Chevrolet Sprint Turbo.jpg|Chevrolet Sprint Turbo, Gen I |
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Image:Chevrolet sprint segunda edicion colombia.jpg|Chevrolet Sprint Gen I |
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</gallery> |
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{{anchor|second}} |
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== Second generation == |
== Second generation == |
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{{Infobox automobile |
{{Infobox automobile |
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|name = Second generation |
|name = Second generation |
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|production = 1988–2003<br> 2000–current (Pakistan) |
|production = 1988–2003<br> 2000–current (Pakistan) |
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|aka=Suzuki Cultus Esteem<br>[[#Suzuki Swift|Suzuki Swift]]<br /> [[ |
|aka=Suzuki Cultus Esteem<br>[[#Suzuki Swift|Suzuki Swift]]<br /> [[Geo Metro]]<br /> [[Pontiac Firefly]]<br /> [[Maruti Suzuki]] 1000/Esteem<br /> [[Holden Barina]]<br /> [[Chevrolet Swift]] (Colombia, Ecuador)<br />[[Suzuki Forsa]] II (Ecuador)<br />[[#Chevrolet Sprint|Chevrolet Sprint]] (Canada) <br /> [[Subaru Justy]] (Europe)<br /> [[Suzuki Amenity]] (Indonesia; HB)<br /> Suzuki Esteem (Indonesia; Sedan)<br /> [[Chang'an SC7130 Gazelle]]<br>[[Suzuzki Margalla]](Pakistan) |
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|body_style = 2-door [[convertible]]<br />3-door [[hatchback]]/[[van]]<br />4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br />5-door [[hatchback]] |
|body_style = 2-door [[convertible]]<br />3-door [[hatchback]]/[[van]]<br />4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]<br />5-door [[hatchback]] |
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|image = [[Image:Suzuki Swift (second generation) (front), Kuala Lumpur.jpg|250px|Suzuki Swift 5-door]] |
|image = [[Image:Suzuki Swift (second generation) (front), Kuala Lumpur.jpg|250px|Suzuki Swift 5-door]] |
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The second generation, introduced in Japan in September 1988, followed by their European debut at the Brussels Auto Salon in October.<ref name=TAM90>{{Cite book | title = Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1990 | editor = Mastrostefano, Raffaele | publisher = Editoriale Domus S.p.A | year = 1990 | page = 984 | language = Italian | location = Milano }}</ref> Some say it was designed at GM's Technical Center in Warren, Michigan, USA,{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} and GM did designate it the [[GM M platform]]. The chassis, engines, and drivetrains were developed by Suzuki, The second generation offered new styling and four wheel independent strut suspension. A turbocharged version remained fairly popular in Canada, which was the only export market for the version. |
The second generation, introduced in Japan in September 1988, followed by their European debut at the Brussels Auto Salon in October.<ref name=TAM90>{{Cite book | title = Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1990 | editor = Mastrostefano, Raffaele | publisher = Editoriale Domus S.p.A | year = 1990 | page = 984 | language = Italian | location = Milano }}</ref> Some say it was designed at GM's Technical Center in Warren, Michigan, USA,{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} and GM did designate it the [[GM M platform]]. The chassis, engines, and drivetrains were developed by Suzuki, The second generation offered new styling and four wheel independent strut suspension. A turbocharged version remained fairly popular in Canada, which was the only export market for the version. |
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It was available with a 1.0 liter 3-cylinder with a power output of {{convert|53|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, a 1.3 liter 4-cylinder, and a 1.6 liter four-cylinder. The higher powered Cultus/Swift GTi had an improved G13B engine which featured hollow camshafts, stronger web casting on the engine block, a better flowing intake manifold (the prior generation intake manifold had its shape compromised to fit into the engine bay), and its [[Engine control unit|ECU]] now had electronic control over ignition timing. It now put out {{convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} of power. The GTi also featured all wheel disc brakes. |
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Suzuki facelifted the Cultus in 1991 for the 1992 model year. The update involved the relocation of the rear license plate to the rear bumper from in between the tail lamps. The gap vacated by the license plate was filled in with either a black plastic panel or translucent red perspex panel integrating with the tail lamps. At the front, Suzuki revised the bumper's [[airdam]], and inside, the interior was substantially re-designed.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.edmunds.com/suzuki/swift/1992/?sub=hatchback | title = 1992 Suzuki Swift Hatchback | publisher = [[Edmonds.com|Edmunds]] | accessdate = 16 October 2011}}</ref> |
Suzuki facelifted the Cultus in 1991 for the 1992 model year. The update involved the relocation of the rear license plate to the rear bumper from in between the tail lamps. The gap vacated by the license plate was filled in with either a black plastic panel or translucent red perspex panel integrating with the tail lamps. At the front, Suzuki revised the bumper's [[airdam]], and inside, the interior was substantially re-designed.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.edmunds.com/suzuki/swift/1992/?sub=hatchback | title = 1992 Suzuki Swift Hatchback | publisher = [[Edmonds.com|Edmunds]] | accessdate = 16 October 2011}}</ref> |
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All Swifts get a redesigned front and rear fascia as well as a new dashboard. GS sedans receive power steering and new hub caps. The 1.0 litre 3-cylinder engine received a new cylinder head assembly: the engine of the previous generation used the same block and corresponding components but featured a head with valves in a V-formation straddling a single camshaft with rocker arms on shafts, whereas now the cylinder head assumed a much slimmer profile, owing to the valves now being in a vertical, inline configuration, actuated by inverted buckets also serving as hydraulic valve lash adjusters, all underneath a single overhead camshaft. |
All Swifts get a redesigned front and rear fascia as well as a new dashboard. GS sedans receive power steering and new hub caps. The 1.0 litre 3-cylinder engine received a new cylinder head assembly: the engine of the previous generation used the same block and corresponding components but featured a head with valves in a V-formation straddling a single camshaft with rocker arms on shafts, whereas now the cylinder head assumed a much slimmer profile, owing to the valves now being in a vertical, inline configuration, actuated by inverted buckets also serving as hydraulic valve lash adjusters, all underneath a single overhead camshaft. |
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The first European-built model was a "Suzuki Swift" manufactured in September 1992 in [[Esztergom]], [[Hungary]]. Updates in 1996 followed, and model year 2000 modifications included a version fitted with the same Suzuki |
The first European-built model was a "Suzuki Swift" manufactured in September 1992 in [[Esztergom]], [[Hungary]]. Updates in 1996 followed, and model year 2000 modifications included a version fitted with the same Suzuki four-wheel drive system that had been available in the Japanese market and badged as the '''Subaru Justy'''. The last modifications were made on the European ''Gen II'' from model year 2002 but only for the Hungarian market. The production of the three-door models ended in September 2002. In the same year, in December, the four-door sedan version was also discontinued. The last variation available was a five door version, which was offered until March 2003. |
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In Ecuador, the local plant Aymesa assembled some versions of this vehicle. The |
In Ecuador, the local plant Aymesa assembled some versions of this vehicle. The three-door version was called Suzuki Forsa II, while the four-door sedan version was badged Chevrolet Swift. Production of the sedan ended about 1996, while the hatchback version continued to being produced until 1999 or 2000 and it was badged as Chevrolet Forsa in latter years. It was imported to Colombia from 1991 til 2004, where it was called the Chevrolet Swift.<ref name="carro"/> |
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Generation two of the Cultus remains in production today in Pakistan only. In North America, a rebodied version of the second generation was sold as the Suzuki Swift/Chevrolet Metro/Geo Metro/Pontiac Firefly. Designed by General Motors, the design echoed that of the contemporary [[Chevrolet Cavalier]] and [[Pontiac Sunfire]].<ref>{{cite web | author = Bill Russ | title = 1995 Geo Metro LSi Sedan | publisher = The Auto Channel | url = http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9509.html | accessdate = 2010-12-10 }}</ref> In Japan, the Cultus was gradually replaced by the sligthly larger [[Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Cultus Crescent]], sold as the Baleno in Europe and as the Esteem in North America. |
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Generation two of the Cultus remains in production today in Pakistan only. |
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A Suzuki Swift of this generation was used as a weapon in the [[2009 attack on the Dutch Royal Family]]. |
A Suzuki Swift of this generation was used as a weapon in the [[2009 attack on the Dutch Royal Family]]. |
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|1991–2004||Chevrolet Swift||Colombia||3/4||<sup>b.</sup> |
|1991–2004||Chevrolet Swift||Colombia||3/4||<sup>b.</sup> |
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|1989–1994||[[ |
|1989–1994||[[Pontiac Firefly]]||Canada||2/3/4/5|| |
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|1989–1994||[[ |
|1989–1994||[[Geo Metro]]||N. America||2/3/5||<sup>c.</sup> |
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|1988–1994||[[Holden Barina]]||Australia||3/5||<sup>d.</sup> |
|1988–1994||[[Holden Barina]]||Australia||3/5||<sup>d.</sup> |
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<sup>e.</sup> Justy JMA/MS, manufactured at [[Magyar Suzuki]]<br /> |
<sup>e.</sup> Justy JMA/MS, manufactured at [[Magyar Suzuki]]<br /> |
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<sup>f.</sup> Manufactured at [[Paksuzuki]] |
<sup>f.</sup> Manufactured at [[Paksuzuki]] |
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===North America=== |
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====Swift==== |
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Following 1985–1988 sales of the Forsa, the nameplate was changed to '''Suzuki Swift'''. The Swift was available as a three-door GTi and five-door GLX hatchback. A four-door sedan followed in 1990 — imported from Japan. For Swifts in North America, the 1.0 liter three-cylinder was only available in Canada where it was sold from 1992 to 1994. In 1990, the GLX was dropped; an inexpensive GA 3-door was added as were GA, GL and GS four-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]. At the same time, the GTi name was changed to GT because of an out-of-court settlement with [[Volkswagen]] of America over their similarly named GTI. The Swift nameplate moved on to separate from the Cultus, eventually being placed on the North American "third generation" model. |
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The Swift featured a 993 cc [[straight-3|inline three cylinder]] engine producing {{convert|50|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The [[G10 (engine)|G10]] engine weighed {{convert|63|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} and the suspension derived from the [[Suzuki Alto]]. Other engine configurations included a [[carbureted]] 1.0 litre, [[Straight-3|3 cylinder]] ([[G10 (engine)|G10]]) engine and a [[carbureted]] or [[fuel injected]] SOHC eight-valve 1.3 litre [[Suzuki G engine#G13|G13]]. Trim levels included the 1.0 GA and the 1.0 GL. The GA model included plastic [[wheelcover]]s, four-speed [[gearbox]] and cloth trim. The GL model included more equipment such as a five-speed gearbox, alloy wheels, a [[sunroof]], and air conditioning in some markets. |
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With the first generation, Suzuki marketed the Swift GTi with the [[Suzuki G engine#G13B|G13B]] engine — a [[DOHC]] 16 valve, 1.3 L, in-line [[Straight-4|4-cylinder]] engine with an aluminum block and cylinder head, forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods, and cast aluminum high compression pistons (10:1 compression ratio). Its power output is {{convert|101|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. |
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The second generation received a modest restyle and other production changes in 1992, including changes to the bumpers, tail lights and interior. GT/GTi versions were equipped with larger sway-bars, and the camshafts were now solid. Production for the [[North America]]n market ended in 1994. |
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====GM-badged==== |
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The second generation Cultus was sold as the '''[[Geo Metro]]''' in the US and Canada, and as the '''Pontiac Firefly''' in Canada (and the Middle East), and as the '''Chevrolet Sprint''' in Canada. Unlike the four-cylinder Swifts, General Motors-badged units usually featured the 1-litre G10 engine, with a turbocharged version and a larger 1.3 available in some Canadian market versions. In 1990, production began at CAMI Automotive, where all remaining Metro models with the exception of convertibles would be produced. |
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'''G10''': 1.0 L3<br /> |
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In the [[United States]] a single engine was available from 1989 through 1994: a 1.0 [[Liter|L]] [[straight-3|I3]] engine. Rated at 60 [[horsepower|hp]] (39 [[Watt#Kilowatt|kW]]), the engine achieved 38 city, 45 highway mpg per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards. The detuned {{Convert|49|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} engine in the '''XFi''', introduced in 1990, is optimized for high mileage. It combines a shorter duration cam, leaner fuel map, two ring pistons, and a higher final drive gear model to achieve 43 city, 51 highway per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards. |
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As per the first generation, a turbocharged variant of [[Suzuki G engine|G10]] was also available in the Canadian Pontiac Firefly from 1989 to 1991. It was no longer available in the US market, however. |
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'''G13''': 1.3 L I4<br /> |
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Canadian Metros had the 1.3 L engine available as an option beginning in 1993 in the three-door GSi model, and as standard equipment in the sedan (exclusive to the Canadian market at the time: American market Metros were not available in a sedan bodystyle until 1995). |
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;Geo Metro |
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Only available as a hatchback (later also a convertible) in the United States, the Canadian market also received Japanese-built four-door sedans. Canadian sales of the Geo Metro only began in 1992, after the demise of the Asüna brand. For 1990, the Metro's second model year, Geo introduced the Metro ''LSi'' models, which included an [[automatic transmission]], [[air conditioning]] and a stereo with cassette player. Geo also introduced the frugal '''XFi''' model , featuring a lower powered economy-tuned version of the three-cylinder engine, a higher final drive gear ratio, and certain deleted interior amenities (e.g., the passenger mirror). It thereby achieved 43 city, 51 highway per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards. XFi made up less than 10% of Metro sales.<ref name="hard">{{cite web| title = Little Big Man, First Look: 1995 Geo Metro |
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| publisher = Hardive.com, J.J. Gertler| url = http://www.hardrive.com/reviews/geometro.htm}}</ref> A little bit later, the Japanese-buil [[convertible]] model debuted, available in ''LSi'' trim. In 1991, GM increased convertible production and added paint options. In 1992, the Metro received a facelift with new hubcaps, exterior modification and new interior controls. |
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In 1993 the convertible was discontinued. Automatic door locks, which deploy after the car reaches a speed of approximately 8 mph (13 km/h) were introduced this year. In 1994, five-door [[hatchback]] production ended. There was also a slight but barely noticeable change in the headlights. In 1994, Geo dropped the XFi model.<ref name="nytecono">{{cite news| title = Economy Champs Get the Cold Shoulder| publisher = The New York Times, Matthew L. Wald, November 12, 1995| url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DE0D61439F931A25752C1A963958260 | date=November 12, 1995 | accessdate=May 24, 2010}}</ref> |
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;Chevrolet Sprint |
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The Sprint badge continued to be used in the Canadian market until the Geo brand was introduced in 1992. Unlike its American counterparts, the Canadian Sprint remained available with the 1.0 liter turbo engine. |
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[[File:'89-'91 Chevrolet Sprint 3-Door.jpg|thumb|Canadian Chevrolet Sprint three-door, circa 1990]] |
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;Pontiac Firefly |
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Introduced for 1989, the Firefly was also available as a convertible and as a four-door sedan from 1990 until 1991. All hatchbacks were manufactured at CAMI, while convertibles and sedans were sourced from Japanese production. The Firefly was not marketed for the 1992 and 1993 model years when the 1993-only "Asüna" brand introduced the larger 1992 [[Pontiac LeMans|LeMans]] to replace the Passport Optima and the pre-facelift Firefly. |
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In 1994, the Firefly returned with a facelift following the demise of the Asüna brand, available as a hatchback and a sedan. It was shortlived, being replaced by the third generation for the next year. |
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<big>'''Safety'''</big><br /> |
<big>'''Safety'''</big><br /> |
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File:1992 Geo Metro convertible 01.jpg|1992 Geo Metro convertible |
File:1992 Geo Metro convertible 01.jpg|1992 Geo Metro convertible |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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== Third generation == |
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{{split section|Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Talk:Suzuki Cultus#Split|date=December 2011}} |
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{{Infobox automobile |
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|name=Third generation |
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|image=[[Image:Chevrolet Metro sedan.jpg|250px|Chevrolet Metro sedan]] |
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|production=1995–2001 |
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|aka=Geo Metro (1995–1997)<br />Chevrolet Metro (1998–2001)<br />Pontiac Firefly<br />Suzuki Swift<br />Chang'an Antelope |
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|body_style = 3-door [[hatchback]]<br />4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]] |
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|engine=1.0L {{Convert|55|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Straight-3|I3]]<br /> |
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1.3L {{Convert|70|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />1.3L {{Convert|79|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Straight-4|I4]] |
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|assembly= [[Ingersoll, Ontario]], [[Canada]] |
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|transmission=5-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]<br />3-speed [[Automatic transmission|automatic]] |
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|wheelbase= {{convert|93.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} |
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|length= {{convert|149.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (Hatchback)<br />{{convert|164.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (Sedan) |
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|width= {{convert|62.6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} |
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|layout= [[FF layout]] |
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|platform = [[GM M platform|M platform]] |
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|height= {{convert|54.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (Hatchback)<br>{{convert|55.4|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (Sedan) |
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|fuel_capacity={{Convert|10.6|usgal|L impgal|1|abbr=on}} |
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}} |
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The third generation of the Cultus family was introduced in 1995 as a 3-door hatchback and 4-door sedan — using an adaptation of the longer wheelbase platform from second generation for both body configurations. Also designed at GM's Design Center, carrying styling cues from the bigger [[Chevrolet Cavalier]] and [[Pontiac Sunfire]],<ref>{{cite web | author = Bill Russ | title = 1995 Geo Metro LSi Sedan | publisher = The Auto Channel | url = http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9509.html | accessdate = 2010-12-10 }}</ref> and built on the Suzuki developed [[GM M platform|M platform]] with Suzuki drivetrains, third generation models were marketed only in North America, carrying the nameplates Geo Metro (later re-branded the Chevrolet Metro), Pontiac Firefly and Suzuki Swift — and sourced only from [[CAMI Automotive]]. Thus it was never actually sold as a Cultus. Production ended after model year 2001. |
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Comparison of Generation III/II 3-door hatchback interior dimensions: |
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{| class="wikitable" style="right; margin-left: 4em; margin-right: |
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! |
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!Gen III |
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!Gen II |
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||Front Headroom (in.)|| 39.10|| 37.80 |
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||Rear Headroom (in.)|| 36.00|| 36.50 |
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||Front Legroom (in.)|| 42.50 || 42.50 |
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||Rear Legroom (in.) || 32.80 || 29.8 |
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|} |
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The third generation featured two engines, a revised 1.3L multi-point fuel injected 4-cylinder engine (with hydraulic lifters and lash adjusters, and a 30,000-mile service interval<ref name="hard"/>) and a 1.0L throttle body injected 3-cylinder engine. The 1.0L became the last engine on a vehicle available in the US to use TBI. Suzuki Swifts were available with only the 4-cylinder. The hatchback body configuration featured a three-inch lower liftover height compared to the second generation model,<ref name="hard"/> more in keeping with the liftover height of the first generation models. Safety equipment included optional anti-lock brakes, safety cage construction with deformable front and rear crush zones and five structural crossbars engineered to spread side impact loads throughout the car's structure,<ref name="hard"/> steel side impact door safety beams,<ref name="autoch">{{cite web |
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| title = New Car Review 1995 GEO METRO LSi SEDAN |
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| publisher = The Auto Channel, Bill Russ |
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| url = http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9509.html}}</ref> and [[daytime running lights]] (the third generation Metro was the first GM car to offer DRLs), and dual frontal [[airbag]]s. A new, one-piece instrument panel was mounted to one of the five crossmembers (internally called the "bazooka bar") with a new, full seal filling the gap between the instrument panel and the dash.<ref name="hard"/> The sedan and coupe chassis were 20% and 5% stiffer respectively than the previous generation 5-door and coupe Metros,<ref name="hard"/> and at the time of its introduction, the Metro was the smallest car in the world to meet the impending 1997 North American side impact standards.<ref name="hard"/> The revised sedan was also introduced in the United States, replacing the 5-door hatchback. The third generation featured a coefficient of drag of .32.<ref name="autoch"/> |
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At the time of the third generation introduction, 41% of Metro buyers were first-car buyers, 62% of the buyers were female, and the median age of a Metro buyer was 37.<ref name="hard"/> |
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The [[American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy|American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)]] named the third generation Chevrolet Metro and Suzuki Swift as the top two ''gasoline-fueled'' vehicles within their Top 12 Greenest Vehicles in 1998 and 1999. ACEEE assigns a Green Score to each vehicle make and model sold in the US, based on the vehicles’ exhaust emissions, fuel economy and other specifications.<ref name="aceee">{{cite web |
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| title = The 12 Greenest Vehicles in 1999 |
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| publisher = Ecomall.com |
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| url = http://www.ecomall.com/greenshopping/aceecar.htm}}</ref><ref name="LAtimes">{{cite news |
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| title = Guide: It Isn’t Easy Being Green |
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| publisher = The LA Times, John O'Dell, February 18, 1999 |
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| url = http://articles.latimes.com/1999/feb/18/business/fi-9068 |
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| first=John |
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| last=O'Dell |
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| date=February 18, 1999 |
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| accessdate=May 24, 2010}}</ref><ref name="CNNgreen">{{cite news |
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| title = Guide to green cars, trucks released |
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| publisher = CNN.com, March 19, 1998 |
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| url = http://www.cnn.com/EARTH/9803/19/green.car/ |
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| accessdate=May 24, 2010}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="right; margin-left: 4em; margin-right: |
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! |
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!Nameplate |
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!Market |
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!Body |
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|- |
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|1995–2001||Suzuki Swift||N. America||3 |
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|- |
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|1995–2001||[[Suzuki Cultus#Pontiac Firefly|Pontiac Firefly]]||Canada||3/4 |
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|- |
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|1995–1997||[[Suzuki Cultus#Geo Metro|Geo Metro]]||N. America||3/4 |
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|- |
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|1998–2001||[[Suzuki Cultus#Geo Metro|Chevrolet Metro]]||USA||3/4 |
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|} |
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3= 3-dr hatchback<br /> |
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4= 4-dr sedan |
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=== Safety === |
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US third generation models received the following [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|NHTSA's]] New Car Assessment Program ratings: |
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* Front Impact, Driver: {{Rating|4|5}} |
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* Front Impact, Passenger: {{Rating|4|5}} |
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Test numbers indicate the chance of serious injury: 4 = 10–20%<br />[http://www.safercar.gov/portal/site/safercar/menuitem.db847bd57e3dc1f885dfc38c35a67789/?vgnextoid=c95df2905bf54110VgnVCM1000002fd17898RCRD ''See NHTSA Test Results: 1996 Geo Metro'']<br /> |
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[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bz3oLN93HA ''See Video: 1998 Canadian Geo Metro Crash Test''] |
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== Marketing: Japan == |
== Marketing: Japan == |
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Line 268: | Line 256: | ||
{{See also|Suzuki Esteem}} |
{{See also|Suzuki Esteem}} |
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The Suzuki Cultus and Cultus Crescent were two distinct but related models sold in Japan by Suzuki — with the Cultus Crescent eventually superseding the Cultus. |
The Suzuki Cultus and Cultus Crescent were two distinct but related models sold in Japan by Suzuki — with the Cultus Crescent eventually superseding the Cultus. The Cultus Crescent was introduced in the Japanese market in 1995 sharing the same [[automobile platform|platform]] and many components from the Cultus — although with a chassis stretched by 10 cm (4 in) and featuring completely different styling. |
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The Cultus Crescent was introduced in the Japanese market in 1995 sharing the same [[automobile platform|platform]] and many components from the Cultus — with a chassis stretched by 10 cm (4 in) and completely different styling. |
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The Cultus Crescent was available initially in two body variants, a 3-door hatchback and a 4-door saloon. Suzuki continued to use the SOHC 16-valve G-family engines, in 1.3 L and 1.5 L form, with power ranging from {{convert|85|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|97|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The larger engine was the only one available in the sedan. In 1996, with the introduction of the Cultus Crescent Wagon, Suzuki's first [[station wagon]], the 1.5 L remained base model, and 4WD was offered with the 1.6 L variant, basically the same engine as found in the [[Suzuki Escudo]], with power raised to {{convert|115|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}. A sports variant, dubbed GT, used Mazda's 1840 cc [[Mazda B engine#BP|BP engine]], with {{convert|135|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}. |
The Cultus Crescent was available initially in two body variants, a 3-door hatchback and a 4-door saloon. Suzuki continued to use the SOHC 16-valve G-family engines, in 1.3 L and 1.5 L form, with power ranging from {{convert|85|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|97|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The larger engine was the only one available in the sedan. In 1996, with the introduction of the Cultus Crescent Wagon, Suzuki's first [[station wagon]], the 1.5 L remained base model, and 4WD was offered with the 1.6 L variant, basically the same engine as found in the [[Suzuki Escudo]], with power raised to {{convert|115|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}. A sports variant, dubbed GT, used Mazda's 1840 cc [[Mazda B engine#BP|BP engine]], with {{convert|135|PS|kW|0|abbr=on}}. |
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::[http://www.suzuki-w.co.jp/history2/cultus/culkeifu.html ''See also: Suzuki History of Cultus''] |
::[http://www.suzuki-w.co.jp/history2/cultus/culkeifu.html ''See also: Suzuki History of Cultus''] |
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== |
=== North America === |
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The Cultus grouping of vehicles has been marketed in Asia, North America, South America, Australia, and Europe. Vehicles from the Cultus family were never formally markted in New Zealand but were imported and sold on the secondary market. |
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=== Suzuki Forsa === |
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The '''Suzuki Forsa''' was a version of the first generation Suzuki Cultus — marketed in Ecuador, Chile, Canada and the USA (minimally) from 1985 to 1988 — with Suzuki offering the [[supermini car|supermini]] with either a carbureted 1.0 L inline-3 cylinder or fuel injected 1.0 L inline 3 cylinder turbocharged engine. The Forsa was virtually identical to the vehicles marketed in North America as the Chevrolet Sprint and the Pontiac Firefly. |
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Suzuki did not initially market the Forsa on the US mainland, but rather only in Hawaii, Guam and the Northern Marianas. An undetermined number of Forsa models were imported to the U.S. mainland to test the commercial viability of a [[supermini car|supermini]] in the US. |
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As a record of US marketing of the Forsa, listings at the [http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm EPA Fuel Mileage Site] carry the 1985 model as the '''Suzuki SA310''' (the original JDM name for the Cultus, Forsa and Swift), no listing for 1986 — and both the Forsa and Forsa Turbo for 1987 and 1988. Suzuki then changed the name from Forsa to Swift with 1989 North American sales. |
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=== Suzuki Swift (North America) === |
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{{See also|Suzuki Swift}} |
{{See also|Suzuki Swift}} |
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'''First generation Swift''' |
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Following 1985–1988 sales of the Forsa, Suzuki changed the nameplate to '''Suzuki Swift'''. The Swift was available as a GTi and GLX hatchback with a 4-door sedan following in 1990 — imported from Japan. The Swift nameplate evolved through the three Cultus generations. After production of the North American Metro, Swift and Firefly ended, Suzuki developed a new generation Swift. Released in 2004, it is a distinctly new model, currently for [[Japan]], [[Europe]] and Oceana. |
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The Swift featured a 993 cc [[straight-3|inline three cylinder]] engine producing {{convert|50|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The [[G10 (engine)|G10]] engine weighed {{convert|63|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}} and the suspension derived from the [[Suzuki Alto]]. Other engine configurations included a [[carbureted]] or [[fuel injected]] [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] 1.0 litre, [[Straight-3|3 cylinder]] ([[G10 (engine)|G10]]) engine and a [[carbureted]] or [[fuel injected]] 1.3 litre [[Suzuki G engine#G13|G13]]. Trim levels included the 1.0 GA and the 1.0 GL. The GA model included plastic [[wheelcover]]s, 5-speed [[gearbox]] and cloth trim. The GL model included more equipment such as a 5-speed gearbox, alloy wheels, a [[sunroof]], and air conditioning in some markets. |
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With the first generation, Suzuki marketed the Swift GTi with the [[Suzuki G engine#G13B|G13B]] engine — a [[DOHC]] 16 valve, 1.3 L, in-line [[Straight-4|4-cylinder]] engine with an aluminum block and cylinder head, forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods, and cast aluminum high compression pistons (10:1 compression ratio). Its power output is {{convert|101|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} . The first generation Swift GTi was available in European and Asia-Pacific markets. |
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{{clear}} |
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'''Second generation Swift''' |
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The second generation (AA44S series) was available with a 1.0 liter 3-cylinder with a power output of {{convert|53|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, 1.3 liter 4-cylinder, and 1.6 liter 4-cylinder engines. The higher powered Swift GTi had an improved G13B engine which featured hollow camshafts, stronger web casting on the engine block, a better flowing intake manifold (the prior generation intake manifold had its shape compromised to fit into the engine bay), and its [[Engine control unit|ECU]] now had electronic control over ignition timing. It now put out {{convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} of power. The Swift GTi also featured all wheel disc brakes. |
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The second generation Swift was first marketed in [[North America]] in two trim levels in 1989; 3-door GTi and 5-door GLX. The GTi name was changed to GT in 1990 because of an out-of-court settlement with [[Volkswagen]] of America over their similarly named GTI. The GTi/GT had a 1.3 liter, twin cam {{convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 16-valve 4-cylinder engine while the GLX had a single cam 8-valve version of the same engine. The 1.0 liter 3-cylinder was only in [[North America]] in Canada where it was sold from 1992 to 1994. In 1990, the GLX was dropped; an inexpensive GA 3-door was added as were a GA, GL and GS 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]]. |
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The second generation received a modest restyle and other production changes in 1992, including changes to the bumpers, tail lights and interior. GT/GTi versions were equipped with larger sway-bars, and the camshafts were now solid. Power output remained the same at {{convert|100|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. Production for the [[North America]]n market ended in 1994. |
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<gallery perrow="4"> |
<gallery perrow="4"> |
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Image:Suzuki Forsa 2-Door.jpg|Suzuki Forsa, Gen I |
Image:Suzuki Forsa 2-Door.jpg|Suzuki Forsa, Gen I |
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=== Chevrolet Sprint === |
=== Chevrolet Sprint === |
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The '''Chevrolet Sprint''' was sold in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], with GM continuing to market the [[Chevrolet Chevette|Chevette]] until 1987 alongside the Sprint. In the 1988 [[model year]], the naturally aspirated [[hatchback]] was named the '''Chevrolet Sprint Metro'''. |
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The "Sprint" and "Sprint Metro" differed in their engines, though both were computer controlled carb systems. From 1985 to 1988, the carbureted 1.0 L [[Straight-3|3-cylinder]] engine used a hemispherical head design. Later, fuel injection required the cylinder head for 1989 be redesigned to add the additional cooling required, reducing gas mileage. |
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The Sprint was originally offered in parts of the western US for the 1985 model year; subsequently Chevrolet marketed the Sprint across North America. All models were initially 3-dr hatchbacks. Starting in 1986, a five-door hatchback version was offered, called the Sprint Plus. That year, another model called the Sprint ER was offered that included a few extra features, such as an "upshift" light to indicate the ideal speed to shift to the next highest gear on [[manual transmission]] models. Although air conditioning was offered in all years, the three-speed [[automatic transmission]] wasn't offered until 1986. All models featured [[front-wheel drive]] and 12-inch tires. |
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Turbocharged versions of the 1.0 L 3-cylinder engine were available in the Turbo Sprint from 1987 to 1990 (1987–1988 in U.S.). Colors were limited to red, white and blue for the Turbo Sprint. The corresponding [[Suzuki]] was not turbocharged; instead, it used a 1.3 L [[Straight-4|4-cylinder]] engine. |
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'''Colombia'''<br /> |
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The name "Chevette Sprint" was considered before calling the Colombia model (first generation) the "Chevrolet Sprint" — to distinguish it from the Opel knock down kits imported to Brazil.<ref name="carro">{{cite web | title = Historia del Chevrolet Sprint (Spanish) |
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| publisher = Carrosyclasicos.com |
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| url = http://www.carrosyclasicos.com/nuke/contenido.php?sid=425}}</ref> When presented on 7 October 1986, the Sprint caused a sensation.<ref name="carro"/> Slight modifications were made in 1987, including increasing the wheel sizes from 12" to 13" and the Sprint remained in production virtually unchanged til 2004 — with a production of 70,848.<ref name="carro"/> Second generation models were imported from 1991 til 2004 and called the Chevrolet Swift.<ref name="carro"/> |
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[http://youtube.com/watch?v=n69k3vYdk6M ''See: 1985 US Chevrolet Sprint commercial'']<br /> |
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[http://youtube.com/watch?v=ZoPm6QHYfGQ ''See: 1988 Colombia Chevrolet Sprint commercial''] |
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<br /> |
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<br /> |
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<gallery perrow="3"> |
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Image:Chevrolet Sprint Turbo.jpg|Chevrolet Sprint Turbo, Gen I |
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Image:'89-'91 Chevrolet Sprint 3-Door.jpg|Canadian Chevrolet Sprint 3-Door, circa 1990, Gen II. Canada received Geo brand in 1992. |
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Image:Chevrolet sprint segunda edicion colombia.jpg|Chevrolet Sprint Gen I |
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</gallery> |
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=== Geo Metro === |
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<!-- these sections should be reduced to redirects to generations 1&2 --> |
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{{quote box|width=250px|quote="As gas prices spike and consumers increasingly look for ways to get to work more efficiently, heavy media coverage has spurred interest in one particular old car: the Geo Metro."|source=''US News'', 2008<ref name="metrohigh"/> }} |
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The '''[[Geo (automobile)|Geo]] Metro''' was a marketing and manufacturing variation of the Suzuki Cultus available in North America from 1989 through 2001 as a joint effort of [[General Motors|GM]] and [[Suzuki]]. The Metro, which (in the US) carried a [[Geo (cars)|Geo]] nameplate from 1989 through 1997, and a [[Chevrolet]] nameplate from 1998 to 2001, evolved with the Cultus and its siblings over 13 years, three generations and four body styles: 3-door [[hatchback]], 4-door [[sedan (car)|sedan]], 5-door [[hatchback]] and 2-door [[convertible]] — and was ultimately replaced by a family of vehicles based on the [[Daewoo Kalos]]. |
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Following the Chevrolet Sprint, which was based on the first generation Cultus, the Geo Metro was based first on the second generation Cultus and then on the third generation platform — a new platform dedicated solely to the North American market. Generations II and III, appearing in 1989 and 1995 respectively, were designed at GM's Technical Center in Warren, Michigan and were designated the [[GM M platform]], and shared engines and drivetrains developed by Suzuki. Production was Japan-sourced until 1990 manufacture commenced at [[CAMI Automotive]] — with Japanese production continuing to source Canadian sedan models. |
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'''Solectria''', a Massachusetts company, converted examples of the first and second generation Geo Metro to electric operation. Approximately 500 examples of 1996 and 1997 models were converted to electric operation — the bare vehicles were provided by GM without engines. Called the [[Solectria Force]] and Solectria EV, the converted vehicles featured 3 phase AC induction motors and regenerative braking. The battery pack consists of 13 Group 27 Decca Dominator Sealed Gel Lead Acid modules.<ref name="solectria">{{cite web |
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| title = 1997 Solectria EV |
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| publisher = Nextautos.com, Seyth Miersma, [[May 1|05/01]]/2008 |
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| url =http://www.nextautos.com/news/2008/05/01/ebay-auction-day-1997-solectria-ev-geo-metro-style}}</ref> |
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The Metro enjoyed increased interest as a used car in 2008, by virtue of its fuel mileage and [[Oil price increases since 2003|rising fuel costs]]<ref name="metrohigh">{{cite web| title = Geo Metro Madness Hits High| publisher = USNEWS, May 22, 2008 | url =http://usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/cars-trucks/daily-news/080522-Geo-Metro-Madness-Hits-High/}}</ref> |
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<ref name="lfp">{{cite web| title = Who's laughing now? Subcompact owners| publisher = London Free Press, Norman De Bono, May 16, 2008| url =http://www.lfpress.ca/perl-bin/publish.cgi?x=articles&p=233820&s=wheels/}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ref3">{{cite news| title = Gas prices drive Geos from clunkers to chic| publisher = Cnn.com, Mallory Simon, May 20, 2008| url =http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/05/20/geo.metro/index.html | date=May 20, 2008 | accessdate=May 24, 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="metro rides again">{{cite web| title = The Geo Metro Rides Again, Sort Of |
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| publisher = Business Week, Jim Henry, June 2, 2008| url = |
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http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/may2008/bw20080530_752282_page_2.htm/}}</ref> |
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<ref name="NYT">{{cite news| title = All Hail (or Mourn) the Geo Metro| publisher = The New York Times, The Lede, June 10, 2008, Mike Nizza| url =http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/10/all-hail-or-mourn-the-geo-metro/index.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss | date=June 10, 2008 | accessdate=May 24, 2010}}</ref> |
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.<ref name="san diego">{{cite web| title = Gas costs have drivers thinking smaller, older |
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| publisher = Mercury News, Linda Goldston, [[May 20|05/20]]/2008| url =http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_9319368?source=most_emailed}}</ref> |
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Partially because of the renewed interest in the Metro, the July 2009 issue of ''[[Car and Driver]]'' included a base model 1998 Chevrolet Metro 3-door [[hatchback]] among vehicles tested for fuel efficiency alongside two [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] models: the redesigned [[Honda Insight]] and [[Toyota Prius]] models. While ''Car and Driver'' did jokingly ridicule the age of the car, lack of amenities (The Metro actually lost seven points from its overall score for lack of amenities.), and mentioning that it was originally sold brand-new without [[hubcap]]s, the Metro did tie the Prius for best overall [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] at 42 [[Miles per gallon|MPG]]. The vehicle finished third overall behind the Insight and Prius.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/comparisons/09q3/2010_honda_insight_vs._2010_toyota_prius_1998_chevy_metro-comparison_tests| title=2010 Honda Insight vs. 2010 Toyota Prius, 1998 Chevy Metro – Comparison Tests}}</ref> |
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==== Metro engines ==== |
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Engines for the Metro were from the [[Suzuki G engine|Suzuki G engine family]]: |
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'''G10''': 1.0 L3<br /> |
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In the [[United States]] a single engine was available from 1989 through 1994: a 1.0 [[Liter|L]] [[straight-3|I3]] engine. Rated at 60 [[horsepower|hp]] (39 [[Watt#Kilowatt|kW]]), the engine achieved 38 city, 45 highway mpg per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards. |
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The detuned {{Convert|49|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} engine in the '''XFi''' combined a shorter duration cam, leaner fuel map, two ring pistons, and a higher final drive gear model to achieve 43 city, 51 highway per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards. |
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'''G13''': 1.3 L I4<br /> |
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In 1995, with the third generation Metro came the 1.3 L [[straight-4|I4]] with 70 hp (52 kW). The engine was the same engine that had been in use in the [[Suzuki Swift]] (except for the ''GT'' models) in prior years. LSi models produced after 1997 featured the 4-cylinder engine with a new 16 valve head (rather than 8 valves with the earlier design) yet still a SOHC design producing 79 [[horsepower|hp]], with the 3-cylinder still used on base models and becoming an option for non-''LSi'' models in 1997. |
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Canadian Metros had the 1.3 L engine available as an option beginning in 1993 in the 3-door GSi model, and as standard equipment in the sedan (exclusive to the Canadian market at the time: as noted in the previous paragraph, American market Metros were not available in a sedan bodystyle until 1995). |
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<gallery perrow="4"> |
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Image:'92-'94 Geo Metro Sedan.jpg|1992–1994 Geo Metro sedan |
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Image:Geo Metro 5-Door.jpg|Geo Metro 5-Door, 1992–1994, Gen II |
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Image:Geo Metro Convertible.JPG|Geo Metro Convertible, Gen II |
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Image:95-97 Geo Metro 3door.jpg|Geo Metro 3-Door, Gen III |
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Image:97 Geo Metro.jpg|1997 Gen III Geo Metro LSI Sedan |
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</gallery> |
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==== Metro history ==== |
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'''First generation Metro''' |
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* '''1984''' – Suzuki and General Motors announced they would sell rebadged models of the Suzuki Cultus in North America as Chevrolets and Pontiacs, with Suzuki selling their own version as the Forsa. |
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* '''1985''' – GM began marketing in North America as the [[Chevrolet Sprint]]. The car is also sold as [[Suzuki Forsa]] and Pontiac Firefly in [[Canada]]. The Chevrolet Sprint was sold only in the Western United States until 1986. |
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* '''1986''' – Chevrolet Sprint began nationwide sales in the US. Sprint consumers had a choice of ER, Base, and Turbo models. Firefly marketed in FE, Turbo, and Base models. |
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* '''1987''' – The Metro name first appeared on a model of the naturally aspirated Chevrolet Sprint: the "Chevrolet Sprint Metro." |
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* '''1988''' – Production began on the first Geo Metro models at Suzuki's plant in [[Hamamatsu]], [[Japan]]. |
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'''Second generation Metro''' |
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* '''1989''' – The Geo Metro debuted in the [[United States]], replacing the Sprint. [[Canada|Canadian]] models continued with the Chevrolet Sprint and Pontiac Firefly nameplates, while the second generation Suzuki '''Swift''' replaced the Forsa nameplate. Suzuki begins marketing the Swift in the United States. |
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* '''1990''' – Geo introduced Metro ''LSi'' models, which included an [[automatic transmission]], [[air conditioning]] and a stereo with cassette player. Geo introduced the '''XFi''' model optimized for mileage, featuring the three-cylinder engine with a shorter duration cam, leaner fuel map, two ring pistons, and a higher final drive gear ratio and deleting interior amenities (e.g., the passenger mirror), thereby achieving 43 city, 51 highway per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards. XFi made up less than 10% of Metro sales.<ref name="hard">{{cite web| title = Little Big Man, First Look: 1995 Geo Metro |
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| publisher = Hardive.com, J.J. Gertler| url = http://www.hardrive.com/reviews/geometro.htm}}</ref> Production began at CAMI Automotive, where all remaining Metro models with the exception of convertibles would be produced. The [[convertible]] model debuted, available in ''LSi'' trim. As with the Metro, the Firefly is offered in sedan and convertible models. |
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* '''1991''' – GM increases convertible production and adds paint options. |
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* '''1992''' – The Metro received a facelift with new hubcaps, exterior modification and new interior controls. The Pontiac Firefly is dropped. |
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* '''1993''' – Convertible production ended. Automatic door locks, which deploy after the car reaches a speed of approximately 8 mph (13 km/h) are introduced this year. |
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* '''1994''' – 5-door [[hatchback]] production ended. There was also a slight but barely noticeable change in the headlights, as well. Canadian Pontiac dealers began selling the Firefly (first generation) again, but with a facelift. The Convertible is dropped from the Firefly lineup, but Suzuki still produced Firefly and Metro sedans for Canada this year. Geo drops the Xfi model.<ref name="nytecono">{{cite news| title = Economy Champs Get the Cold Shoulder| publisher = The New York Times, Matthew L. Wald, November 12, 1995| url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DE0D61439F931A25752C1A963958260 | date=November 12, 1995 | accessdate=May 24, 2010}}</ref> |
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'''Third generation Metro''' |
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* '''1995''' – The third generation Metro was introduced with a revised 4-cylinder engine for ''LSi'' models with hydraulic lifters and lash adjusters, and a 30,000-mile service interval<ref name="hard"/> — supplementing the 3 cylinder models. The hatchback featured a three-inch lower liftover height compared to the second generation,<ref name="hard"/> and safety equipment included optional anti-lock brakes, safety cage construction with deformable front and rear crush zones, and steel side impact door safety beams <ref name="autoch">{{cite web| title = New Car Review 1995 GEO METRO LSi SEDAN| publisher = The Auto Channel, Bill Russ |
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| url = http://www.theautochannel.com/vehicles/new/reviews/wk9509.html}}</ref> and new [[daytime running lights]] — the Metro was the first GM car to get DRLs as standard equipment, as well as dual frontal [[airbag]]s. The sedan and coupe chassis were 20% and 5% stiffer respectively than the previous generation Metros,<ref name="hard"/> and at the time of its introduction, the Metro was the smallest car in the world to meet the impending 1997 side impact standards.<ref name="hard"/> The revised sedan was also introduced in the United States, replacing the 5-door hatchback. Its twins, Pontiac Firefly and Suzuki Swift featured the same redesign. The Metro now featured a coefficient of drag of .32.<ref name="autoch"/> At the introduction of the third generation, GM arranged for a car carrier with 1995 Metros to drive to college campuses across the country. Local writers took a half-day seminar at "Metro University" with the head product planner and senior members of the engineering, assembly, and marketing teams.<ref name="hard"/> |
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* '''1996''' – [[OBD-II]] (On-Board Diagnostics, Second generation) was added to Metro models, at a cost of some fuel efficiency. |
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* '''1997''' – The last year for the Geo brand. The Metro returned in 1998 as with a Chevrolet nameplate. |
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* '''1998''' – The Metro now carried the Chevrolet nameplate, along with new front and rear fascias and a SOHC 16v design I-4 1.3L engine with a horsepower increase of 12%. Electronic ignition replaced the distributor, and [[Fuel injection#Various injection schemes|MPFI (Multiport Fuel Injection)]] replaced the [[Fuel injection#Various injection schemes|TBI (Throttle Body Injection)]]. The new motor offered more HP, torque, and higher fuel economy. This I-4 engine replaced the older 8v 4 cylinder, but the 3-cylinder engine remained unchanged. |
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* '''2000''' – Metro and Firefly sales to the general public ceased, with fleet sales only returning in 2001. |
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* '''2001''' – The Metro's final year. The only model available this year is the 4-door ''LSi'' sedan. The Metro continued on sale in Canada. General Motors announces that the Metro would not be included in the 2002 Chevrolet model lineup. [[CAMI Automotive]] manufactures the last Metro, a red sedan, on April 26, 2001. |
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Beginning in late 2003 as a [[model year]] 2004 model, the [[Daewoo Kalos]], marketed variously as the [[Chevrolet Aveo]], Pontiac Wave and Suzuki Swift+, effectively replaced the Metro, although the Aveo is more of a [[Daewoo Lanos]] replacement as opposed to the Metro, the same time when Daewoo closed majority of its dealerships outside [[South Korea]] in 2002. |
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The Suzuki Swift was replaced by the [[Suzuki Aerio]] hatchback in 2002, although the Aerio also replaced the [[Suzuki Esteem]]. |
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=== Pontiac Firefly === |
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The '''Pontiac Firefly''' was a marketing and manufacturing variation of the Suzuki Cultus available in Canada and the Middle East from 1985 to 1991, and again from 1994 to 2001 — as a joint effort of [[General Motors|GM]] and [[Suzuki]]. |
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The Firefly received redesigns in 1989 and 1995, following the product cycle of the Geo/Chevrolet Metro. Solely the [[Suzuki G engine|G10]] engine was available from 1989 through 1994, the 1.0 L 3-cylinder. A turbocharged variant of [[Suzuki G engine|G10]] was also available from 1987 to 1991. The Firefly was not marketed for the 1992 and 1993 model years when the 1993-only Asuna brand introduced the larger 1992 LeMans to replace the Passport Optima and the pre-facelift Firefly. |
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In 1994, the Firefly returned with a facelift following the demise of the Asuna brand. With the third generation 1995 redesign, the [[Suzuki G engine#G13|G13]] 1.3 L 4-cylinder engine also became available. The Firefly was phased out of production after the 2000 model year with its Chevrolet and Suzuki siblings. |
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From 1991 to 1992, the Firefly was sold in a convertible and in a 4-door sedan. All hatchbacks were manufactured at CAMI, while convertibles and sedans were from sourced from Japanese production. |
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With model year 2005, the Pontiac Wave, a rebadged [[Daewoo Kalos]], replaced the Firefly. |
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<gallery perrow="4"> |
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File:'89-'91 Pontiac Firefly 3 Door (Les chauds vendredis '10).jpg|1989–1991 Pontiac Firefly 3dr hatchback, Gen II |
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Image:'94 Pontiac Firefly Hatchback.jpg|1994 Pontiac Firefly 3dr hatchback, Gen II |
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Image:'95-'97 Pontiac Firefly Hatch.JPG|1995–1997 Pontiac Firefly 3dr hatchback, Gen III |
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Image:'98-'00 Pontiac Firefly Sedan.JPG|1998–2001 Pontiac Firefly sedan, Gen III |
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</gallery> |
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== Manufacture == |
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From 1985 through 1989, Cultus-derived models sold in North America — under the nameplates Suzuki Forsa, Suzuki Swift, Chevrolet Sprint, Geo Metro and Pontiac Firefly — were sourced from Suzuki's facilities in Japan. Beginning in 1990, all North American M-cars were produced at [[CAMI Automotive]], a 50-50 joint venture between [[General Motors]] and [[Suzuki]] in [[Ingersoll, Ontario]], Canada. Japanese production continued to source Canadian sedan models. CAMI never reached its intended Metro/Firefly/Swift capacity.<ref name="autoweek1">{{cite web |
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| title = Pontiac planning to add Chevrolet Equinox-based sport wagon to lineup |
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| publisher = Autoweek.com, March 5, 2004 |
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| url = http://www.jacksonville.com/autos/autonews/stories/030504/04846649.shtml}}</ref> While at its peak, Canadian Swift/Metro/Firefly production reached more than 100,000 vehicles a year, the number fell to just 32,000 in 2000.<ref name="just">{{cite web |
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| title = CANADA: CAMI ends Suzuki Swift production |
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| publisher = Just-auto.com, 5 June 2001 |
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| url = http://www.just-auto.com/article.aspx?id=79901&lk=s}}</ref> In response to the waning popularity of smaller automobiles in the North American markets, Chevrolet/Geo sold only 55,600 Metros in 1997, off from 88,700 the year before.<ref name="wards1">{{cite web |
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| title = CAMI gets a new lease on life |
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| publisher = Wards Auto World, December 1, 1998 |
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| url = http://wardsautoworld.com/ar/auto_cami_gets_new/}}</ref> In a 2004 Autoweek article, Osamu Suzuki, chairman of Suzuki, called CAMI "a fishbone in my throat" because of its low production.<ref name="autoweek1"/> |
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==Manufacture== |
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Assembly also commenced in India ([[Maruti Suzuki]]), Hungary ([[Magyar Suzuki]]), Pakistan ([[Pak Suzuki]]), and China ([[Chang'an Suzuki]]). When production began at [[Magyar Suzuki]] of the Suzuki Swift in 1992, Suzuki invested $230 million in capital for the new company and flew each of its Hungarian workers to Japan for training in its production methods.<ref name="answers">{{cite web |
Assembly also commenced in India ([[Maruti Suzuki]]), Hungary ([[Magyar Suzuki]]), Pakistan ([[Pak Suzuki]]), and China ([[Chang'an Suzuki]]). When production began at [[Magyar Suzuki]] of the Suzuki Swift in 1992, Suzuki invested $230 million in capital for the new company and flew each of its Hungarian workers to Japan for training in its production methods.<ref name="answers">{{cite web |
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| title = Company History: Suzuki Motor Corporation |
| title = Company History: Suzuki Motor Corporation |
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Line 459: | Line 291: | ||
Mk nomenclature varies by region, emphasizing local marketing distinctions, restylings, and market adaptations |
Mk nomenclature varies by region, emphasizing local marketing distinctions, restylings, and market adaptations |
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'''North America''':<br /> |
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Mk1 – 85–88 (Boxy body) — ''Corresponds to First generation'' <br /> |
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Mk2 – 89–91 (Round body + Boxy dash) — ''Corresponds to Second generation''<br /> |
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Mk3 – 92–94 (Round body + Round dash)— ''Corresponds to Second generation (first restyle)''<br /> |
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Mk4 – 95–97 (Guppy mouth) — ''Corresponds to Third generation Metro/Firefly/Swift''<br /> |
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Mk5 – 98-01 (Razor mouth) — ''Corresponds to Third generation Metro/Firefly/Swift (first restyle)'' |
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'''NA Mk''':<br /> |
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Mk1 – 85–88 (Boxy body) — ''Corresponds to Generation I'' <br /> |
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MK2 – 89–91 (Round body + Boxy dash) — ''Corresponds to Generation II''<br /> |
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MK3 – 92–94 (Round body + Round dash)— ''Corresponds to Generation II (first restyle)''<br /> |
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Mk4 – 95–97 (Guppy mouth) — ''Corresponds to Generation III''<br /> |
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Mk5 – 98-01 (Razor mouth) — ''Corresponds to Generation III (first restyle)'' |
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'''Europe''': <br /> |
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Mk1 – '86 to '88 — ''Corresponds to First generation'' <br /> |
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'''Euro Mk''': <br /> |
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Mk2 – '88 to '92 — ''Corresponds to Second generation''<br /> |
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Mk3 – '92 to '96 — ''Corresponds to Second generation (first restyle)''<br /> |
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Mk4 – '96 to '01 — ''Corresponds to Second generation (second restyle)''<br /> |
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Mk5 – '01 to '02 — ''Corresponds to Second generation (third restyle)'' |
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MK5 – '01 to '02 — ''Corresponds to Generation II (third restyle)'' |
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'''Australia:''' <br /> |
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'''Australia Mk:''' <br /> |
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MK1 – SA310 / SA413 (1984–86).<ref name="austmk">{{cite web |
MK1 – SA310 / SA413 (1984–86).<ref name="austmk">{{cite web |
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| title = Suzuki Swift History In Australia |
| title = Suzuki Swift History In Australia |
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| publisher = RedlineGTi.com |
| publisher = RedlineGTi.com |
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| url = http://www.redlinegti.com/articles/art2/}}</ref> — ''Corresponds to |
| url = http://www.redlinegti.com/articles/art2/}}</ref> — ''Corresponds to First generation'' <br /> |
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MK2 – SF310 / SF413 / SF416 (1989–92)<ref name="austmk"/> — ''Corresponds to |
MK2 – SF310 / SF413 / SF416 (1989–92)<ref name="austmk"/> — ''Corresponds to Second generation'' <br /> |
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MK3 – SF310 / SF413 / SF416 (1993–99)<ref name="austmk"/> — ''Corresponds to |
MK3 – SF310 / SF413 / SF416 (1993–99)<ref name="austmk"/> — ''Corresponds to Second generation (first restyle)'' |
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'''MK1''' Introduced March 1984, the SA Swift was front wheel drive, with a solid axle and drum brakes on the rear, with front disc brakes. |
'''MK1''' Introduced March 1984, the SA Swift was front wheel drive, with a solid axle and drum brakes on the rear, with front disc brakes. |
Revision as of 21:34, 29 December 2011
Suzuki Cultus | |
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![]() | |
Overview | |
Manufacturer | Suzuki Motor Corporation |
Production | 1983–present |
Body and chassis | |
Class | Supermini Subcompact B-segment |
Chronology | |
Successor | Suzuki Cultus Crescent (Japan) Suzuki Aerio Hatchback (United States & Canada) |
The Suzuki Cultus is a supermini first presented at the 25th Tokyo Motor Show, formally introduced to the Japanese domestic market in 1983 and ultimately manufactured in seven countries across three generations and marketed worldwide under more than a dozen nameplates — prominently as the Suzuki Swift, Geo Metro, and Holden Barina.
Offered across its lifespan in four body-style variations with engines from the Suzuki G engine family, the second generation Cultus still remains in production in Pakistan. The Cultus family of vehicles has been marketed in Asia, North America, South America, Australia, and Europe. While never formally marketed in New Zealand they were imported and sold on the secondary market.
The name Cultus derives from the Latin cultus, meaning "care" or "adoration."
First generation
First generation | |
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![]() | |
Overview | |
Also called | Suzuki SA-310/SA-413 Suzuki Swift Suzuki Khyber Suzuki Forsa Holden Barina Chevrolet Sprint/Sprint Metro Pontiac Firefly (Canada) |
Production | 1983–1988 |
Assembly | Hamamatsu, Japan Bogotá, Colombia Pekan, Malaysia (DRB-HICOM) Quito, Ecuador (AYMESA) |
Body and chassis | |
Body style | 3-door hatchback 5-door hatchback |
Layout | FF layout |
Dimensions | |
Wheelbase | 3-door: 2,245 mm (88.4 in) 5-Door: 2,345 mm (92.3 in) |
Length | 3-door: 3,585 mm (141.1 in) Export: 3,670 mm (144.5 in) 5-Door: 3,685 mm (145.1 in) Export: 3,770 mm (148.4 in) |
Width | 1,530 mm (60.2 in) Export: 1,545 mm (60.8 in) |
Height | 1,350 mm (53.1 in) |
Curb weight | 620 kg (1,367 lb)-750 kg (1,653 lb) |
The first generation of the Cultus was designed and developed by Suzuki for the Japanese Domestic Market (JDM) and introduced as the 1983 SA310, the name shortly thereafter changed to Cultus. GM and Suzuki had formed an alliance in 1981,[1] and so GM was able to market the Cultus as a captive import, introducing it to the North American market as the 1985 Chevrolet Sprint.
Nameplate | Market | Body | ||
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1983–1988 | Suzuki Cultus | Japan | 3/5 | a. |
1985–1988 | Suzuki Forsa | Canada | 3/5 | b. |
1985–1988 | Chevrolet Sprint | N. America | 3/5 | c. |
1987–2004 | Chevrolet Sprint | Colombia | 5 | d. |
1985–1988 | Holden Barina | Australia | 5 | |
1985–1988 | Pontiac Firefly | Canada | 3/5 |
3= 3-dr hatchback
5= 5-dr hatchback
a. Initially marketed as the SA-310
b. Also Hawaii, Guam, N. Marianas and test marketing USA 48 states.
c. Canada's "Chevrolet" Sprint model ran through 1991
d. Manufactured at GM Colmotores, Bogotá, Colombia
American markets
Originally sold by Suzuki as the Suzuki Forsa, it was marketed in Ecuador, Chile, Canada and the USA (minimally) from 1985 to 1988 — with Suzuki offering the supermini with either a carbureted 1.0 L inline-3 cylinder or fuel injected 1.0 L inline 3 cylinder turbocharged engine. The car had much greater reach in North America as the Chevrolet Sprint and the Pontiac Firefly.
Suzuki did not initially market the Forsa on the US mainland, but rather only in Hawaii, Guam and the Northern Marianas. An undetermined number of Forsa models were imported to the U.S. mainland to test the commercial viability of a supermini in the US. As a record of US marketing of the Forsa, listings at the EPA Fuel Mileage Site carry the 1985 model as the Suzuki SA310 (the original JDM name for the Cultus, Forsa and Swift), no listing for 1986 — and both the Forsa and Forsa Turbo for 1987 and 1988. For North America, Suzuki changed the name from Forsa to Swift with the 1989 introduction of the second generation.
- 1984 – Suzuki and General Motors announced they would sell rebadged models of the Suzuki Cultus in North America as Chevrolets and Pontiacs, with Suzuki selling their own version as the Forsa.
- 1985 – GM began marketing in North America as the Chevrolet Sprint. The car is also sold as Suzuki Forsa and Pontiac Firefly in Canada. The Chevrolet Sprint was sold only in the Western United States until 1986.
- 1986 – Chevrolet Sprint began nationwide sales in the US. Sprint consumers had a choice of ER, Base, and Turbo models. Firefly marketed in FE, Turbo, and Base models.
- 1987 – The Metro name first appeared on a model of the naturally aspirated Chevrolet Sprint: the "Chevrolet Sprint Metro."
- 1988 – Production of the first Geo Metro models begins at Suzuki's plant in Hamamatsu, Japan.
Chevrolet Sprint
The Chevrolet Sprint was sold in the United States and Canada, with GM continuing to market the Chevette until 1987 alongside the Sprint. In the 1988 model year, the naturally aspirated hatchback was named the Chevrolet Sprint Metro.
The "Sprint" and "Sprint Metro" differed in their engines, though both were computer controlled carb systems. From 1985 to 1988, the carbureted 1.0 L 3-cylinder engine used a hemispherical head design. Later, fuel injection required the cylinder head for 1989 be redesigned to add the additional cooling required, reducing gas mileage.
The Sprint was originally offered in parts of the western US for the 1985 model year; subsequently Chevrolet marketed the Sprint across North America. All models were initially 3-dr hatchbacks. Starting in 1986, a five-door hatchback version was offered, called the Sprint Plus. That year, another model called the Sprint ER was offered that included a few extra features, such as an "upshift" light to indicate the ideal speed to shift to the next highest gear on manual transmission models. Although air conditioning was offered in all years, the three-speed automatic transmission wasn't offered until 1986. All models featured front-wheel drive and 12-inch tires.
Turbocharged versions of the 1.0 L 3-cylinder engine were available in the Turbo Sprint in both the United States and Canada. Colors were limited to red, white and blue for the Turbo Sprint. In the United States, the label was dropped with the introduction of the Geo Metro (second generation Cultus), but it continued to be used for a while longer in Canada.
Colombia
The name "Chevette Sprint" was considered before calling the Colombia model (first generation) the "Chevrolet Sprint" — to distinguish it from the Opel knock down kits imported to Brazil.[2] When presented on 7 October 1986, the Sprint caused a sensation.[2] Slight modifications were made in 1987, including increasing the wheel sizes from 12" to 13" and the Sprint remained in production virtually unchanged til 2004 — with a total production of 70,848.[2]
See: 1985 US Chevrolet Sprint commercial
See: 1988 Colombia Chevrolet Sprint commercial
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Chevrolet Sprint Turbo, Gen I
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Chevrolet Sprint Gen I
Second generation
Second generation | |
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![]() | |
Overview | |
Also called | Suzuki Cultus Esteem Suzuki Swift Geo Metro Pontiac Firefly Maruti Suzuki 1000/Esteem Holden Barina Chevrolet Swift (Colombia, Ecuador) Suzuki Forsa II (Ecuador) Chevrolet Sprint (Canada) Subaru Justy (Europe) Suzuki Amenity (Indonesia; HB) Suzuki Esteem (Indonesia; Sedan) Chang'an SC7130 Gazelle Suzuzki Margalla(Pakistan) |
Production | 1988–2003 2000–current (Pakistan) |
Assembly | Hamamatsu, Japan Kosai, Japan Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada Chang'an, China (Chang'an Suzuki) Bogotá, Colombia Quito, Ecuador (AYMESA) Esztergom, Hungary Gurgaon, India Pekan, Malaysia (DRB-HICOM) Karachi, Pakistan |
Body and chassis | |
Body style | 2-door convertible 3-door hatchback/van 4-door sedan 5-door hatchback |
Powertrain | |
Engine | 1.0 L G10 I3 1.0 L G10T turbo I3 1.3 L Suzuki G13A/BA 8V I4 1.3 L Suzuki G13B/G13K 16V DOHC I4 1.5 L G15A 16V I4 1.6 L G16 16V I4 |
Dimensions | |
Wheelbase | 2,265 mm (89.2 in) (3-door/Conv.) 2,365 mm (93.1 in) (5-door/Sedan) |
Length | 3,745 mm (147 in) (3-door/Conv.) 3,845 mm (151.4 in) (5-door) 4,095 mm (161.2 in) (Sedan) |
Width | 1,575 mm (62.0 in) (3/5-door) 1,590 mm (62.6 in) (Sedan/Conv.) |
Height | 1,350 mm (53.1 in) (3-Door) 1,380 mm (54 in) (5-door/Sedan) 1,340 mm (52.8 in) (Conv.) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1989-1991_Suzuki_Swift_GA_3-door_hatchback_01.jpg/220px-1989-1991_Suzuki_Swift_GA_3-door_hatchback_01.jpg)
The second generation, introduced in Japan in September 1988, followed by their European debut at the Brussels Auto Salon in October.[3] Some say it was designed at GM's Technical Center in Warren, Michigan, USA,[citation needed] and GM did designate it the GM M platform. The chassis, engines, and drivetrains were developed by Suzuki, The second generation offered new styling and four wheel independent strut suspension. A turbocharged version remained fairly popular in Canada, which was the only export market for the version.
It was available with a 1.0 liter 3-cylinder with a power output of 53 hp (40 kW), a 1.3 liter 4-cylinder, and a 1.6 liter four-cylinder. The higher powered Cultus/Swift GTi had an improved G13B engine which featured hollow camshafts, stronger web casting on the engine block, a better flowing intake manifold (the prior generation intake manifold had its shape compromised to fit into the engine bay), and its ECU now had electronic control over ignition timing. It now put out 100 hp (75 kW) of power. The GTi also featured all wheel disc brakes.
Suzuki facelifted the Cultus in 1991 for the 1992 model year. The update involved the relocation of the rear license plate to the rear bumper from in between the tail lamps. The gap vacated by the license plate was filled in with either a black plastic panel or translucent red perspex panel integrating with the tail lamps. At the front, Suzuki revised the bumper's airdam, and inside, the interior was substantially re-designed.[4]
All Swifts get a redesigned front and rear fascia as well as a new dashboard. GS sedans receive power steering and new hub caps. The 1.0 litre 3-cylinder engine received a new cylinder head assembly: the engine of the previous generation used the same block and corresponding components but featured a head with valves in a V-formation straddling a single camshaft with rocker arms on shafts, whereas now the cylinder head assumed a much slimmer profile, owing to the valves now being in a vertical, inline configuration, actuated by inverted buckets also serving as hydraulic valve lash adjusters, all underneath a single overhead camshaft.
The first European-built model was a "Suzuki Swift" manufactured in September 1992 in Esztergom, Hungary. Updates in 1996 followed, and model year 2000 modifications included a version fitted with the same Suzuki four-wheel drive system that had been available in the Japanese market and badged as the Subaru Justy. The last modifications were made on the European Gen II from model year 2002 but only for the Hungarian market. The production of the three-door models ended in September 2002. In the same year, in December, the four-door sedan version was also discontinued. The last variation available was a five door version, which was offered until March 2003.
In Ecuador, the local plant Aymesa assembled some versions of this vehicle. The three-door version was called Suzuki Forsa II, while the four-door sedan version was badged Chevrolet Swift. Production of the sedan ended about 1996, while the hatchback version continued to being produced until 1999 or 2000 and it was badged as Chevrolet Forsa in latter years. It was imported to Colombia from 1991 til 2004, where it was called the Chevrolet Swift.[2]
Generation two of the Cultus remains in production today in Pakistan only. In North America, a rebodied version of the second generation was sold as the Suzuki Swift/Chevrolet Metro/Geo Metro/Pontiac Firefly. Designed by General Motors, the design echoed that of the contemporary Chevrolet Cavalier and Pontiac Sunfire.[5] In Japan, the Cultus was gradually replaced by the sligthly larger Cultus Crescent, sold as the Baleno in Europe and as the Esteem in North America.
A Suzuki Swift of this generation was used as a weapon in the 2009 attack on the Dutch Royal Family.
Nameplate | Market | Body | ||
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1989–1998 | Suzuki Cultus | Japan | 2/3/4/5 | |
1989–1994 | Suzuki Swift | N. America | 3/4 | |
1989–2004 | Suzuki Swift | Europe | 2/3/4/5 | a. |
1991–2004 | Chevrolet Swift | Colombia | 3/4 | b. |
1989–1994 | Pontiac Firefly | Canada | 2/3/4/5 | |
1989–1994 | Geo Metro | N. America | 2/3/5 | c. |
1988–1994 | Holden Barina | Australia | 3/5 | d. |
1990–1994 | Maruti Suzuki 1000 | India | 4 | |
1994–2007 | Maruti Suzuki Esteem | India | 4 | |
1995–2003 | Subaru Justy | Europe | 3/5 | e. |
2000—Present | Suzuki Cultus | Pakistan | 5 | f. |
19—Present | Chang'an Suzuki Lingyang | China | 4 |
2= 2-dr convertible
3= 3-dr hatchback
4= 4-dr sedan
5= 5-dr hatchback
a. Manufactured at Magyar Suzuki
b. Imported to Colombia
c. Geo branded models in US after 1989, in Canada after 1992
d. MF, MH: only generations of 'Cultus-derived' Barina
e. Justy JMA/MS, manufactured at Magyar Suzuki
f. Manufactured at Paksuzuki
North America
Swift
Following 1985–1988 sales of the Forsa, the nameplate was changed to Suzuki Swift. The Swift was available as a three-door GTi and five-door GLX hatchback. A four-door sedan followed in 1990 — imported from Japan. For Swifts in North America, the 1.0 liter three-cylinder was only available in Canada where it was sold from 1992 to 1994. In 1990, the GLX was dropped; an inexpensive GA 3-door was added as were GA, GL and GS four-door sedan. At the same time, the GTi name was changed to GT because of an out-of-court settlement with Volkswagen of America over their similarly named GTI. The Swift nameplate moved on to separate from the Cultus, eventually being placed on the North American "third generation" model.
The Swift featured a 993 cc inline three cylinder engine producing 50 hp (37 kW). The G10 engine weighed 63 kg (139 lb) and the suspension derived from the Suzuki Alto. Other engine configurations included a carbureted 1.0 litre, 3 cylinder (G10) engine and a carbureted or fuel injected SOHC eight-valve 1.3 litre G13. Trim levels included the 1.0 GA and the 1.0 GL. The GA model included plastic wheelcovers, four-speed gearbox and cloth trim. The GL model included more equipment such as a five-speed gearbox, alloy wheels, a sunroof, and air conditioning in some markets.
With the first generation, Suzuki marketed the Swift GTi with the G13B engine — a DOHC 16 valve, 1.3 L, in-line 4-cylinder engine with an aluminum block and cylinder head, forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods, and cast aluminum high compression pistons (10:1 compression ratio). Its power output is 101 hp (75 kW).
The second generation received a modest restyle and other production changes in 1992, including changes to the bumpers, tail lights and interior. GT/GTi versions were equipped with larger sway-bars, and the camshafts were now solid. Production for the North American market ended in 1994.
GM-badged
The second generation Cultus was sold as the Geo Metro in the US and Canada, and as the Pontiac Firefly in Canada (and the Middle East), and as the Chevrolet Sprint in Canada. Unlike the four-cylinder Swifts, General Motors-badged units usually featured the 1-litre G10 engine, with a turbocharged version and a larger 1.3 available in some Canadian market versions. In 1990, production began at CAMI Automotive, where all remaining Metro models with the exception of convertibles would be produced.
G10: 1.0 L3
In the United States a single engine was available from 1989 through 1994: a 1.0 L I3 engine. Rated at 60 hp (39 kW), the engine achieved 38 city, 45 highway mpg per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards. The detuned 49 hp (37 kW) engine in the XFi, introduced in 1990, is optimized for high mileage. It combines a shorter duration cam, leaner fuel map, two ring pistons, and a higher final drive gear model to achieve 43 city, 51 highway per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards.
As per the first generation, a turbocharged variant of G10 was also available in the Canadian Pontiac Firefly from 1989 to 1991. It was no longer available in the US market, however.
G13: 1.3 L I4
Canadian Metros had the 1.3 L engine available as an option beginning in 1993 in the three-door GSi model, and as standard equipment in the sedan (exclusive to the Canadian market at the time: American market Metros were not available in a sedan bodystyle until 1995).
- Geo Metro
Only available as a hatchback (later also a convertible) in the United States, the Canadian market also received Japanese-built four-door sedans. Canadian sales of the Geo Metro only began in 1992, after the demise of the Asüna brand. For 1990, the Metro's second model year, Geo introduced the Metro LSi models, which included an automatic transmission, air conditioning and a stereo with cassette player. Geo also introduced the frugal XFi model , featuring a lower powered economy-tuned version of the three-cylinder engine, a higher final drive gear ratio, and certain deleted interior amenities (e.g., the passenger mirror). It thereby achieved 43 city, 51 highway per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards. XFi made up less than 10% of Metro sales.[6] A little bit later, the Japanese-buil convertible model debuted, available in LSi trim. In 1991, GM increased convertible production and added paint options. In 1992, the Metro received a facelift with new hubcaps, exterior modification and new interior controls.
In 1993 the convertible was discontinued. Automatic door locks, which deploy after the car reaches a speed of approximately 8 mph (13 km/h) were introduced this year. In 1994, five-door hatchback production ended. There was also a slight but barely noticeable change in the headlights. In 1994, Geo dropped the XFi model.[7]
- Chevrolet Sprint
The Sprint badge continued to be used in the Canadian market until the Geo brand was introduced in 1992. Unlike its American counterparts, the Canadian Sprint remained available with the 1.0 liter turbo engine.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%2789-%2791_Chevrolet_Sprint_3-Door.jpg/220px-%2789-%2791_Chevrolet_Sprint_3-Door.jpg)
- Pontiac Firefly
Introduced for 1989, the Firefly was also available as a convertible and as a four-door sedan from 1990 until 1991. All hatchbacks were manufactured at CAMI, while convertibles and sedans were sourced from Japanese production. The Firefly was not marketed for the 1992 and 1993 model years when the 1993-only "Asüna" brand introduced the larger 1992 LeMans to replace the Passport Optima and the pre-facelift Firefly.
In 1994, the Firefly returned with a facelift following the demise of the Asüna brand, available as a hatchback and a sedan. It was shortlived, being replaced by the third generation for the next year.
Safety
US second generation models received the following NHTSA's New Car Assessment Program ratings:
- Front Impact, Driver:
Safety Concern: High likelihood of thigh injury
- Front Impact, Passenger:
See NHTSA Test Results: 1994 Geo Metro
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1989–1991 model year Suzuki Swift 3-door (US)
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1990–1991 Holden Barina 3-door (Australia)
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1991–1998 Suzuki Cultus 3-door, 1.0-liter (Japan)
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1991–1998 Suzuki Cultus 3-door, 1.0-liter (Japan)
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1998–1999 Suzuki Swift Cino (Australia)
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1998–1999 Suzuki Swift Cino (Australia)
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Subaru Justy, circa 2000, a second generation Cultus derivative manufactured at Magyar Suzuki, Hungary.
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1992 Geo Metro convertible
Marketing: Japan
The Suzuki Cultus developed through generation two in Japan, and was superseded by the Cultus Crescent — a larger offspring of the Cultus.
Cultus
The first Cultus was introduced to the JDM initially under the nameplate SA-310 in 1983 as either a 3 or 5-door hatchback with two possible petrol engines from the G efamily: a three cylinder powerplant with 993 cc, and a four cylinder version with 1324 cc. Power ranged from 60 PS (44 kW) JIS to 75 PS (55 kW). Manual and automatic transmissions were available. A turbocharged version of the smaller engine was later introduced, with power raised to 80 PS (59 kW), and 165/70 HR12 tyres.
The Cultus was slightly restyled in 1986, adopting a new front end, with redesigned grille, headlights and bumper. Engine power was slightly detuned on the 1.0 L and 1.3 L model, and the Cultus Turbo was joined by a more powerful sports version, the Cultus GTi. This featured a new Twin Cam 16v variant of the 1.3 L engine, with 1298 cc, thanks to a shorter stroke (75.5 mm, down from the previous 77 mm), fuel injection and 97 PS (71 kW) . Production of the Cultus' first generation stopped in 1988.
The second generation was introduced in 1988 with similar dimensions and but redesigned to make better use of the cargo area and cabin space. Like its predecessor, the new Cultus was available as a 3- or 5-door hatchback, and was powered by G-series engines from 1.0 L to 1.3 L. However, this last one had adopted an SOHC 16-valve arrangement, with standard fuel injection. Power was 58 PS (43 kW) and 82 PS (60 kW), respectively. For the first time, 4WD was optional on the larger engine.
The Cultus GTi was now much more powerful, reaching 115 PS JIS (85 kW) with updated version of the previous GTi engine: the G13B engine that had higher compression pistons (11.5:1 compression ratio), tubular exhaust headers, a tubular intake manifold, larger camshafts and a reprogrammed ECU. Some models of the Cultus GTi were also available with all-wheel drive.
More well outfitted versions were the Cultus Ellesse (which included automatic air conditioning, central locking, power windows and adjustable steering wheel) and the Esteem, a sedan version. The Esteem featured a larger 1.5 L engine, capable of reaching 91 PS (67 kW), and it was available with optional 4WD. The equipment was the same as the Cultus Ellesse.
In 1992, Suzuki introduced a two-seat convertible, based on the hatchback body — and dropped shortly thereafter.
Suzuki Cultus has common gear noise problem which is corrected in new models.
Japanese Domestic Market Internal Designations
- 1983~1988 AA41S
- 1986~1988 A43S,AB43S,AA53S,AB53S,AA33S,AB33S,AA43V
- 1988~1998 AA34S,AA44S,AB34S,AB44S
- 1992~1993 AK34S, Cultus Convertible
Cultus Crescent
The Suzuki Cultus and Cultus Crescent were two distinct but related models sold in Japan by Suzuki — with the Cultus Crescent eventually superseding the Cultus. The Cultus Crescent was introduced in the Japanese market in 1995 sharing the same platform and many components from the Cultus — although with a chassis stretched by 10 cm (4 in) and featuring completely different styling.
The Cultus Crescent was available initially in two body variants, a 3-door hatchback and a 4-door saloon. Suzuki continued to use the SOHC 16-valve G-family engines, in 1.3 L and 1.5 L form, with power ranging from 85 PS (63 kW) to 97 PS (71 kW). The larger engine was the only one available in the sedan. In 1996, with the introduction of the Cultus Crescent Wagon, Suzuki's first station wagon, the 1.5 L remained base model, and 4WD was offered with the 1.6 L variant, basically the same engine as found in the Suzuki Escudo, with power raised to 115 PS (85 kW). A sports variant, dubbed GT, used Mazda's 1840 cc BP engine, with 135 PS (99 kW).
In 1998, the base Cultus/Swift was no longer marketed in Japan, and Suzuki dropped the "Crescent" name. The larger model was now simply called Cultus, and received new front end styling. The 1.6 L 4WD variant was extended to the rest of the lineup, but not the 1.8 L engine, which was only available in the other bodies other than the wagon in export markets. The Cultus remained in production in Japan until 2002, after a year of overlapping with its replacement, the larger and entirely new Aerio.
Production of the Cultus began in other countries and was available in developing markets such as India as the Maruti Suzuki Baleno til production ceased in 2007 to make way for the Suzuki SX4. Elsewhere internationally, the larger Cultus Crescent was marketed as the Suzuki Baleno and Esteem.
North America
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Suzuki Forsa, Gen I
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Suzuki Swift, Gen II
Third generation Swift From 1995 onward, the North American-exclusive Suzuki Swift was built at CAMI Automotive, receiving all the modifications of its Pontiac and Geo/Chevrolet siblings — only in the 3-dr body style, however.
Chevrolet Sprint
Manufacture
Assembly also commenced in India (Maruti Suzuki), Hungary (Magyar Suzuki), Pakistan (Pak Suzuki), and China (Chang'an Suzuki). When production began at Magyar Suzuki of the Suzuki Swift in 1992, Suzuki invested $230 million in capital for the new company and flew each of its Hungarian workers to Japan for training in its production methods.[8] Notably, 5-door models of the second generation (under the nameplate Cultus) are manufactured today in Pakistan and 4-door sedans of second generation are manufactured today in China.
"Mk" Nomenclature
Mk nomenclature varies by region, emphasizing local marketing distinctions, restylings, and market adaptations
North America:
Mk1 – 85–88 (Boxy body) — Corresponds to First generation
Mk2 – 89–91 (Round body + Boxy dash) — Corresponds to Second generation
Mk3 – 92–94 (Round body + Round dash)— Corresponds to Second generation (first restyle)
Mk4 – 95–97 (Guppy mouth) — Corresponds to Third generation Metro/Firefly/Swift
Mk5 – 98-01 (Razor mouth) — Corresponds to Third generation Metro/Firefly/Swift (first restyle)
Europe:
Mk1 – '86 to '88 — Corresponds to First generation
Mk2 – '88 to '92 — Corresponds to Second generation
Mk3 – '92 to '96 — Corresponds to Second generation (first restyle)
Mk4 – '96 to '01 — Corresponds to Second generation (second restyle)
Mk5 – '01 to '02 — Corresponds to Second generation (third restyle)
Australia:
MK1 – SA310 / SA413 (1984–86).[9] — Corresponds to First generation
MK2 – SF310 / SF413 / SF416 (1989–92)[9] — Corresponds to Second generation
MK3 – SF310 / SF413 / SF416 (1993–99)[9] — Corresponds to Second generation (first restyle)
MK1 Introduced March 1984, the SA Swift was front wheel drive, with a solid axle and drum brakes on the rear, with front disc brakes.
- Models: GA, GL, GC, GLS and GTI.
MK2 New rounder body shape with mechanicals similar to the SA model and the solid rear axle replaced by a trailing arm setup.
- Models: GA, GL, GTi 3-door hatchbacks; GL and GLX Sedans, with 4WD available between 1990–91.
MK3 Remodeled interior, revised front and rear bumper fascias. New rounded dashboard.
- Models: GA, (later replaced with the City Car), the Cino, GL and GLX Sedans, and the GTi
References
- ^ "GM reduces Suzuki alliance by 17.4 percent to raise $2bn". Earthtimes.com, March 7, 2006, Renin Paul.
- ^ a b c d "Historia del Chevrolet Sprint (Spanish)". Carrosyclasicos.com.
- ^ Mastrostefano, Raffaele, ed. (1990). Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1990 (in Italian). Milano: Editoriale Domus S.p.A. p. 984.
- ^ "1992 Suzuki Swift Hatchback". Edmunds. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ Bill Russ. "1995 Geo Metro LSi Sedan". The Auto Channel. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
- ^ "Little Big Man, First Look: 1995 Geo Metro". Hardive.com, J.J. Gertler.
- ^ "Economy Champs Get the Cold Shoulder". The New York Times, Matthew L. Wald, November 12, 1995. November 12, 1995. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ "Company History: Suzuki Motor Corporation". Answer.com.
- ^ a b c "Suzuki Swift History In Australia". RedlineGTi.com.
External links
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