River Avon, Bristol: Difference between revisions
→Biodiversity: Horseshoe Bend, Shirehampton |
→Course: expand Bradford on Avon to Bath |
||
Line 123: | Line 123: | ||
The Avon [[source (river)|rises]] near [[Chipping Sodbury]] in [[Gloucestershire]], between the villages of [[Old Sodbury]] and [[Acton Turville]]. Running a somewhat circular path, the river drains east and then south through [[Wiltshire]]. Its first main settlement is the village of [[Luckington]], two miles (3 km) inside the [[Wiltshire]] border, and then on to [[Sherston, Wiltshire|Sherston]]. At [[Malmesbury, Wiltshire|Malmesbury]] it joins up with its first major tributary, the Tetbury Avon, which rises just north of [[Tetbury]] in [[Gloucestershire]]. This tributary is known locally as the Ingleburn, which in [[Old English]] means 'English river'. Here, the two rivers almost meet but their path is blocked by a rocky outcrop of the [[Cotswolds]], almost creating an island for the ancient hilltop town of [[Malmesbury, Wiltshire|Malmesbury]] to sit on. |
The Avon [[source (river)|rises]] near [[Chipping Sodbury]] in [[Gloucestershire]], between the villages of [[Old Sodbury]] and [[Acton Turville]]. Running a somewhat circular path, the river drains east and then south through [[Wiltshire]]. Its first main settlement is the village of [[Luckington]], two miles (3 km) inside the [[Wiltshire]] border, and then on to [[Sherston, Wiltshire|Sherston]]. At [[Malmesbury, Wiltshire|Malmesbury]] it joins up with its first major tributary, the Tetbury Avon, which rises just north of [[Tetbury]] in [[Gloucestershire]]. This tributary is known locally as the Ingleburn, which in [[Old English]] means 'English river'. Here, the two rivers almost meet but their path is blocked by a rocky outcrop of the [[Cotswolds]], almost creating an island for the ancient hilltop town of [[Malmesbury, Wiltshire|Malmesbury]] to sit on. |
||
⚫ | After the two rivers merge, the Avon then turns south east away from the Cotswolds and then quickly south into the clay [[Dauntsey Vale]] until it reaches the biggest town so far, [[Chippenham, Wiltshire|Chippenham]]. The wide vale is now known as the Avon Vale, and the river flows on via [[Lacock]] to [[Melksham]], then turns north-west through [[Bradford on Avon]], where the centre of the town grew up around the [[ford (crossing)|ford]] across the river Avon, hence the origin of the town's name ("Broad-Ford"). This was supplemented in [[Norman architecture|Norman]] times by the stone bridge that still stands today. The Norman side is upstream, and has pointed arches; the newer side has curved arches. The Town Bridge and Chapel is a grade I [[listed building]]. It was originally a [[Packhorse bridge]], but widened in 17th century by rebuilding the western side.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Town Bridge and Chapel | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=312478 | accessdate=2006-08-24}}</ref> On the bridge stands a small building which was originally a [[chapel]] but later used as a town lockup. |
||
The Avon Valley between Bradford on Avon and Bath is a classic geographical example of a valley with all four forms of ground transport is found: road, rail, river, canal. The river passes under the [[Avoncliff Aqueduct|Avoncliff]] and [[Dundas Aqueduct]]s. Avoncliff Aqueduct was built by [[John Rennie (father)|John Rennie]] and chief engineer [[John Thomas]], between 1797 and 1801. The [[aqueduct]] consists of three arches and is 110 yards long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18.3 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10.4 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks.<ref>{{cite web | title=Avoncliff Aqueduct | work=Avoncliff | url=http://www.avoncliff.co.uk/history/aqueduct.htm | accessdate=2006-09-10}}</ref> The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times.<ref name="allsop"/> The Dundas Aqueduct was built by the same team between 1797 and 1801 and completed in 1805. [[James McIlquham]] was appointed contractor.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cragg |first=Roger |authorlink= |title=Wales and West Central England: Wales and West Central England, 2nd Edition |year=1997 |publisher=Thomas Telford|location= |isbn=0727725769}}</ref> The aqueduct is {{convert|150|yd|m|1}} long with three arches built of [[Bath Stone]], with [[Doric order|Doric]] pilasters, and balustrades at each end.<ref name="Pearson"> {{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Michael |authorlink= |title=Kennet & Avon Middle Thames:Pearson's Canal Companion |year=2003 |publisher=Central Waterways Supplies|location=Rugby |isbn=0-907864-97-X}}</ref> The central semicircular arch spans {{convert|64|ft|m|1}}; the two oval side arches span {{convert|20|ft|m|1}}.<ref>{{cite web | title=Dundas Aqueduct | work=Kennet & Avon Canal | url=http://www.envf.port.ac.uk/kacanal/html/kac0063.htm | accessdate=2006-09-10}}</ref> It is a grade I [[listed building]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Dundas Aqueduct | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=314745 | accessdate=2006-09-10}}</ref> and was the first canal structure to be designated as an [[Scheduled Monument|Scheduled Ancient Monument]] in 1951. The stretch of river below and above the aqueduct is used by [[Monkton Combe School]] Boat Club (Monkton Bluefriars) up to six days a week,<ref>{{cite web | title=Dundas Wharf Project | work=Claverton Pumping Station | url=http://www.claverton.org/ | accessdate=2006-09-14}}</ref> since at least the 1960s. |
|||
It then flows past [[Claverton Pumping Station]], which pumped water from the River Avon into the canal, using power from the flow of the river. The pumping station is located in a pump house built of Bath Stone, located at river level. Water is diverted from the river by Warleigh Weir, about 200 yd (180 m) upstream. The water flows down a [[leat]] to the pumping station, where it powers a [[water wheel]], 24 ft (7.3 m) wide and 17 ft (5.2 m) in diameter, with 48 wooden slats. At full power the wheel uses 2 [[ton]]s (2 [[tonne]]s) of water per second and rotates five times a minute.<ref name=danks>{{cite book | author=Warwick Danks (ed) | title=Claverton Pumping Station (A Definitive Study) | publisher=Kennet & Avon Canal Trust | year=2003 | isbn=0-9501173-4-X}}</ref> The water wheel drives gearing which increases the speed to 16 [[rpm]]. From here, cranks drive vertical connecting rods which transfer the energy to two 18 ft (5.5 m) long [[cast iron]] rocking beams. Each rocking beam in turn drives an 18 in (0.5 m) diameter [[lift pump]], which also take their supply from the mill leat. Each pump stroke raises 50 [[gallon|imperial gallons]] (230 [[litre]]s) of water to the canal.<ref name=danks>{{cite book | author=Warwick Danks (ed) | title=Claverton Pumping Station (A Definitive Study) | publisher=Kennet & Avon Canal Trust | year=2003 | isbn=0-9501173-4-X}}</ref> In 1981, [[British Waterways]] installed two {{convert|75|hp}} electric pumps just upstream from the station and presented the diesel pump to the Kennet and Avon Canal trust for preservation.<ref>{{cite book |author=Roger Cragg |title=Wales and West Central England: Wales and West Central England, 2nd Edition |year=1997 |publisher=Thomas Telford |isbn=0727725769}}</ref> |
|||
[[Image:Pulteney bridge in Bath view from south before noon.jpg|alt=A three arch stone bridge with buildings on it, over water. Below the bridge is a three step weir and pleasure boat.|thumb|right|[[Palladian]] [[Pulteney Bridge]] and the weir at Bath]] |
[[Image:Pulteney bridge in Bath view from south before noon.jpg|alt=A three arch stone bridge with buildings on it, over water. Below the bridge is a three step weir and pleasure boat.|thumb|right|[[Palladian]] [[Pulteney Bridge]] and the weir at Bath]] |
||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
The Avon then flows through [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] passing under [[Cleveland Bridge|Cleveland]] and [[Pulteney Bridge]]s and over the weir. Cleveland Bridge was built in 1826<ref name="Date">Inscription on bridge</ref> by [[William Hazledine]], owner of the [[Coalbrookdale]] Ironworks, with [[Henry Goodridge]] as the architect,<ref name="IoE"/> on the site of a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] ferry crossing. Named after the 3rd [[Duke of Cleveland]], it spans the River Avon at [[Bathwick]], and enabled further development of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] Bath to take place on the south side of the river. It was designed by architect [[Henry Goodridge]] to take the traffic of his day, horse drawn vehicles and pedestrians, and was constructed using [[Bath Stone]] and a [[cast iron]] [[arch]]ed span. Pulteney Bridge was completed in 1773 and is designated by [[English Heritage]] as a grade I [[listed building]].<ref name="ioe"/> The bridge was designed by [[Robert Adam]], whose working drawings are preserved in the [[Sir John Soane's Museum]],<ref name="ioe">{{cite web|url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=443316|title=Pulteney Bridge|work=Images of England|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=2008-09-27}}</ref> and is one of only four bridges in the world with shops across the full span on both sides.<ref name="manco">{{cite web|url=http://www.buildinghistory.org/bath/georgian/pulteney-bridge.shtml|title=Pulteney Bridge |work=Bath Past|publisher=Jean Manco|accessdate=2009-08-15}}</ref> It is named after [[Frances Pulteney]], heiress in 1767 of the Bathwick estate across the river from Bath. Pulteney approached the brothers Robert and [[James Adam (architect)|James Adam]] with his new town in mind, but Robert Adam then became involved in the design of the bridge. In his hands the simple construction envisaged by Pulteney became an elegant structure lined with shops. Adam had visited both [[Florence]] and [[Venice]], where he would have seen the [[Ponte Vecchio]] and the [[Ponte di Rialto]]. But Adam's design more closely followed [[Andrea Palladio]]'s rejected design for the Rialto.<ref name="manco"/> Pulteney Bridge stood for less than 20 years in the form that Adam created. In 1792 alterations to enlarge the shops marred the elegance of the façades. Floods in 1799 and 1800 wrecked the north side of the bridge, which had been constructed with inadequate support. It was rebuilt by [[John Pinch]] senior, surveyor to the Pulteney estate, in a less ambitious version of Adam's design. 19th-century shopkeepers altered windows, or cantilevered out over the river as the fancy took them. The western end pavilion on the south side was demolished in 1903 for road widening and its replacement was not an exact match. In 1936 the bridge became scheduled as a national monument, with plans being made for the restoration of the original façade. The restoration was completed in time for the [[Festival of Britain]] in 1951,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pulteneybridge.com/pulteney.htm|title=Pulteney Bridge Information|publisher=Pulteney Bridge.com|accessdate=2008-09-27}}</ref> with further work being carried out in 1975.<ref name="manco"/> In 2009 [[Bath and North East Somerset]] council put forward plans to ban vehicles from the bridge and turn it into a pedestrianised zone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/media/news/2009/November/Suggestion+on+Pulteney+Bridge+pedestrianisation.Inform|title= Suggestion on Pulteney Bridge pedestrianisation|date=2009-11-11|publisher=Bath and North East Somerset Council|accessdate=2009-11-13}}</ref> |
|||
⚫ | After the two rivers merge, the Avon then turns south east away from the Cotswolds and then quickly south into the clay [[Dauntsey Vale]] until it reaches the biggest town so far, [[Chippenham, Wiltshire|Chippenham]]. The wide vale is now known as the Avon Vale, and the river flows on via [[Lacock]] to [[Melksham]], then turns north-west through [[Bradford on Avon]], where the centre of the town grew up around the [[ford (crossing)|ford]] across the river Avon, hence the origin of the town's name ("Broad-Ford"). This was supplemented in [[Norman architecture|Norman]] times by the stone bridge that still stands today. The Norman side is upstream, and has pointed arches; the newer side has curved arches. The Town Bridge and Chapel is a grade I [[listed building]]. It was originally a [[Packhorse bridge]], but widened in 17th century by rebuilding the western side.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Town Bridge and Chapel | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=312478 | accessdate=2006-08-24}}</ref> On the bridge stands a small building which was originally a [[chapel]] but later used as a town lockup. |
||
The river is then joined by the [[Kennet and Avon Canal]] which connects with the Avon just below the weir at [[Bath Locks]]. Together with the [[Kennet Navigation]] and the [[River Thames]] it provides a through route for [[canal]] [[boat]]s from Bristol to [[London]]. From this point downstream it is known as the Avon Navigation. |
|||
=== Navigation === |
=== Navigation === |
||
⚫ | |||
The Avon then flows through [[Keynsham]] towards [[Bristol]]. For much of its course after leaving [[Wiltshire]], it marks the traditional boundary between [[Somerset]] and [[Gloucestershire]]. For most of this distance the navigation makes use of the natural river bed, with six locks overcoming a rise of {{convert|30|ft|m|0}}. From Bath to [[Netham Lock]] where it divides into the New Cut and the Floating Harbour is {{convert|12|mi|km}}. The stretch is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs. |
The Avon then flows through [[Keynsham]] towards [[Bristol]]. For much of its course after leaving [[Wiltshire]], it marks the traditional boundary between [[Somerset]] and [[Gloucestershire]]. For most of this distance the navigation makes use of the natural river bed, with six locks overcoming a rise of {{convert|30|ft|m|0}}. From Bath to [[Netham Lock]] where it divides into the New Cut and the Floating Harbour is {{convert|12|mi|km}}. The stretch is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs. |
||
[[Weston Lock]] on the outskirts of Bath is in what now forms the [[Newbridge, Bath|Newbridge]]. Weston cut is a man made channel, opened in 1727, for boats to approach and pass through Weston lock, which created an island between the cut and the river weir, which became known as Dutch island after the owner of the brass mill established on the river side in the early 18th century.<ref name="allsop">{{cite book |last=Allsop |first=Niall |title=The Kennet & Avon Canal |year=1987 |publisher=Millstream Book |location=Bath |isbn=0-948975-15-6 }}</ref> |
[[Weston Lock]] on the outskirts of Bath is in what now forms the [[Newbridge, Bath|Newbridge]]. Weston cut is a man made channel, opened in 1727, for boats to approach and pass through Weston lock, which created an island between the cut and the river weir, which became known as Dutch island after the owner of the brass mill established on the river side in the early 18th century.<ref name="allsop">{{cite book |last=Allsop |first=Niall |title=The Kennet & Avon Canal |year=1987 |publisher=Millstream Book |location=Bath |isbn=0-948975-15-6 }}</ref> |
||
⚫ | |||
[[Kelston Lock]] and [[weir]] have permanent moorings above and below them. The Riverside Inn and Saltford Marina are also close by. [[Saltford Lock]] and weir are overlooked by the remains of the [[Kelston]] [[Brass]] Mill, which was working until 1925. It is a grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Remains of 2 Annealing Ovens | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=399986| accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref> Alongside the lock is a [[Public house|pub]], whose garden extends over the lock to the small island between the lock and weir. The lock was opened in 1727 and destroyed in 1738 by rival coal dealers to stop the use of the river for transportation.<ref name="allsop"/> In its heyday, between 1709 and 1859 [[Swineford]] had an active [[brass]] and [[copper]] industry around the [[Swineford Lock]] which were served by the river which also provided water power for the cloth industry.<ref name="allsop"/>[[Keynsham Lock]] opened in 1727.<ref name="allsop"/> Just above the lock are some visitor moorings and a [[Public house|pub]], on an island between the lock and the [[weir]]. The weir side of the island is also the mouth of the [[River Chew]]. [[Hanham Lock|Hanham]] is the last tidal lock.<ref> {{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Michael |authorlink= |title=Kennet & Avon Middle Thames:Pearson's Canal Companion |year=2003 |publisher=Central Waterways Supplies|location=Rugby |isbn=0-907864-97-X}} </ref> |
[[Kelston Lock]] and [[weir]] have permanent moorings above and below them. The Riverside Inn and Saltford Marina are also close by. [[Saltford Lock]] and weir are overlooked by the remains of the [[Kelston]] [[Brass]] Mill, which was working until 1925. It is a grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Remains of 2 Annealing Ovens | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=399986| accessdate=2006-09-24}}</ref> Alongside the lock is a [[Public house|pub]], whose garden extends over the lock to the small island between the lock and weir. The lock was opened in 1727 and destroyed in 1738 by rival coal dealers to stop the use of the river for transportation.<ref name="allsop"/> In its heyday, between 1709 and 1859 [[Swineford]] had an active [[brass]] and [[copper]] industry around the [[Swineford Lock]] which were served by the river which also provided water power for the cloth industry.<ref name="allsop"/>[[Keynsham Lock]] opened in 1727.<ref name="allsop"/> Just above the lock are some visitor moorings and a [[Public house|pub]], on an island between the lock and the [[weir]]. The weir side of the island is also the mouth of the [[River Chew]]. [[Hanham Lock|Hanham]] is the last tidal lock.<ref> {{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Michael |authorlink= |title=Kennet & Avon Middle Thames:Pearson's Canal Companion |year=2003 |publisher=Central Waterways Supplies|location=Rugby |isbn=0-907864-97-X}} </ref> |
||
[[Netham lock]] is the point at [[Netham]] in [[Bristol]] at which boats from the [[River Avon, Bristol|River Avon]], gain access to Bristol's [[Floating Harbour]]. Construction started in 1804 to build the tidal [[New Cut (Bristol)|New Cut]] and divert the [[River Avon, Bristol|River Avon]] along the Feeder Canal to the harbour; a system designed and built by [[William Jessop]] and later improved by [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]].<ref name="WDP">{{cite news|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7131415098&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7131418307&cisb=22_T7131418306&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=169745&docNo=5|title=Lock, stock and a barrel of fun|last=Clensy|first=David|date=14 June 2008|format=fee required|work=Western Daily Press, archived at [[Nexis]]|publisher=Bristol United Press|pages=4|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> A [[weir]] carries the river into the New Cut and boats use the adjacent [[Lock (water transport)|lock]]. Access to the harbour is only possible during the day when the lock keeper will open the gates unless the water level in the river between Netham and Hanham is above or below the level of the harbour.<ref name="BCC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Transport-Streets/Marine-waterway-services/floating-harbour-and-feeder-canal.en?page=2|title=Navigation of Floating Harbour and Feeder Canal|work=Marine and waterway services|publisher=Bristol City Council|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> Netham Lock and the weir form part of Bristol's flood defence mechanisms and it was announced in December 2008 that they would be upgraded as part of the £11 million City Docks Capital Project.<ref name="BEP">{{cite news|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7131415098&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7131418307&cisb=22_T7131418306&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=166254&docNo=4|title=Work starts to secure bristol's floating harbour|last=Staff writer|date=12 December 2008|format=fee required|work=Bristol Evening Post, archived at [[Nexis]]|publisher=Bristol United Press|pages=15|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> |
[[Netham lock]] is the point at [[Netham]] in [[Bristol]] at which boats from the [[River Avon, Bristol|River Avon]], gain access to Bristol's [[Floating Harbour]]. Construction started in 1804 to build the tidal [[New Cut (Bristol)|New Cut]] and divert the [[River Avon, Bristol|River Avon]] along the Feeder Canal to the harbour; a system designed and built by [[William Jessop]] and later improved by [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]].<ref name="WDP">{{cite news|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7131415098&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7131418307&cisb=22_T7131418306&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=169745&docNo=5|title=Lock, stock and a barrel of fun|last=Clensy|first=David|date=14 June 2008|format=fee required|work=Western Daily Press, archived at [[Nexis]]|publisher=Bristol United Press|pages=4|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> A [[weir]] carries the river into the New Cut and boats use the adjacent [[Lock (water transport)|lock]]. Access to the harbour is only possible during the day when the lock keeper will open the gates unless the water level in the river between Netham and Hanham is above or below the level of the harbour.<ref name="BCC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Transport-Streets/Marine-waterway-services/floating-harbour-and-feeder-canal.en?page=2|title=Navigation of Floating Harbour and Feeder Canal|work=Marine and waterway services|publisher=Bristol City Council|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> Netham Lock and the weir form part of Bristol's flood defence mechanisms and it was announced in December 2008 that they would be upgraded as part of the £11 million City Docks Capital Project.<ref name="BEP">{{cite news|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7131415098&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7131418307&cisb=22_T7131418306&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=166254&docNo=4|title=Work starts to secure bristol's floating harbour|last=Staff writer|date=12 December 2008|format=fee required|work=Bristol Evening Post, archived at [[Nexis]]|publisher=Bristol United Press|pages=15|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref> |
||
⚫ | |||
In central Bristol, where the river is [[tide|tidal]], it is diverted from its original course onto the [[New Cut (Bristol)|New Cut]], a channel dug between 1804 and 1809 at a cost of [[Pound Sterling|£]]600,000.<ref name="buchanan">{{cite journal|last=Buchanan|first=R. A.|date=1969|title=The Construction of the Floating Harbour in Bristol, 1804-9|journal=Transactions|publisher=Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society|volume=88|pages=196|url=http://www2.glos.ac.uk/bgas/tbgas/v088/bg088184.pdf|accessdate=2009-08-14}}</ref> The original course is held at a constant level by [[canal lock|lock gates]] (designed by [[William Jessop|Jessop]]) and is known as the [[Bristol Harbour|Floating Harbour]]. The Floating Harbour is protected by a 1870s replacement for Jessop's [[lock (water transport)|locks]]. This unusual dock has a tentacled plan resulting from its origins as the natural river course of the Avon and its [[tributary]], the [[River Frome, Bristol|River Frome]], and is intimately entwined with Bristol's city centre as few docks are. As a result of this, the Floating Harbour is one of the more successful pieces of dockland regeneration, with much of the dockside now occupied by residential, office and cultural premises, and the water area heavily used by leisure craft. The Floating Harbour gave the port an advantage by enabling shipping to stay afloat rather than grounding when the tide went down. Downstream of central Bristol the river passes through the deep [[Avon Gorge]], spanned by Brunel's [[Clifton Suspension Bridge]], the river is [[tidal]] and is navigable by sea going vessels at [[high tide]] but drying to a steep sided muddy channel at [[low tide]]. It was largely the challenge of navigating this section that sealed the fate of the Floating Harbour as commercial docks, and saw them replaced by docks at [[Avonmouth]] where the Avon joins the [[Severn estuary]]. |
In central Bristol, where the river is [[tide|tidal]], it is diverted from its original course onto the [[New Cut (Bristol)|New Cut]], a channel dug between 1804 and 1809 at a cost of [[Pound Sterling|£]]600,000.<ref name="buchanan">{{cite journal|last=Buchanan|first=R. A.|date=1969|title=The Construction of the Floating Harbour in Bristol, 1804-9|journal=Transactions|publisher=Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society|volume=88|pages=196|url=http://www2.glos.ac.uk/bgas/tbgas/v088/bg088184.pdf|accessdate=2009-08-14}}</ref> The original course is held at a constant level by [[canal lock|lock gates]] (designed by [[William Jessop|Jessop]]) and is known as the [[Bristol Harbour|Floating Harbour]]. The Floating Harbour is protected by a 1870s replacement for Jessop's [[lock (water transport)|locks]]. This unusual dock has a tentacled plan resulting from its origins as the natural river course of the Avon and its [[tributary]], the [[River Frome, Bristol|River Frome]], and is intimately entwined with Bristol's city centre as few docks are. As a result of this, the Floating Harbour is one of the more successful pieces of dockland regeneration, with much of the dockside now occupied by residential, office and cultural premises, and the water area heavily used by leisure craft. The Floating Harbour gave the port an advantage by enabling shipping to stay afloat rather than grounding when the tide went down. Downstream of central Bristol the river passes through the deep [[Avon Gorge]], spanned by Brunel's [[Clifton Suspension Bridge]], the river is [[tidal]] and is navigable by sea going vessels at [[high tide]] but drying to a steep sided muddy channel at [[low tide]]. It was largely the challenge of navigating this section that sealed the fate of the Floating Harbour as commercial docks, and saw them replaced by docks at [[Avonmouth]] where the Avon joins the [[Severn estuary]]. |
Revision as of 09:17, 8 December 2009
The River Avon (Template:Pron-en) is a river in the south west of England. Because of a number of other Rivers Avon in England, this river is often also known as the Lower Avon or Bristol Avon. The name Avon is a cognate of the Welsh word afon meaning "river" (f is pronounced as v in Welsh).
The Avon rises near Chipping Sodbury in Gloucestershire, dividing into two before merging again and flowing through Wiltshire. In its lower reaches from Bath to the River Severn at Avonmouth near Bristol the river is navigable and known as the Avon Navigation.
Etymology
The name Avon is a cognate of the Welsh word afon meaning "river" (f is pronounced as v in Welsh). "River Avon", therefore, literally means "River River". This explains why several English rivers have the name Avon.[1] The County of Avon that existed from 1974 to 1996 covering the Avon valley, including Bristol and Bath, was named after the river.
Course
The Avon rises near Chipping Sodbury in Gloucestershire, between the villages of Old Sodbury and Acton Turville. Running a somewhat circular path, the river drains east and then south through Wiltshire. Its first main settlement is the village of Luckington, two miles (3 km) inside the Wiltshire border, and then on to Sherston. At Malmesbury it joins up with its first major tributary, the Tetbury Avon, which rises just north of Tetbury in Gloucestershire. This tributary is known locally as the Ingleburn, which in Old English means 'English river'. Here, the two rivers almost meet but their path is blocked by a rocky outcrop of the Cotswolds, almost creating an island for the ancient hilltop town of Malmesbury to sit on.
After the two rivers merge, the Avon then turns south east away from the Cotswolds and then quickly south into the clay Dauntsey Vale until it reaches the biggest town so far, Chippenham. The wide vale is now known as the Avon Vale, and the river flows on via Lacock to Melksham, then turns north-west through Bradford on Avon, where the centre of the town grew up around the ford across the river Avon, hence the origin of the town's name ("Broad-Ford"). This was supplemented in Norman times by the stone bridge that still stands today. The Norman side is upstream, and has pointed arches; the newer side has curved arches. The Town Bridge and Chapel is a grade I listed building. It was originally a Packhorse bridge, but widened in 17th century by rebuilding the western side.[2] On the bridge stands a small building which was originally a chapel but later used as a town lockup.
The Avon Valley between Bradford on Avon and Bath is a classic geographical example of a valley with all four forms of ground transport is found: road, rail, river, canal. The river passes under the Avoncliff and Dundas Aqueducts. Avoncliff Aqueduct was built by John Rennie and chief engineer John Thomas, between 1797 and 1801. The aqueduct consists of three arches and is 110 yards long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18.3 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10.4 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The spandrel and wing walls are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks.[3] The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times.[4] The Dundas Aqueduct was built by the same team between 1797 and 1801 and completed in 1805. James McIlquham was appointed contractor.[5] The aqueduct is 150 yards (137.2 m) long with three arches built of Bath Stone, with Doric pilasters, and balustrades at each end.[6] The central semicircular arch spans 64 feet (19.5 m); the two oval side arches span 20 feet (6.1 m).[7] It is a grade I listed building,[8] and was the first canal structure to be designated as an Scheduled Ancient Monument in 1951. The stretch of river below and above the aqueduct is used by Monkton Combe School Boat Club (Monkton Bluefriars) up to six days a week,[9] since at least the 1960s.
It then flows past Claverton Pumping Station, which pumped water from the River Avon into the canal, using power from the flow of the river. The pumping station is located in a pump house built of Bath Stone, located at river level. Water is diverted from the river by Warleigh Weir, about 200 yd (180 m) upstream. The water flows down a leat to the pumping station, where it powers a water wheel, 24 ft (7.3 m) wide and 17 ft (5.2 m) in diameter, with 48 wooden slats. At full power the wheel uses 2 tons (2 tonnes) of water per second and rotates five times a minute.[10] The water wheel drives gearing which increases the speed to 16 rpm. From here, cranks drive vertical connecting rods which transfer the energy to two 18 ft (5.5 m) long cast iron rocking beams. Each rocking beam in turn drives an 18 in (0.5 m) diameter lift pump, which also take their supply from the mill leat. Each pump stroke raises 50 imperial gallons (230 litres) of water to the canal.[10] In 1981, British Waterways installed two 75 horsepower (56 kW) electric pumps just upstream from the station and presented the diesel pump to the Kennet and Avon Canal trust for preservation.[11]
![A three arch stone bridge with buildings on it, over water. Below the bridge is a three step weir and pleasure boat.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pulteney_bridge_in_Bath_view_from_south_before_noon.jpg/220px-Pulteney_bridge_in_Bath_view_from_south_before_noon.jpg)
The Avon then flows through Bath passing under Cleveland and Pulteney Bridges and over the weir. Cleveland Bridge was built in 1826[12] by William Hazledine, owner of the Coalbrookdale Ironworks, with Henry Goodridge as the architect,[13] on the site of a Roman ferry crossing. Named after the 3rd Duke of Cleveland, it spans the River Avon at Bathwick, and enabled further development of Georgian Bath to take place on the south side of the river. It was designed by architect Henry Goodridge to take the traffic of his day, horse drawn vehicles and pedestrians, and was constructed using Bath Stone and a cast iron arched span. Pulteney Bridge was completed in 1773 and is designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building.[14] The bridge was designed by Robert Adam, whose working drawings are preserved in the Sir John Soane's Museum,[14] and is one of only four bridges in the world with shops across the full span on both sides.[15] It is named after Frances Pulteney, heiress in 1767 of the Bathwick estate across the river from Bath. Pulteney approached the brothers Robert and James Adam with his new town in mind, but Robert Adam then became involved in the design of the bridge. In his hands the simple construction envisaged by Pulteney became an elegant structure lined with shops. Adam had visited both Florence and Venice, where he would have seen the Ponte Vecchio and the Ponte di Rialto. But Adam's design more closely followed Andrea Palladio's rejected design for the Rialto.[15] Pulteney Bridge stood for less than 20 years in the form that Adam created. In 1792 alterations to enlarge the shops marred the elegance of the façades. Floods in 1799 and 1800 wrecked the north side of the bridge, which had been constructed with inadequate support. It was rebuilt by John Pinch senior, surveyor to the Pulteney estate, in a less ambitious version of Adam's design. 19th-century shopkeepers altered windows, or cantilevered out over the river as the fancy took them. The western end pavilion on the south side was demolished in 1903 for road widening and its replacement was not an exact match. In 1936 the bridge became scheduled as a national monument, with plans being made for the restoration of the original façade. The restoration was completed in time for the Festival of Britain in 1951,[16] with further work being carried out in 1975.[15] In 2009 Bath and North East Somerset council put forward plans to ban vehicles from the bridge and turn it into a pedestrianised zone.[17]
The river is then joined by the Kennet and Avon Canal which connects with the Avon just below the weir at Bath Locks. Together with the Kennet Navigation and the River Thames it provides a through route for canal boats from Bristol to London. From this point downstream it is known as the Avon Navigation.
Navigation
The Avon then flows through Keynsham towards Bristol. For much of its course after leaving Wiltshire, it marks the traditional boundary between Somerset and Gloucestershire. For most of this distance the navigation makes use of the natural river bed, with six locks overcoming a rise of 30 feet (9 m). From Bath to Netham Lock where it divides into the New Cut and the Floating Harbour is 12 miles (19 km). The stretch is made navigable by the use of locks and weirs.
Weston Lock on the outskirts of Bath is in what now forms the Newbridge. Weston cut is a man made channel, opened in 1727, for boats to approach and pass through Weston lock, which created an island between the cut and the river weir, which became known as Dutch island after the owner of the brass mill established on the river side in the early 18th century.[4]
Kelston Lock and weir have permanent moorings above and below them. The Riverside Inn and Saltford Marina are also close by. Saltford Lock and weir are overlooked by the remains of the Kelston Brass Mill, which was working until 1925. It is a grade II listed building.[18] Alongside the lock is a pub, whose garden extends over the lock to the small island between the lock and weir. The lock was opened in 1727 and destroyed in 1738 by rival coal dealers to stop the use of the river for transportation.[4] In its heyday, between 1709 and 1859 Swineford had an active brass and copper industry around the Swineford Lock which were served by the river which also provided water power for the cloth industry.[4]Keynsham Lock opened in 1727.[4] Just above the lock are some visitor moorings and a pub, on an island between the lock and the weir. The weir side of the island is also the mouth of the River Chew. Hanham is the last tidal lock.[19]
Netham lock is the point at Netham in Bristol at which boats from the River Avon, gain access to Bristol's Floating Harbour. Construction started in 1804 to build the tidal New Cut and divert the River Avon along the Feeder Canal to the harbour; a system designed and built by William Jessop and later improved by Isambard Kingdom Brunel.[20] A weir carries the river into the New Cut and boats use the adjacent lock. Access to the harbour is only possible during the day when the lock keeper will open the gates unless the water level in the river between Netham and Hanham is above or below the level of the harbour.[21] Netham Lock and the weir form part of Bristol's flood defence mechanisms and it was announced in December 2008 that they would be upgraded as part of the £11 million City Docks Capital Project.[22]
![A yellow water taxi on the water between stone quaysides. The far bank has large buildings and in the distance is a three arch bridge.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bristol_harbour_arp_750pix.jpg/220px-Bristol_harbour_arp_750pix.jpg)
In central Bristol, where the river is tidal, it is diverted from its original course onto the New Cut, a channel dug between 1804 and 1809 at a cost of £600,000.[23] The original course is held at a constant level by lock gates (designed by Jessop) and is known as the Floating Harbour. The Floating Harbour is protected by a 1870s replacement for Jessop's locks. This unusual dock has a tentacled plan resulting from its origins as the natural river course of the Avon and its tributary, the River Frome, and is intimately entwined with Bristol's city centre as few docks are. As a result of this, the Floating Harbour is one of the more successful pieces of dockland regeneration, with much of the dockside now occupied by residential, office and cultural premises, and the water area heavily used by leisure craft. The Floating Harbour gave the port an advantage by enabling shipping to stay afloat rather than grounding when the tide went down. Downstream of central Bristol the river passes through the deep Avon Gorge, spanned by Brunel's Clifton Suspension Bridge, the river is tidal and is navigable by sea going vessels at high tide but drying to a steep sided muddy channel at low tide. It was largely the challenge of navigating this section that sealed the fate of the Floating Harbour as commercial docks, and saw them replaced by docks at Avonmouth where the Avon joins the Severn estuary.
Before reaching its mouth it passes under the Avonmouth Bridge which carries the M5 motorway. The main span is 538 ft (164 m) long, and the bridge is 4,554 ft (1,388 m) long, with an air draught above mean high water level of 98.4 ft (30 m). The river then serves two major dock areas. The Royal Portbury Dock on the southern side of the mouth of the river. The deepwater dock was constructed between 1972 and 1977, and is now a major port for the import of motor vehicles. The Royal Portbury Dock has the largest entrance lock into any UK port, accommodating vessels up to 41 m (135 ft) beam, 290 m (951 ft) length and 14.5 m (48 ft) draft. The Avonmouth Docks are on the north side of the river and are one of the UK's major ports for chilled foods, especially fruit and vegetables. The first dock at Avonmouth, Avonmouth Old Dock, was opened in 1877. It was acquired by the Bristol Corporation in 1884. In 1908, a much larger dock, the Royal Edward Dock, was opened. The docks form part of the Port of Bristol and were operated by the Port of Bristol Authority, part of Bristol City Council, until 1991, when the council granted a 150 year lease to the Bristol Port Company.
Biodiversity
The river is important for its dragonfly communities, with a strong population of Scarce Chaser (found in only six other areas in England),[24] together with a strong population of White-legged Damselfly.[25] Red-eyed Damselfly is also found.
The river is also important for aquatic plants, including Loddon Pondweed.
The Avon Gorge has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest because it supports some rare fauna and flora, including species unique to the gorge. There are a total of 24 rare plant species and two unique trees: the Bristol and Wilmotts's whitebeams.[26] Other notable plants include Bristol rock cress,[27] Bristol onion,[27] Spiked Speedwell,[28] Autumn Squill[28] and Honewort.[29] .[30] Other areas along the river which have this designation include Bickley Wood,[31] Cleeve Wood, Hanham for its large population of Bath Asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum).[32] Stidham Farm near Keynsham contains at least At least 2 metres (7 ft) of Pleistocene terrace-gravels, consisting of limestone clasts mainly, but also with Millstone Grit, Pennant Sandstone, flint and chert clasts. The site is of considerable importance for studies relating to the possible glaciation of the area, and of the terrace stratigraphy, particularly as it is one of only two accessible terrace deposits in this part of the Avon valley.[33] Newton Saint Loe is also listed for geological reasons as it represents the only remaining known exposure of fossiliferous Pleistocene gravels along the River Avon. In conjunction with other sites within the wider area, they have aided the development of a scientific understanding of the history of early glaciation within South West England.[34]
At Horseshoe Bend, Shirehampton the wooded cliff and a narrow salt marsh are supported by rocks of Devonian sandstone and Carboniferous limestone, overlain by with Triassic Dolomitic conglomerate. The site's principal interest and the reason for its designation as an SSSI is the presence of a population of the True Service-tree (Sorbus domestica) growing on the cliffs. This tree is nationally rare in Britain, and this site hosts the largest known population in England. Other notable species of Sorbus here are the whitebeams Sorbus eminens and Sorbus anglica, both of which are also nationally rare in Britain. The nationally scarce Large-leaved Lime (Tilia platyphyllos) also occurs, and herbs include Field Garlic (Allium oleraceum) and Pale St. John's-wort (Hypericum montanum). The saltmarsh vegetation, which lies at the base of the cliff, is predominantly made up of Sea Aster (Aster tripolium) and English Scurvygrass (Cochlearia anglica). There are however two nationally scarce vascular plant species here as well - Slender Hare's-ear (Bupleurum tenuissimum) and Long-stalked Orache (Atriplex longipes).[35]
The tidal reaches of the River Avon provide habitat for waterbirds, with 64 species having been recorded up to 2004,[36] including 21 species of shorebird,[37] and 13 species of gull.[38]
History
The river Avon had been navigable from Bristol to Bath during the early years of the 13th century but construction of mills on the river forced its closure.[39]
The Bristol Avon Navigation was constructed between 1724 and 1727, following legislation passed by Queen Anne,[40] by a company of proprietors and the engineer John Hore of Newbury. The first cargo of 'Deal boards, Pig-Lead and Meal' arrived in Bath in December 1727.[4] It is now administered by British Waterways.
References
- ^
Mac an Tàilleir, Iain (2003). "placenamesA-B" (pdf). Scottish Parliament. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
"Avon" is a common element in the Celtic languages denoting a river and is found as abhainn in Gaelic and Irish and afon in Welsh
- ^ "The Town Bridge and Chapel". Images of England. Retrieved 2006-08-24.
- ^ "Avoncliff Aqueduct". Avoncliff. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
- ^ a b c d e f Allsop, Niall (1987). The Kennet & Avon Canal. Bath: Millstream Book. ISBN 0-948975-15-6.
- ^ Cragg, Roger (1997). Wales and West Central England: Wales and West Central England, 2nd Edition. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0727725769.
- ^ Pearson, Michael (2003). Kennet & Avon Middle Thames:Pearson's Canal Companion. Rugby: Central Waterways Supplies. ISBN 0-907864-97-X.
- ^ "Dundas Aqueduct". Kennet & Avon Canal. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
- ^ "Dundas Aqueduct". Images of England. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
- ^ "Dundas Wharf Project". Claverton Pumping Station. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
- ^ a b Warwick Danks (ed) (2003). Claverton Pumping Station (A Definitive Study). Kennet & Avon Canal Trust. ISBN 0-9501173-4-X.
{{cite book}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ Roger Cragg (1997). Wales and West Central England: Wales and West Central England, 2nd Edition. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0727725769.
- ^ Inscription on bridge
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
IoE
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Pulteney Bridge". Images of England. English Heritage. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ a b c "Pulteney Bridge". Bath Past. Jean Manco. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
- ^ "Pulteney Bridge Information". Pulteney Bridge.com. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "Suggestion on Pulteney Bridge pedestrianisation". Bath and North East Somerset Council. 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
- ^ "Remains of 2 Annealing Ovens". Images of England. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
- ^ Pearson, Michael (2003). Kennet & Avon Middle Thames:Pearson's Canal Companion. Rugby: Central Waterways Supplies. ISBN 0-907864-97-X.
- ^ Clensy, David (14 June 2008). "Lock, stock and a barrel of fun" (fee required). Western Daily Press, archived at Nexis. Bristol United Press. p. 4. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
- ^ "Navigation of Floating Harbour and Feeder Canal". Marine and waterway services. Bristol City Council. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
- ^ Staff writer (12 December 2008). "Work starts to secure bristol's floating harbour" (fee required). Bristol Evening Post, archived at Nexis. Bristol United Press. p. 15. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
- ^ Buchanan, R. A. (1969). "The Construction of the Floating Harbour in Bristol, 1804-9" (PDF). Transactions. 88. Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society: 196. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ "The Scarce Chaser Libellula fulva Müller". British Dragonfly Society. Retrieved 07 December 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ "Odonata of Brandon Marsh". The Wildlife Trusts. Retrieved 07 December 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ BBC Bristol, "The Avon Gorge - Bristol's Great Glacier?" Accessed 2006-05-05.
- ^ a b Avon Wildlife Trust, "The wildlife and habitats of Avon." Accessed 2009-03-24.
- ^ a b Leivers, Mandy. "Discover the wildlife of the Avon Gorge & Downs". Bristol Zoo. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
- ^ Myles (2000), page 161
- ^ "SSSI citation sheet for Avon Gorge" (PDF). English Nature. Retrieved 07 December 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ "SSSI citation sheet for Bickley Wood" (PDF). English Nature. Retrieved 07 December 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ "SSSI citation sheet for Cleeve Wood, Hanham" (PDF). English Nature. Retrieved 07 December 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ English Nature citation sheet for the site (accessed 13 July 2006)
- ^ "SSSI citation sheet for Newton St Loe" (PDF). English Nature. Retrieved 07 December 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ "SSSI citation sheet for Horseshoe Bend, Shirehampton" (PDF). English Nature. Retrieved 07 December 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ Rogers, M. A. (2004) Waterbirds of the Tidal Avon at Sea Mills Reach Bristol Ornithology 27: 45-52
- ^ Rogers, M. A. (2002) Waders of the Tidal Avon at Sea Mills Reach Bristol Ornithology 26: 3-22
- ^ Rogers, M. A. (2002) Gulls of the Tidal Avon Bristol Ornithology 26: 23-36
- ^ "The Kennet and Avon Museum, Devizes". Kennet and Avon Canal Trust. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
- ^ "Navigation of the river Avon". Bristol History.com. Retrieved 2006-09-22.
See also
- Other Rivers Avon
- Photograph of the Clifton Suspension Bridge from Brunel Way
- Photograph of the estuary at Avonmouth
- Rivers of the United Kingdom
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)