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{{Short description|German holocaust victim (1887–1943)}} |
{{Short description|German holocaust victim (1887–1943)}} |
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{{notability|date=February 2023}} |
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{{Use American English|date=December 2022}} |
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}} |
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}} |
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| birth_name = |
| birth_name = |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|8|30}}<ref name="Nick 2019">{{cite book |last1=Nick |first1=I. M. |title=Personal Names, Hitler, and the Holocaust |date=2019 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |isbn=9781498525985 |page=376 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1e-YDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Alice+Simon%22++holocaust&pg=PA376 |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref> |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|8|30}} |
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| birth_place = [[Poznań, Poland]] |
| birth_place = [[Poznań, Poland]] |
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| death_date = {{circa|August |
| death_date = {{circa|August 11–13, 1943}} |
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| alma_mater = |
| alma_mater = |
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| occupation = |
| occupation = |
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| years_active = |
| years_active = |
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| spouse = {{marriage|Herbert Simon| |
| spouse = {{marriage|Herbert Simon|1920}} |
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| father = Arnold Remak |
| father = Arnold Remak |
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| mother = Hedwig Löwe |
| mother = Hedwig Löwe |
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| children = Carl (son), Hedda (daughter) |
| children = Carl (son), Hedda (daughter) |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Alice Simon''' ({{née|Remak}}; August 30, 1887 – {{circa|August |
'''Alice Simon''' ({{née|Remak}}; August 30, 1887 – {{circa|August 11–13, 1943}}) was a German woman of Polish and Jewish ancestry, who was killed by the Nazis during [[The Holocaust in Poland|The Holocaust]]. Her remains were later identified as part of the [[Jewish skull collection]], and she is commemorated with a [[Stolperstein]] in front of her former home in [[Berlin]]. |
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== Biography == |
== Biography == |
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⚫ | Alice Simon was born '''Alice Remak''' on August 30, 1887 in Poland.<ref name="Nick 2019"/> She was born in [[Poznań|Posen]] into a Jewish family counting three generations of scientists [[Robert Remak|Robert]], [[Ernst Remak|Ernst]] and [[Robert Remak (mathematician)|Robert Remak Jr.]], killed at [[Auschwitz]] in 1942. |
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=== Family === |
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⚫ | |||
She had two siblings, and her parents separated when she was ten after her mother decided to move with the children to Charlottenburg, Berlin due to anti-semitism in Poland.<ref name="Nick 2019"/> As an adult in Berlin, she worked as a secretary for Herbert Simon, a lawyer who was also an immigrant from Poland.<ref name="Nick 2019"/> They both converted to Protestantism and were baptized before getting married on August 2, 1920.<ref name="Nick 2019"/> They had twin children the next year.<ref name="Nick 2019"/> Her husband died at age 55<ref name="Nick 2019"/> in 1936.<ref name=Stingl /> |
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Her children emigrated to [[Michigan]]. Her son Carl settled in [[Wisconsin]], where he became first executive of the Presbytery of [[Milwaukee]].<ref name=Stingl /> |
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=== World War II === |
=== World War II === |
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Simon sent her children to England but remained in Berlin to care for her mother-in-law.<ref name=Stingl /> The last time she saw her children was during a visit to England in 1938.<ref name=Stingl /> Her son emigrated to the United States in 1939, without knowing what happened to his mother.<ref name=Stingl /> |
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⚫ | Simon was sent to [[Auschwitz]], and left that concentration camp alive but was killed days later in the gas chamber at the [[Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp]], in August 1943.<ref name=Stingl /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rheinpfalz.de/kultur_artikel,-der-struthof-und-seine-gaskammer-k%C3%BCnftig-gedenkort-mit-ausstellung-_arid,5434977.html | title=Der Struthof und seine Gaskammer: Künftig gedenkort mit Ausstellung - Elsass | date=November 26, 2022 }}</ref> The Nazis planned to create a museum display of [[Jewish skull collection|Jewish skulls]] for Professor [[August Hirt]] of the [[Reichsuniversität Straßburg]].<ref name=Stingl/><ref name="Weindling">{{cite book |last1=Weindling |first1=Paul |title=Victims and Survivors of Nazi Human Experiments |date=2014 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=9781441189301 |pages=154–155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rg-dBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Alice+Simon%22++holocaust&pg=PA155 |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref> Simon was one of the 86 victims.<ref name=Stingl>{{Cite web|author=Jim Stingl|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/holocaust-victims-granddaughters-to-track-her-tragic-fate-in-europe-b99500750z1-304019621.html|title=Granddaughters track Holocaust victim's tragic fate|website=www.jsonline.com}}</ref><ref name="Weindling"/> |
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=== After the war === |
=== After the war === |
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For many years only a single victim—Menachem Taffel—had been positively identified through the efforts of [[Serge and Beate Klarsfeld]]. In 2003, [[Hans-Joachim Lang]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/07/22/remains-of-holocaust-victims-used-as-guinea-pigs-found-at-french-forensic-institute/ |title=Remains of Holocaust experiment victims found at French forensic institute |first1=Lindsey |last1=Bever |date=July 22, 2015 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113211002/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/07/22/remains-of-holocaust-victims-used-as-guinea-pigs-found-at-french-forensic-institute/ |archive-date=November 13, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> a German professor at the [[University of Tübingen]], succeeded in identifying all the victims by comparing a list of inmate numbers of the 86 corpses at the Reichs University in Strasbourg. These numbers had been surreptitiously recorded by Hirt's French assistant Henri Henrypierre, with a list of numbers of inmates vaccinated at Auschwitz. The names and biographical information of the victims were published in the book ''Die Namen der Nummern'' (''The Names of the Numbers'').<ref>{{cite book |title=Die Namen der Nummern: Wie es gelang, die 86 Opfer eines NS-Verbrechens zu identifizieren |trans-title=The names of the numbers: How it was possible to identify the 86 victims of a Nazi crime |edition=hardback |first=Hans-Joachim |last=Lang |publisher=Hoffmann + Campe Vlg GmbH |date=August 31, 2004 |isbn=3-455-09464-3 |language=de}}</ref> |
For many years only a single victim—Menachem Taffel—had been positively identified through the efforts of [[Serge and Beate Klarsfeld]]. In 2003, [[Hans-Joachim Lang]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/07/22/remains-of-holocaust-victims-used-as-guinea-pigs-found-at-french-forensic-institute/ |title=Remains of Holocaust experiment victims found at French forensic institute |first1=Lindsey |last1=Bever |date=July 22, 2015 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113211002/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/07/22/remains-of-holocaust-victims-used-as-guinea-pigs-found-at-french-forensic-institute/ |archive-date=November 13, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> a German professor at the [[University of Tübingen]], succeeded in identifying all the victims by comparing a list of inmate numbers of the 86 corpses at the Reichs University in Strasbourg. These numbers had been surreptitiously recorded by Hirt's French assistant Henri Henrypierre, with a list of numbers of inmates vaccinated at Auschwitz. The names and biographical information of the victims were published in the 2014 book ''Die Namen der Nummern'' (''The Names of the Numbers'').<ref>{{cite book |title=Die Namen der Nummern: Wie es gelang, die 86 Opfer eines NS-Verbrechens zu identifizieren |trans-title=The names of the numbers: How it was possible to identify the 86 victims of a Nazi crime |edition=hardback |first=Hans-Joachim |last=Lang |publisher=Hoffmann + Campe Vlg GmbH |date=August 31, 2004 |isbn=3-455-09464-3 |language=de}}</ref> |
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=== Homage === |
=== Homage === |
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[[File:Stolperstein Joachimstaler Str 12 (Charl) Alice Simon.jpg|thumb|right|Stolperstein]] |
[[File:Stolperstein Joachimstaler Str 12 (Charl) Alice Simon.jpg|thumb|right|Stolperstein]] |
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In 1951, the remains of the 86 victims were reinterred in one location in the Cronenbourg-Strasbourg Jewish Cemetery. On December 11, 2005, memorial stones engraved with the names of the 86 victims were placed at the cemetery, thanks to [[European Jewish Congress]] and vice-president of the [[World Jewish Congress]] [[Jean Kahn]]. One is at the site of the mass grave, the other along the wall of the cemetery. Another plaque honoring the victims was placed outside the Anatomy Institute at Strasbourg's University Hospital, where they are commemorated each year by the ''Cercle Menachem Taffel'', founded by {{ill|Georges Yoram Federmann|fr}}. In 2006, a [[Stolperstein]] was placed in front of Joachimstaler Strasse 12 in [[Charlottenburg]] (Berlin) where she lived until her deportation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/de/joachimstaler-str/12/alice-simon|title=Alice Simon geb. Remak | Stolpersteine in Berlin|website=www.stolpersteine-berlin.de}}</ref> |
In 1951, the remains of the 86 victims were reinterred in one location in the Cronenbourg-Strasbourg Jewish Cemetery. On December 11, 2005, memorial stones engraved with the names of the 86 victims were placed at the cemetery, thanks to [[European Jewish Congress]] and the vice-president of the [[World Jewish Congress]] [[Jean Kahn]]. One is at the site of the mass grave, the other along the wall of the cemetery. Another plaque honoring the victims was placed outside the Anatomy Institute at Strasbourg's University Hospital, where they are commemorated each year by the ''Cercle Menachem Taffel'', founded by {{ill|Georges Yoram Federmann|fr}}. In 2006, a [[Stolperstein]] was placed in front of Joachimstaler Strasse 12 in [[Charlottenburg]] (Berlin) where she lived until her deportation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/de/joachimstaler-str/12/alice-simon|title=Alice Simon geb. Remak | Stolpersteine in Berlin|website=www.stolpersteine-berlin.de}}</ref> In April 2023, the Israeli President, [[Isaac Herzog]], paid tribute to the “warriors of memory and human dignity, of the absolute saints, of Israel and of the nations of the world” that found the identity of the 86.<ref>https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/370092</ref> |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Strasbourg Hôpital civil plaque institut anatomie.jpg |
File:Strasbourg Hôpital civil plaque institut anatomie.jpg|Memorial plaque at the Institute of Anatomy, University of Strasbourg |
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File:Camp de concentration de Natweiller-Struthof plaque mémorielle noms des 86 juifs gazés.jpg|Memorial plaque with names of the victims outside of the gas chamber at Natzweiler-Struthof Concentration Camp |
File:Camp de concentration de Natweiller-Struthof plaque mémorielle noms des 86 juifs gazés.jpg|Memorial plaque with names of the victims outside of the gas chamber at Natzweiler-Struthof Concentration Camp |
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File:Strasbourg cimetière israélite de Cronenbourg août 2013 05.jpg|Memorial plaque with the names of the 86 victims at the Cronenbourg Jewish Cemetery |
File:Strasbourg cimetière israélite de Cronenbourg août 2013 05.jpg|Memorial plaque with the names of the 86 victims at the Cronenbourg Jewish Cemetery |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Commons category|Alice Simon}} |
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* [[Natzweiler-Struthof]] |
* [[Natzweiler-Struthof]] |
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* [[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Berlin-Charlottenburg|Liste der Stolpersteine in Berlin-Charlottenburg]] {{in lang|de}} |
* [[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Berlin-Charlottenburg|Liste der Stolpersteine in Berlin-Charlottenburg]] {{in lang|de}} |
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{{The Holocaust}} |
{{The Holocaust}} |
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{{Portal bar|Germany |
{{Portal bar|Germany}} |
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{{authority control}} |
{{authority control}} |
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[[Category:1943 deaths]] |
[[Category:1943 deaths]] |
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[[Category:People from Poznań]] |
[[Category:People from Poznań]] |
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[[Category:Polish people who died in |
[[Category:Polish people who died in Nazi concentration camps|Alice Simon]] |
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[[Category:Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust]] |
[[Category:Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust]] |
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[[Category:Auschwitz concentration camp prisoners]] |
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[[Category:People who died in Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp]] |
Latest revision as of 17:28, 18 August 2024
Alice Simon | |
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Born | [1] | August 30, 1887
Died | c. August 11–13, 1943 |
Spouse |
Herbert Simon (m. 1920) |
Children | Carl (son), Hedda (daughter) |
Parents |
|
Alice Simon (née Remak; August 30, 1887 – c. August 11–13, 1943) was a German woman of Polish and Jewish ancestry, who was killed by the Nazis during The Holocaust. Her remains were later identified as part of the Jewish skull collection, and she is commemorated with a Stolperstein in front of her former home in Berlin.
Biography
Alice Simon was born Alice Remak on August 30, 1887 in Poland.[1] She was born in Posen into a Jewish family counting three generations of scientists Robert, Ernst and Robert Remak Jr., killed at Auschwitz in 1942.
She had two siblings, and her parents separated when she was ten after her mother decided to move with the children to Charlottenburg, Berlin due to anti-semitism in Poland.[1] As an adult in Berlin, she worked as a secretary for Herbert Simon, a lawyer who was also an immigrant from Poland.[1] They both converted to Protestantism and were baptized before getting married on August 2, 1920.[1] They had twin children the next year.[1] Her husband died at age 55[1] in 1936.[2]
World War II
Simon sent her children to England but remained in Berlin to care for her mother-in-law.[2] The last time she saw her children was during a visit to England in 1938.[2] Her son emigrated to the United States in 1939, without knowing what happened to his mother.[2]
Simon was sent to Auschwitz, and left that concentration camp alive but was killed days later in the gas chamber at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp, in August 1943.[2][3] The Nazis planned to create a museum display of Jewish skulls for Professor August Hirt of the Reichsuniversität Straßburg.[2][4] Simon was one of the 86 victims.[2][4]
After the war
For many years only a single victim—Menachem Taffel—had been positively identified through the efforts of Serge and Beate Klarsfeld. In 2003, Hans-Joachim Lang,[5] a German professor at the University of Tübingen, succeeded in identifying all the victims by comparing a list of inmate numbers of the 86 corpses at the Reichs University in Strasbourg. These numbers had been surreptitiously recorded by Hirt's French assistant Henri Henrypierre, with a list of numbers of inmates vaccinated at Auschwitz. The names and biographical information of the victims were published in the 2014 book Die Namen der Nummern (The Names of the Numbers).[6]
Homage
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Stolperstein_Joachimstaler_Str_12_%28Charl%29_Alice_Simon.jpg/220px-Stolperstein_Joachimstaler_Str_12_%28Charl%29_Alice_Simon.jpg)
In 1951, the remains of the 86 victims were reinterred in one location in the Cronenbourg-Strasbourg Jewish Cemetery. On December 11, 2005, memorial stones engraved with the names of the 86 victims were placed at the cemetery, thanks to European Jewish Congress and the vice-president of the World Jewish Congress Jean Kahn. One is at the site of the mass grave, the other along the wall of the cemetery. Another plaque honoring the victims was placed outside the Anatomy Institute at Strasbourg's University Hospital, where they are commemorated each year by the Cercle Menachem Taffel, founded by Georges Yoram Federmann . In 2006, a Stolperstein was placed in front of Joachimstaler Strasse 12 in Charlottenburg (Berlin) where she lived until her deportation.[7] In April 2023, the Israeli President, Isaac Herzog, paid tribute to the “warriors of memory and human dignity, of the absolute saints, of Israel and of the nations of the world” that found the identity of the 86.[8]
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Memorial plaque at the Institute of Anatomy, University of Strasbourg
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Memorial plaque with names of the victims outside of the gas chamber at Natzweiler-Struthof Concentration Camp
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Memorial plaque with the names of the 86 victims at the Cronenbourg Jewish Cemetery
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Monument to the 86 victims at the Cronenbourg Jewish Cemetery near Strasbourg
Books
- Lang, Hans-Joachim (2004). Die Namen der Nummern: wie es gelang, die 86 Opfer eines NS-Verbrechens zu identifizieren [The names of the numbers: how it was possible to identify 86 victims of Nazi crimes] (first German ed.). Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe. ISBN 978-3455094640.
Selected articles
- Lang, Hans-Joachim (August 19, 2004). "Skelette für Straßburg Eines der grausigsten Wissenschaftsverbrechen des "Dritten Reiches" ist endlich aufgeklärt" [Skeletons for Strasbourg: One of the most gruesome crimes of science in the "Third Reich" is finally cleared]. Die Zeit (in German). No. 35. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Documentaries
- Le nom des 86 (The name of the 86), documentary directed by Emmanuel Heyd and Raphael Toledano, duration 63 min. Production Dora Films sas – Alsace 20 – Télébocal – Cinaps TV, 2014.
- The Forgers of history (Les Faussaires de l'histoire), directed by Michael Prazan (in French) and Valérie Igounet, Talweg – France 5, 2014.
- The horrible story of the only concentration camp in France, by Mamytwink (in French), 2022[9]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Nick, I. M. (2019). Personal Names, Hitler, and the Holocaust. Lexington Books. p. 376. ISBN 9781498525985. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jim Stingl. "Granddaughters track Holocaust victim's tragic fate". www.jsonline.com.
- ^ "Der Struthof und seine Gaskammer: Künftig gedenkort mit Ausstellung - Elsass". November 26, 2022.
- ^ a b Weindling, Paul (2014). Victims and Survivors of Nazi Human Experiments. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 154–155. ISBN 9781441189301. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
- ^ Bever, Lindsey (July 22, 2015). "Remains of Holocaust experiment victims found at French forensic institute". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015.
- ^ Lang, Hans-Joachim (August 31, 2004). Die Namen der Nummern: Wie es gelang, die 86 Opfer eines NS-Verbrechens zu identifizieren [The names of the numbers: How it was possible to identify the 86 victims of a Nazi crime] (in German) (hardback ed.). Hoffmann + Campe Vlg GmbH. ISBN 3-455-09464-3.
- ^ "Alice Simon geb. Remak | Stolpersteine in Berlin". www.stolpersteine-berlin.de.
- ^ https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/370092
- ^ "Natzwiller. « Rendre l'Histoire accessible », le défi des youtubeurs de Mamytwink, en tournage au Struthof". www.dna.fr.