Callao affair: Difference between revisions

Callao Affair
Part of the Peruvian War of Independence
The rebuilt USS Macedonian in Ireland during the Great Famine.
Date November 1820 Location Callao, Peru, Pacific Ocean Result Spanish vow to punish those responsible for attacks on American shipping.
Belligerents
United States	Spain
Commanders and leaders
John Downes	Joaquin de la Pezuela
Strength
1 frigate 6 schooners	1 fort
Casualties and losses
2 killed 6 wounded 1 frigate damaged 2 schooners damaged	none

Template:Nineteenth century Asia/Pacific conflicts involving the United States

The Callao Affair occurred in November of 1820 during the Peruvian War of Independence. It began when a Spanish fort opened fire on the United States warship USS Macedonian. Though the ship was damaged the Americans did not violate their neutrality by counter attacking. Later that day a boat filled with United States Navy sailors was attacked, resulting in the deaths of two seamen and the wounding of eight others. Two days after an American merchantship was attacked and her crew had to abandon ship. Ultimately, there was no significant response by the United States to the attacks on their shipping and their citizens.^[1]

Following the outbreak of the Peruvian revolution in 1809, the people of Chile also revolted against Spanish authority. As result, a rebel Chilean navy under British Captain Thomas Cochrane attacked the Spanish fleet anchored off Callao on the night of November 5, during which the rebels captured the forty-four gun frigate Esmeralda with heavy loss of life to the Spanish defenders. The capture of the ship crippled Spain's operational capabilities in the Pacific Ocean and infuriated the Royalist inhabitants of Callao. During the battle, the frigate USS Macedonian, under Captain John Downes, was also at port with the mission of protecting six American merchant schooners which were being harassed by both the Chilean fleet and the Spanish on shore. Because the Macedonian was so close to the battle area, the Spanish military in Callao assumed that she had supported Cochrane's fleet in the attack. So instead of aiming for the Chilean ships, the garrison opened fire on the frigate and one of the merchantmen with hot shot from Fortaleza del Real Felipe. Multiple rounds ripped through the ships' rigging though the damage was repairable and no Americans were harmed.^[2]

The Macedonian's carpenter, Samuel Holbrook, later described the incident; "Their shot flew round us like hail, cutting away our cross-jack yard, and much of our rigging. Many of the red hot shot struck near us." Captain Downes was in Lima at the time and a first lieutenant was in command and he ordered the sails hoisted to bring the vessel out of the fort's range. On the following day, the lieutenant sent the tender Buckskin filled with sailors into port for provisions. However, while the sailors were still heading to shore, Spanish troops at the docks opened fire, killing two men and wounding six others. Holbrook described the scene; "blood and brain scattered round the inside as though a bullock had been killed in her." There was no landing as some sources claim and the survivors went back to their ship without obtaining the fresh food they were looking for. At the same time, American and British merchantmen were being looted in the port and two days later, on November 8, the American schooner Rampart was attacked by the fort and heavily damaged while trying to offload her cargo, forcing her crew to abandon ship. The Macedonian also took on board that day several American and British refugees who were in fear of being killed by the natives. Captain Downes was still not interested in exacting redress for the three incidents but he did send the Spanish Viceroy Joaquin de la Pezuela a letter of protest.^[3][4][5]

Pezuela vowed to punish those responsible but whether he actually did so or not remains unknown. Then another incident occurred, due to the blockade, Captain Downes was afraid his ship would be siezed as it was illegally carrying over a million dollars in Spanish gold, something Cochrane's spies had informed him of some time prior. So when the Americans were leaving Callao, they expected to have to fight their way past the Chilean fleet but Cochrane ignored the frigate and let it go without any opposition. Captain Downes remained off the South American coast until March of 1821 to protect American merchant sailors, many of whom were either imprisoned by the viceroy, or murdered by the Spanish military and their Peruvian subjects. The murder and imprisonment of United States citizens at Lima and Callao was attributed to the fact that some of the victims were captured from ships of Cochrane's fleet and were legally prisoners of war, though many of the American victims were not involved in the conflict and were killed along with other innocent foreigners. In the end there was no retaliation by the United States in response to the attacks on their vessels or their citizens, other than the feeble letter of protest from Downes.^[6][7]

• Bahia Incident
• Rio de Janeiro Affair

• Glenn, Myra C. (2010). Jack Tar's Story: The Autobiographies and Memoirs of Sailors in Antebellum America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521193680. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• De Kay, James T. (2000). Chronicles of the Frigate Macedonian, 1809-1922. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393320243. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Long, David F. (1988). Gold braid and foreign relations: diplomatic activities of U.S. naval officers, 1798-1883. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870212281. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)