Duchy of Saint Sava: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|1448–1482 polity in Southeast Europe}}

{{Multiple issues|

{{Disputed|date=March 2021}}{{Undue weight|date=February 2023}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox Former country

| conventional_long_name = Duchy of Saint Sava

| common_name = Saint Sava

| era = [[Late Medieval]]

| year_start = 1448

| event_start =

| date_start =

| year_end = 1482

| event_end =

| date_end =

| p1 =

| s1 = Sanjak of Herzegovina

| image_flag = Flag from the Kosaca COA crest.svg

| image_coat = Kosačegrb.png

| image_map = Stefan Vukcic and the war in Zeta 1441.jpg

| image_map_caption = War in Zeta (1441–1444). Duchy of Stephen Vukcic Kosaca annexed Upper Zeta. Conquered the city of Bar, with the fortress (now Old Bar) in Lower Zeta.

| capital = [[Blagaj Fortress|Blagaj]]

| largest_city = [[Herceg-Novi]]

| government_type = [[Feudalism|Feudal state]]

| today = {{ubl|[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]|[[Croatia]]|[[Montenegro]]|[[Serbia]]}}

| life_span = 1448–1482

}}

{{History of Herzegovina}}

{{History of Bosnia}}

'''Duchy of Saint Sava'''{{sfn|Miller|1923|p=574}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=j5DWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22duchy+of+st+sava%22 Encyclopædia Britannica, t. 15 (1953), p. 756.]</ref>{{sfn|Pitcher|1972|p=71}}{{sfn|Zlatar|1992|p=374, 414}}{{sfn|Nicol|1997|p=XV}}{{sfn|Kozličić|Bratanić|Uglešić|2011|p=35|ps=: "Herzegovina’s real name was Duchy of St. Sava (Ducatus Sancti Sabbae)"}} ({{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Vojvodstvo Svetog Save|Војводство Светог Саве}}) was a [[late medieval]] polity in [[southeastern Europe]], that existed from 1448 up to 1482, when it was absorbed by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. It was ruled by the [[Kosača noble family]], who held the title "Duke of Saint Sava" ({{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Herceg od Svetog Save|Херцег од Светог Саве}}). Their domains included southern parts of modern-day [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], extending to southern parts of modern-day coastal [[Croatia]], northwestern [[Montenegro]] and southwestern [[Serbia]]. Its founder, [[Stjepan Vukčić Kosača]] (duke since 1448), titled himself [[Herceg (title)|Herceg]] of [[Saint Sava]],{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=578}}{{sfn|Bataković|1996|p=21}}{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=106}}{{sfn|Bataković|2005|p=82}}{{sfn|Behmen|2009|p=208}} a title which would later give rise to the new name to the region: [[Herzegovina]], and will be also used by the Ottomans as ''Hersek Sancağı'' (Sanjak of the Herzeg), designating the [[Sanjak of Herzegovina]].{{sfn|Šabanović|1959|p=44-46}}

In various sources, and historiographical traditions, the name of the duchy is recorded or used in several forms, varying mostly in the way the name of [[Saint Sava]] is spelled in different languages: {{lang-la|Ducatus Sancti Sabbae}},{{sfn|Fresne|1746|p=126}}{{sfn|Zirdum|1977|p=196}} {{lang-it|Ducato di San Sabba}},{{sfn|Orbini|1601|p=380-382}} {{lang-de|Herzogtum des hl. Sava}}.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xGBECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA336 Vogel, Walther (1925): Dan neue Europa und seine historisch-geografischen Grudlagen. Paderborn: Salzwasser Verlag], p. 336.</ref> In English historiography, forms such as the "Duchy of Saint Sava" or "Duchy of St. Sava" were used since the 19th century.{{sfn|Evans|1876|p=LI, 217, 300, 302}}

==History==

{{see|Kingdom of Bosnia}}

Until the 14th century, most regions of the later Duchy of Saint Sava were part of [[medieval Serbia]],{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=160}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=8, 203}} and then part of the [[medieval Bosnia]],{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=62}} that reached its high under [[Stephen Tvrtko I]] (d. 1391), king of Serbs, Bosnia and Maritime.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/35567380/Konkordancijski_rjecnik_cirilskih_povelja_srednjovjekovne_Bosne Nakaš, Lejla (2011): Konkordancijski rječnik ćirilskih povelja srednjovjekovne Bosne], p. 42-49.</ref> At its greatest extent, under [[Stjepan Vukčić Kosača]], and later his son [[Vladislav Hercegović|Vladislav]], the [[Kosača]] noble family ruled the territories that included significant part of modern-day [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and extended to parts of modern-day coastal [[Croatia]], northwestern [[Montenegro]] and southeastern part of modern [[Serbia]]. Stjepan titled himself "[[Herceg (title)|Herceg]] of Saint Sava", after the first [[Serbian Archbishop]], [[Saint Sava]]. The title is of [[German language|German]] origin, ''[[Herzog]]'' ("[[Duke]]"), and it was used as an equivalent to the South Slavic title ''[[Vojvoda]]''.{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=106, 108}}<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/35567380/Konkordancijski_rjecnik_cirilskih_povelja_srednjovjekovne_Bosne Nakaš, Lejla (2011): Konkordancijski rječnik ćirilskih povelja srednjovjekovne Bosne], p. 113-114, 118-125, 129-132, 135-139.</ref> Stjepan's title of Duke (Herceg) would later give the name to the present-day region of [[Herzegovina]], as the Ottomans used the term "''Hersek Sancağı''" (Sanjak of the Herzeg) for the newly formed [[Sanjak of Herzegovina]].

On 15 February 1444, Stephen signed a treaty with [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso V]], [[Crown of Aragon|King of Aragon and Naples]], becoming his vassal in exchange for the king's help against Stjepan's enemies, namely King [[Stephen Thomas of Bosnia]], Duke Ivaniš Pavlović and the [[Republic of Venice]]. In the same treaty Stjepan promised to pay regular tribute to Alfonso instead of his tribute to the Ottoman sultan, which he had done up until then. In a document sent to [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III]] on 20 January 1448, Stephen Vukčić Kosača styled himself ''"Vojvoda'' (duke, herzog) ''of [[Saint Sava]]"'', ''"Lord of Hum and the Coast"'', and ''"Grand Duke"'', and forced the Bosnian king to recognize him as such. The title "Duke of Saint Sava" had considerable public relations value, because Sava's relics, which were located in [[Mileševa]], were considered miracle-working by people of all Christian faiths in the region.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=578}} This significantly improved relations between Stjepan and the Serbian Despot [[Đurađ Branković]], as they formed an alliance the same year and conquered Višegrad and Srebrnica from the Bosnian crown.

In 1451, Stjepan attacked Dubrovnik, and laid siege to the city. He had earlier been made a Ragusan nobleman and, consequently, the Ragusan government now proclaimed him a traitor. A reward of 15,000 [[ducat]]s, a palace in Dubrovnik worth 2,000 ducats, and an annual income of 300 ducats was offered to anyone who would kill him, along with the promise of hereditary Ragusan nobility which also helped hold this promise to whoever did the deed. Stjepan was so scared by the threat that he finally raised the siege.{{sfn|Krekić|1978|p=388–389}}

Stjepan Vukčić died in 1466, and was succeeded by his eldest son [[Vladislav Hercegović]]. In 1482 he was overpowered by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces led by Stjepan Vukčić's youngest son, Hersekli Ahmed Pasha, who converted to [[Islam]] prior to that. In the Ottoman Empire, Herzegovina was organized as a part ([[sanjak]]) within the province ([[pashaluk]]) of Bosnia. Stjepan founded the [[Serbian Orthodox]] {{ill|Zagrađe Monastery|sr|Manastir Zagrađe}} near his realm's seat in [[Sokol Fortress (Piva)|Sokol Fortress]], modern-day [[Old Herzegovina|northwestern Montenegro]], and the [[Savina monastery (Montenegro)|Savina Monastery]], near [[Herceg Novi]] in the [[Bay of Kotor]]. Their successors kept the title "Duke of Saint Sava" and used it until the extinction of Kosača family.{{sfn|Behmen|2009|p=209}}{{sfn|Pálosfalvi|2014|p=153}}{{sfn|Pálosfalvi|2018|p=211, 222, 456}}

==Rulers==

* [[Stjepan Vukčić Kosača]], 1435–1466

* [[Vladislav Hercegović]] and [[Vlatko Hercegović]], 1466–1482

* [[Balša Hercegović]] (in title)

==See also==

* [[Zachlumia]]

* [[Old Herzegovina]]

* [[Ottoman conquest of Bosnia]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Sources==

{{refbegin|2}}

* {{Cite book|last=Bataković|first=Dušan T.|author-link=Dušan T. Bataković|title=The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics|date=1996|location=Paris|publisher=Dialogue|isbn=9782911527104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wB-5AAAAIAAJ}}

* {{Cite book|editor-last=Bataković|editor-first=Dušan T.|editor-link=Dušan T. Bataković|title=Histoire du peuple serbe|date=2005|location=Lausanne|publisher=L’Age d’Homme|isbn=9782825119587|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC}}

* {{Cite journal|last=Behmen|first=Goran|title=The Character of Law and Authority in Medieval Bosnia|journal=Survey: Periodical for Social Studies|year=2009|volume=50|number=1|pages=197–212|url=http://pregled.unsa.ba/new/images/stories/arhiva/2009/Survey_2009.pdf}}

* {{Cite book|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|author-link=Sima Ćirković|year=2004|title=The Serbs|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=9781405142915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC}}

* {{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Arthur J.|author-link=Arthur J. Evans|title=Through Bosnia and the Herzegóvina on Foot During the Insurrection|year=1876|edition=1st|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green and CO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RV1puRwQvR8C}}

* {{Cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century|year=1991|orig-year=1983|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472081497|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C}}

* {{Cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|year=1994|orig-year=1987|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472082604|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC}}

* {{Cite book|last=Fresne|first=Charles du|author-link=Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange|title=Illyricum vetus & novum, siue, Historia regnorum Dalmatiae, Croatiae, Slavoniae, Bosniae, Serviae, atque Bulgariae|year=1746|publisher=Typis Hæredum Royerianorum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeZWAAAAcAAJ}}

* {{Cite book|editor-last=Ivić|editor-first=Pavle|editor-link=Pavle Ivić|title=The History of Serbian Culture|year=1995|location=Edgware|publisher=Porthill Publishers|isbn=9781870732314|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nItAQAAIAAJ}}

* {{Cite journal|last1=Kozličić|first1=Mithad|last2=Bratanić|first2=Mateo|last3=Uglešić|first3=Sanda|title=The demarcation between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Una region from the 17th to the 20th century according to original cartographic material|journal=Geoadria|year=2011|volume=16|number=1|pages=27–91|doi=10.15291/geoadria.269|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/106877|doi-access=free}}

* {{Cite journal|last=Krekić|first=Bariša|title=Contributions of Foreigners to Dubrovnik's Economic Growth in the Late Middle Ages|journal=Viator|year=1978|volume=9|pages=385–404|doi=10.1525/9780520327320-019|isbn=9780520327320|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520327320-019}}

* {{Cite book|last=Miller|first=William|author-link=William Miller (historian)|chapter=The Balkan States, II: The Turkish Conquest (1355-1483)|title=The Cambridge Medieval History|volume=4|year=1923|location=Cambridge|publisher=University Press|pages=552–593|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8pDAQAAMAAJ}}

* {{Cite book|editor-last=Nicol|editor-first=Donald M.|editor-link=Donald M. Nicol|title=Theodore Spandounes: On the Origins of the Ottoman Emperors|year=1997|location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521585101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEvWBG6Ct3YC}}

* {{Cite book|last=Orbini|first=Mauro|author-link=Mauro Orbini|title=Il Regno de gli Slavi hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni|year=1601|location=Pesaro|publisher=Apresso Girolamo Concordia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx3OntcdUkQC}}

* {{Cite journal|last=Pálosfalvi|first=Tamás|title=The Noble Elite in the County of Körös (Križevci) 1400-1526|journal=Monography |year=2014|location=Budapest|publisher=MTA Bölcsészetudományi Kutatóközpont Történetudományi Intézet|url=https://www.academia.edu/37998604}}

* {{Cite book|last=Pálosfalvi|first=Tamás|title=From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389-1526|year=2018|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004375659|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJByDwAAQBAJ}}

* {{Cite book|last=Pitcher|first=Donald E.|title=An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century|year=1972|orig-year=1968|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ}}

* {{Cite book|last=Šabanović|first=Hazim|title=Bosanski pašaluk: Postanak i upravna podjela|year=1959|location=Sarajevo|publisher=Naučno društvo Bosne i Hercegovine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkQQAAAAIAAJ}}

* {{Cite book|editor-last=Zirdum|editor-first=Andrija|title=Filip Lastrić: Pregled starina Bosanske provincije|year=1977|location=Sarajevo|publisher=Veselin Masleša|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9AAAAAAMAAJ}}

* {{Cite book|last=Zlatar|first=Zdenko|title=Our Kingdom Come: The Counter-Reformation, the Republic of Dubrovnik, and the Liberation of the Balkan Slavs|year=1992|location=Boulder|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=9780880332392|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGRpAAAAMAAJ}}

{{refend}}

{{Historical regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Sava, Duchy of}}

[[Category:Historical counties of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]

[[Category:Kingdom of Bosnia]]

[[Category:Ottoman period in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]

[[Category:15th century in the Ottoman Empire]]

[[Category:1448 establishments in Europe]]

[[Category:1482 disestablishments in Europe]]

[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1440s]]

[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1480s]]