Censorship of YouTube: Difference between revisions
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The [[video-sharing]] platform [[YouTube]] is the [[List of most-popular websites|second-most popular website]] as of August 2019, according to [[Alexa Internet]].<ref name="alexa">{{cite web |title=Youtube.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com |website=www.alexa.com |access-date=2019-08-01 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226173459/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the company's press page, YouTube has more than one billion users, and each day, those users watch more than one billion hours of video.<ref> |
The [[video-sharing]] platform [[YouTube]] is the [[List of most-popular websites|second-most popular website]] as of August 2019, according to [[Alexa Internet]].<ref name="alexa">{{cite web |title=Youtube.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com |website=www.alexa.com |access-date=2019-08-01 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226173459/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the company's press page, YouTube has more than one billion users, and each day, those users watch more than one billion hours of video.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube Official Blog|url=https://blog.youtube/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=blog.youtube|language=en-us}}</ref> [[Censorship]] of it has occurred and continues to occur to varying degrees in most countries throughout the world. |
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==General== |
==General== |
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[[YouTube]] blocking occurs for a variety of reasons including:<ref name=ONIYouTubeCensored> |
[[YouTube]] blocking occurs for a variety of reasons including:<ref name=ONIYouTubeCensored>{{Cite web|title=YouTube Censored: A Recent History | OpenNet Initiative|url=https://opennet.net/youtube-censored-a-recent-history|access-date=2022-12-29|website=opennet.net}}</ref> |
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* Preventing criticism of a ruler, government, government officials, religion, or religious leaders; |
* Preventing criticism of a ruler, government, government officials, religion, or religious leaders; |
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* Preventing videos promoting [[racism]]; |
* Preventing videos promoting [[racism]]; |
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===Afghanistan=== |
===Afghanistan=== |
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On September 12, 2012, YouTube was blocked in Afghanistan due to hosting the trailer to the controversial film about [[Muhammad]], ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'', which the authorities considered to be blasphemous.<ref> |
On September 12, 2012, YouTube was blocked in Afghanistan due to hosting the trailer to the controversial film about [[Muhammad]], ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'', which the authorities considered to be blasphemous.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-09-12|title=Afghanistan bans YouTube to block anti-Muslim film|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-youtube-idUSBRE88B0SC20120912|access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref> YouTube was later unblocked in Afghanistan on December 1, 2012.<ref>[http://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=1654&&cid=1 "Afghanistan to unblock YouTube – AFGHANISTAN TIMES"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117060611/http://www.afghanistantimes.af/news_details.php?id=1654&&cid=1 |date=January 17, 2013 }}, 1s December 2012</ref> |
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===Armenia=== |
===Armenia=== |
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Following the [[2008 Armenian presidential election protests|disputed February 2008 presidential elections]], the [[Armenian government]] blocked Internet users' access to YouTube for a month. The [[Armenia]]n opposition had used the website to publicize video of alleged [[police brutality]] against anti-government protesters.<ref> |
Following the [[2008 Armenian presidential election protests|disputed February 2008 presidential elections]], the [[Armenian government]] blocked Internet users' access to YouTube for a month. The [[Armenia]]n opposition had used the website to publicize video of alleged [[police brutality]] against anti-government protesters.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-03-08|title=Armenia: Samizdat & the Internet|url=https://advox.globalvoices.org/2008/03/08/armenia-samizdat-the-internet/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=Global Voices Advox|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube Blocked in Armenia?|url=http://blogoscoped.com/archive/2008-03-10-n27.html|access-date=2022-12-29|website=blogoscoped.com}}</ref> |
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===Bangladesh=== |
===Bangladesh=== |
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In January 2007, YouTube was sued by [[Brazil]]ian model and [[MTV Brasil|MTV]] [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]] [[Daniella Cicarelli]] (the ex-fiancée of [[association football|football player]] [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]]) and her boyfriend due to the fact that the website hosted a video recorded [[paparazzi]] in which she and her boyfriend were having sexual intercourse on a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[beach]]; the video did not contain explicit content. The lawsuit asked that YouTube will be blocked in [[Brazil]] until all copies of the video were removed. On Saturday, January 6, 2007, a legal injunction ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from accessing the website.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/01/04/youtube_shutdown/ |newspaper=The Independent |title=Brazilian court orders YouTube shutdown: Model obtains injunction over beach sex romp vid |first=Lester |last=Haines |date=January 4, 2007 |access-date=September 24, 2012 |language=pt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004041712/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/01/04/youtube_shutdown/ |archive-date=October 4, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
In January 2007, YouTube was sued by [[Brazil]]ian model and [[MTV Brasil|MTV]] [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]] [[Daniella Cicarelli]] (the ex-fiancée of [[association football|football player]] [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]]) and her boyfriend due to the fact that the website hosted a video recorded [[paparazzi]] in which she and her boyfriend were having sexual intercourse on a [[Spain|Spanish]] [[beach]]; the video did not contain explicit content. The lawsuit asked that YouTube will be blocked in [[Brazil]] until all copies of the video were removed. On Saturday, January 6, 2007, a legal injunction ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from accessing the website.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/01/04/youtube_shutdown/ |newspaper=The Independent |title=Brazilian court orders YouTube shutdown: Model obtains injunction over beach sex romp vid |first=Lester |last=Haines |date=January 4, 2007 |access-date=September 24, 2012 |language=pt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004041712/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/01/04/youtube_shutdown/ |archive-date=October 4, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
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The effectiveness of the measure was questioned, since the video was available not only on YouTube, but also on other sites as part of an [[internet meme|Internet phenomenon]]. On Tuesday, January 9, 2007, the same court overturned its previous decision, allowing the filters to be removed. The video footage itself remained banned and was to be removed from the website.<ref> |
The effectiveness of the measure was questioned, since the video was available not only on YouTube, but also on other sites as part of an [[internet meme|Internet phenomenon]]. On Tuesday, January 9, 2007, the same court overturned its previous decision, allowing the filters to be removed. The video footage itself remained banned and was to be removed from the website.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2007-01-21|title=Brazil court revises ban on YouTube over sex video|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-brazil-youtube-idUSN0948365620070109|access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref> |
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In June 2007, a judge ordered Cicarelli and her boyfriend to pay all court and lawyer costs, as well as [[Brazilian real|R$]]10,000 (roughly [[United States dollar|US$]]3,203) to the three defendants—YouTube, [[Organizações Globo|Globo]], and [[Internet Group|iG]], citing a lack of good faith in pushing the privacy case when their actions took place in public.<ref> |
In June 2007, a judge ordered Cicarelli and her boyfriend to pay all court and lawyer costs, as well as [[Brazilian real|R$]]10,000 (roughly [[United States dollar|US$]]3,203) to the three defendants—YouTube, [[Organizações Globo|Globo]], and [[Internet Group|iG]], citing a lack of good faith in pushing the privacy case when their actions took place in public.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WebProNews|url=https://www.webpronews.com/youtube-wins-brazilian-court-case/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=WebProNews|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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===Denmark=== |
===Denmark=== |
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Access to music on YouTube was blocked in July 2020, following a dispute between YouTube and the rights society [[KODA (Denmark)|KODA]] over royalty fees.<ref> |
Access to music on YouTube was blocked in July 2020, following a dispute between YouTube and the rights society [[KODA (Denmark)|KODA]] over royalty fees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Koda hits out at YouTube over content blocking ultimatum | Complete Music Update|url=https://completemusicupdate.com/article/koda-hits-out-at-youtube-over-content-blocking-ultimatum/|access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=YouTube threatens to remove music videos in Denmark over songwriter royalty fallout|url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/youtube-threatens-to-remove-music-content-in-denmark-over-songwriter-royalty-fallout/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=Music Business Worldwide|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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On October 1, 2020, YouTube and Polaris Nordic (which represents KODA, Sweden's [[STIM]], and Norway's [[TONO]]) signed a new contract, bringing music by Danish songwriters back onto the website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/youtube-welcomes-back-music-from-danish-songwriters-inking-new-polaris-licensing-deal/|title=YouTube welcomes back music from Danish songwriters, inking new Polaris licensing deal|date=October 1, 2020|website=Music Business Worldwide|access-date=October 22, 2021|archive-date=May 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521001056/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/youtube-welcomes-back-music-from-danish-songwriters-inking-new-polaris-licensing-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
On October 1, 2020, YouTube and Polaris Nordic (which represents KODA, Sweden's [[STIM]], and Norway's [[TONO]]) signed a new contract, bringing music by Danish songwriters back onto the website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/youtube-welcomes-back-music-from-danish-songwriters-inking-new-polaris-licensing-deal/|title=YouTube welcomes back music from Danish songwriters, inking new Polaris licensing deal|date=October 1, 2020|website=Music Business Worldwide|access-date=October 22, 2021|archive-date=May 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521001056/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/youtube-welcomes-back-music-from-danish-songwriters-inking-new-polaris-licensing-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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; Live streaming in 2016 |
; Live streaming in 2016 |
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On November 23, 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.die-medienanstalten.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/kommission-fuer-zulassung-und-aufsicht/detailansicht/article/zak-pressemitteilung-072017-zak-beanstandet-verbreitung-des-lets-play-angebots-pietsmiettv.html|title=Detailansicht – die medienanstalten|website=www.die-medienanstalten.de|language=de-DE|access-date=May 19, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523035218/http://www.die-medienanstalten.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/kommission-fuer-zulassung-und-aufsicht/detailansicht/article/zak-pressemitteilung-072017-zak-beanstandet-verbreitung-des-lets-play-angebots-pietsmiettv.html|archive-date=May 23, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.die-medienanstalten.de/fileadmin/Download/Themen/Zulassung/Erl%C3%A4uterungen_der_ZAK_zur_PietSmiet-Entscheidung.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 19, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517020700/http://www.die-medienanstalten.de/fileadmin/Download/Themen/Zulassung/Erl%C3%A4uterungen_der_ZAK_zur_PietSmiet-Entscheidung.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> the German ''Kommission für Zulassung und Aufsicht'' (Commission for Authorization and Supervision), which is formed by representatives of [[Public broadcasting#Germany|German public broadcast]] stations, required ''PietSmiet & Co.'', a German [[Let's Play|let's-player]] operating his own [[YouTube channel]] to get a German [[broadcast license]] by April 30, 2017,<ref> |
On November 23, 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.die-medienanstalten.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/kommission-fuer-zulassung-und-aufsicht/detailansicht/article/zak-pressemitteilung-072017-zak-beanstandet-verbreitung-des-lets-play-angebots-pietsmiettv.html|title=Detailansicht – die medienanstalten|website=www.die-medienanstalten.de|language=de-DE|access-date=May 19, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523035218/http://www.die-medienanstalten.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/kommission-fuer-zulassung-und-aufsicht/detailansicht/article/zak-pressemitteilung-072017-zak-beanstandet-verbreitung-des-lets-play-angebots-pietsmiettv.html|archive-date=May 23, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.die-medienanstalten.de/fileadmin/Download/Themen/Zulassung/Erl%C3%A4uterungen_der_ZAK_zur_PietSmiet-Entscheidung.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 19, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517020700/http://www.die-medienanstalten.de/fileadmin/Download/Themen/Zulassung/Erl%C3%A4uterungen_der_ZAK_zur_PietSmiet-Entscheidung.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> the German ''Kommission für Zulassung und Aufsicht'' (Commission for Authorization and Supervision), which is formed by representatives of [[Public broadcasting#Germany|German public broadcast]] stations, required ''PietSmiet & Co.'', a German [[Let's Play|let's-player]] operating his own [[YouTube channel]] to get a German [[broadcast license]] by April 30, 2017,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weidemann|first=Axel|title=Christian Solmecke im Gespräch: Das ist keine Formalie|language=de|work=FAZ.NET|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/medienexperte-solmecke-ueber-die-rundfunklizenz-fuer-youtube-14948284.html|access-date=2022-12-29|issn=0174-4909}}</ref> or else be regarded as an illegal [[pirate radio]] broadcaster for [[livestreaming]], even when no [[radio spectrum]] use is included. Some YouTubers, even non profit, might fail at the expensive fee for applying a license.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/web/twitch-und-youtube-braucht-es-fuer-livestreams-eine-rundfunklizenz-a-1140927.html|title=YouTube und Twitch: Braucht man jetzt eine Lizenz zum Zocken? – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Netzwelt|last=Germany|first=SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=March 29, 2017 |access-date=May 19, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515165340/http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/web/twitch-und-youtube-braucht-es-fuer-livestreams-eine-rundfunklizenz-a-1140927.html|archive-date=May 15, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On April 30, 2017, the livestreaming channel ''PietSmietTV'' went offline. The channel ''PietSmiet'' remained online due not providing 24/7 streaming. The channel was mentioned in a requirement of a license.<ref>{{Citation|last=PietSmiet|title=Update Rundfunklizenz & Youtuber + Politik|date=May 18, 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Osga52D055s|access-date=May 19, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526093606/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Osga52D055s|archive-date=May 26, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
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; Pending parliamentary resolution in 2019 |
; Pending parliamentary resolution in 2019 |
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===Indonesia=== |
===Indonesia=== |
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On April 1, 2008, [[Indonesia]]n information minister [[Muhammad Nuh]] asked YouTube to remove ''[[Fitna (film)|Fitna]]'', a controversial film made by Dutch right-wing politician [[Geert Wilders]]. The government allowed two days for the removal of the video or YouTube would be blocked in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dutch-islam-indonesia-idUSSP23588120080402|title=Indonesia Seeks to Block YouTube Over Anti-Koran Film|date=April 2, 2008|access-date=April 3, 2008|work=Reuters|location=Jakarta|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021915/https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/02/us-dutch-islam-indonesia-idUSSP23588120080402|archive-date=December 3, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On April 4, following YouTube's failure to remove the video, Nuh asked all [[Internet service provider]]s to block access to YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detikinet.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/04/time/144822/idnews/918422/idkanal/399|title=Menkominfo 'Ultimatum' ISP Blokir YouTube (''MCIT 'Ultimatum' ISPs Block YouTube'')|author=Wicaksono Hidayat|date=April 4, 2008|access-date=April 4, 2008|work=detik.com|language=id|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406233218/http://detikinet.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/04/time/144822/idnews/918422/idkanal/399|archive-date=April 6, 2008|df=mdy-all}} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://inet.detik.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/04/time/144822/idnews/918422/idkanal/399 English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120024023/http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Finet.detik.com%2Findex.php%2Fdetik.read%2Ftahun%2F2008%2Fbulan%2F04%2Ftgl%2F04%2Ftime%2F144822%2Fidnews%2F918422%2Fidkanal%2F399 |date=November 20, 2015 }})</ref> On April 5, YouTube was briefly blocked for testing by one ISP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://detikinet.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/05/time/135716/idnews/918790/idkanal/399|title=YouTube Terblokir karena 'Ulah' Satu ISP (YouTube Blocked by 'tantrum' One ISP)|author=Dewi Widya Ningrum|date=April 5, 2008|access-date=April 4, 2008|work=detik.com|language=id|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406233240/http://detikinet.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/05/time/135716/idnews/918790/idkanal/399|archive-date=April 6, 2008|df=mdy-all}} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://inet.detik.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/05/time/135716/idnews/918790/idkanal/399 English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120023743/http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Finet.detik.com%2Findex.php%2Fdetik.read%2Ftahun%2F2008%2Fbulan%2F04%2Ftgl%2F05%2Ftime%2F135716%2Fidnews%2F918790%2Fidkanal%2F399 |date=November 20, 2015 }})</ref> On April 8, YouTube, along with [[MySpace]], [[Metacafe]], [[RapidShare]], [[Multiply (website)|Multiply]], [[LiveLeak]], and ''Fitna''{{'}}s official site, were blocked in Indonesia on all ISPs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.detikinet.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/08/time/112559/idnews/920077/idkanal/399 |title=Speedy Blokir 7 Situs, Pengusaha Kecil Mulai Menjerit! (Speedy Block 7 Websites, Small Business Start Screaming!) |author=Dewi Widya Ningrum |date=April 8, 2008 |access-date=April 8, 2008 |work=detik.com |language=id |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412041334/http://www.detikinet.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/08/time/112559/idnews/920077/idkanal/399 |archive-date=April 12, 2008 |df=mdy-all }} ([http://inet.detik.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/08/time/112559/idnews/920077/idkanal/399 English translation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730051250/http://inet.detik.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/08/time/112559/idnews/920077/idkanal/399 |date=July 30, 2012 }})</ref> The blocking of YouTube was subsequently lifted on April 10.<ref> |
On April 1, 2008, [[Indonesia]]n information minister [[Muhammad Nuh]] asked YouTube to remove ''[[Fitna (film)|Fitna]]'', a controversial film made by Dutch right-wing politician [[Geert Wilders]]. The government allowed two days for the removal of the video or YouTube would be blocked in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dutch-islam-indonesia-idUSSP23588120080402|title=Indonesia Seeks to Block YouTube Over Anti-Koran Film|date=April 2, 2008|access-date=April 3, 2008|work=Reuters|location=Jakarta|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021915/https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/02/us-dutch-islam-indonesia-idUSSP23588120080402|archive-date=December 3, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On April 4, following YouTube's failure to remove the video, Nuh asked all [[Internet service provider]]s to block access to YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.detikinet.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/04/time/144822/idnews/918422/idkanal/399|title=Menkominfo 'Ultimatum' ISP Blokir YouTube (''MCIT 'Ultimatum' ISPs Block YouTube'')|author=Wicaksono Hidayat|date=April 4, 2008|access-date=April 4, 2008|work=detik.com|language=id|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406233218/http://detikinet.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/04/time/144822/idnews/918422/idkanal/399|archive-date=April 6, 2008|df=mdy-all}} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://inet.detik.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/04/time/144822/idnews/918422/idkanal/399 English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120024023/http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Finet.detik.com%2Findex.php%2Fdetik.read%2Ftahun%2F2008%2Fbulan%2F04%2Ftgl%2F04%2Ftime%2F144822%2Fidnews%2F918422%2Fidkanal%2F399 |date=November 20, 2015 }})</ref> On April 5, YouTube was briefly blocked for testing by one ISP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://detikinet.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/05/time/135716/idnews/918790/idkanal/399|title=YouTube Terblokir karena 'Ulah' Satu ISP (YouTube Blocked by 'tantrum' One ISP)|author=Dewi Widya Ningrum|date=April 5, 2008|access-date=April 4, 2008|work=detik.com|language=id|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406233240/http://detikinet.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/05/time/135716/idnews/918790/idkanal/399|archive-date=April 6, 2008|df=mdy-all}} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://inet.detik.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/05/time/135716/idnews/918790/idkanal/399 English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120023743/http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Finet.detik.com%2Findex.php%2Fdetik.read%2Ftahun%2F2008%2Fbulan%2F04%2Ftgl%2F05%2Ftime%2F135716%2Fidnews%2F918790%2Fidkanal%2F399 |date=November 20, 2015 }})</ref> On April 8, YouTube, along with [[MySpace]], [[Metacafe]], [[RapidShare]], [[Multiply (website)|Multiply]], [[LiveLeak]], and ''Fitna''{{'}}s official site, were blocked in Indonesia on all ISPs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.detikinet.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/08/time/112559/idnews/920077/idkanal/399 |title=Speedy Blokir 7 Situs, Pengusaha Kecil Mulai Menjerit! (Speedy Block 7 Websites, Small Business Start Screaming!) |author=Dewi Widya Ningrum |date=April 8, 2008 |access-date=April 8, 2008 |work=detik.com |language=id |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412041334/http://www.detikinet.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/08/time/112559/idnews/920077/idkanal/399 |archive-date=April 12, 2008 |df=mdy-all }} ([http://inet.detik.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/08/time/112559/idnews/920077/idkanal/399 English translation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730051250/http://inet.detik.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/04/tgl/08/time/112559/idnews/920077/idkanal/399 |date=July 30, 2012 }})</ref> The blocking of YouTube was subsequently lifted on April 10.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reuters | Breaking International News & Views|url=https://www.reuters.com/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> There may still have been some blocking in May 2008 according to local inhabitants.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} |
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===Pakistan=== |
===Pakistan=== |
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In February 2008, the Pakistani Telecommunications Authority (PTA) blocked access to YouTube on Pakistani ISPs, allegedly because of "blasphemous" videos of Dutch politician [[Geert Wilders]]. However, the PTA's block inadvertently knocked out access to YouTube worldwide for two hours on February 25, 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan move knocked out YouTube - CNN.com |url=http://bookchin.net/trip-research/youtube/pakistanBlocksYoutube.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014220714/http://bookchin.net/trip-research/youtube/pakistanBlocksYoutube.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=CNN |date=February 25, 2008}}</ref> Pakistan Telecom had broadcast to other ISPs in the Pacific Rim the false claim that it was the correct route for the addresses in YouTube's [[IP address|IP]] space.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCullagh |first1=Declan |title=How Pakistan knocked YouTube offline (and how to make sure it never happens again) |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/how-pakistan-knocked-youtube-offline-and-how-to-make-sure-it-never-happens-again/ |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=CNET |date=25 February 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171602/https://www.cnet.com/news/how-pakistan-knocked-youtube-offline-and-how-to-make-sure-it-never-happens-again/ |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was suggested by some Pakistani websites, blogs, and by electoral process watchdog groups at the time that the block was imposed largely to distract viewers from videos alleging vote-rigging by the ruling [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|MQM]] party in the February 2008 general elections.<ref name="RSF-Pakistan-27Feb2008">[http://en.rsf.org/pakistan-youtube-access-unblocked-after-27-02-2008,25889.html "Access to YouTube blocked until further notice because of "non-Islamic" videos"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119180621/http://en.rsf.org/pakistan-youtube-access-unblocked-after-27-02-2008,25889.html |date=November 19, 2015 }}, [[Reporters Without Borders]], February 27, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://teeth.com.pk/blog/2008/02/22/vote-rigging-videos-in-karachi-could-this-be-why-youtube-is-blocked "Vote Rigging Videos in Karachi – could this be why YouTube is blocked?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702065856/http://teeth.com.pk/blog/2008/02/22/vote-rigging-videos-in-karachi-could-this-be-why-youtube-is-blocked |date=July 2, 2011 }}, Awab Alvi, Teeth Maestro blog, February 22, 2008</ref> Allegations of suppressing vote-rigging videos by the [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]] administration were also leveled by Pakistani bloggers, newspapers, media, and Pakistani anti-Musharraf opposition parties.<ref>[http://www.bloggernews.net/114054 "Musharraf's Inquisition: Reason Why YouTube Was Blocked In Pakistan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013202905/http://www.bloggernews.net/114054 |date=October 13, 2012 }}, Farrukh Khan Pitafi, Blogger News Network, February 24, 2008</ref><ref> |
In February 2008, the Pakistani Telecommunications Authority (PTA) blocked access to YouTube on Pakistani ISPs, allegedly because of "blasphemous" videos of Dutch politician [[Geert Wilders]]. However, the PTA's block inadvertently knocked out access to YouTube worldwide for two hours on February 25, 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan move knocked out YouTube - CNN.com |url=http://bookchin.net/trip-research/youtube/pakistanBlocksYoutube.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014220714/http://bookchin.net/trip-research/youtube/pakistanBlocksYoutube.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2014 |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=CNN |date=February 25, 2008}}</ref> Pakistan Telecom had broadcast to other ISPs in the Pacific Rim the false claim that it was the correct route for the addresses in YouTube's [[IP address|IP]] space.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCullagh |first1=Declan |title=How Pakistan knocked YouTube offline (and how to make sure it never happens again) |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/how-pakistan-knocked-youtube-offline-and-how-to-make-sure-it-never-happens-again/ |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=CNET |date=25 February 2008 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171602/https://www.cnet.com/news/how-pakistan-knocked-youtube-offline-and-how-to-make-sure-it-never-happens-again/ |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was suggested by some Pakistani websites, blogs, and by electoral process watchdog groups at the time that the block was imposed largely to distract viewers from videos alleging vote-rigging by the ruling [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|MQM]] party in the February 2008 general elections.<ref name="RSF-Pakistan-27Feb2008">[http://en.rsf.org/pakistan-youtube-access-unblocked-after-27-02-2008,25889.html "Access to YouTube blocked until further notice because of "non-Islamic" videos"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119180621/http://en.rsf.org/pakistan-youtube-access-unblocked-after-27-02-2008,25889.html |date=November 19, 2015 }}, [[Reporters Without Borders]], February 27, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://teeth.com.pk/blog/2008/02/22/vote-rigging-videos-in-karachi-could-this-be-why-youtube-is-blocked "Vote Rigging Videos in Karachi – could this be why YouTube is blocked?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702065856/http://teeth.com.pk/blog/2008/02/22/vote-rigging-videos-in-karachi-could-this-be-why-youtube-is-blocked |date=July 2, 2011 }}, Awab Alvi, Teeth Maestro blog, February 22, 2008</ref> Allegations of suppressing vote-rigging videos by the [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]] administration were also leveled by Pakistani bloggers, newspapers, media, and Pakistani anti-Musharraf opposition parties.<ref>[http://www.bloggernews.net/114054 "Musharraf's Inquisition: Reason Why YouTube Was Blocked In Pakistan"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013202905/http://www.bloggernews.net/114054 |date=October 13, 2012 }}, Farrukh Khan Pitafi, Blogger News Network, February 24, 2008</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Youtube to MP3 Converter Online. 100% Success in 2021|url=https://video2mp3.net/en/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=YouTube to MP3|language=en-US}}</ref> YouTube was unblocked on February 27, 2008, after the allegedly blasphemous videos were removed.<ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube access unblocked after offending videos removed {{!}} Reporters without borders |url=https://rsf.org/en/news/youtube-access-unblocked-after-offending-videos-removed |website=Reporters Sans Frontiers |access-date=19 September 2018 |date=February 27, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211251/https://rsf.org/en/news/youtube-access-unblocked-after-offending-videos-removed |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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On May 20, 2010, which was [[Everybody Draw Mohammed Day]], Pakistan again blocked the website in a bid to contain "blasphemous" material.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan blocks YouTube access over Muhammad depictions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/20/pakistan-blocks-youtube-sacrilegious |work=The Guardian |access-date=May 23, 2010 |location=London |first=Declan |last=Walsh |date=May 20, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914225330/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/20/pakistan-blocks-youtube-sacrilegious |archive-date=September 14, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The ban was lifted on May 27, 2010, after the website removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government. However, individual videos deemed offensive to Muslims that are posted on YouTube will continue to be blocked.<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/news/828161-youtube-ban-lifted-by-pakistan-authorities "YouTube ban lifted by Pakistan authorities"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722062958/http://www.metro.co.uk/news/828161-youtube-ban-lifted-by-pakistan-authorities |date=July 22, 2010 }}, Joanne McCabe, ''Metro'' (Associated Newspapers Limited, UK), May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2012</ref><ref>[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-27/pakistan/28304621_1_blasphemous-caricatures-blasphemous-material-sacrilegious-content "Pakistan lifts ban on YouTube"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213235824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-27/pakistan/28304621_1_blasphemous-caricatures-blasphemous-material-sacrilegious-content |date=December 13, 2013 }}, ''The Times of India'', May 27, 2010</ref> |
On May 20, 2010, which was [[Everybody Draw Mohammed Day]], Pakistan again blocked the website in a bid to contain "blasphemous" material.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pakistan blocks YouTube access over Muhammad depictions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/20/pakistan-blocks-youtube-sacrilegious |work=The Guardian |access-date=May 23, 2010 |location=London |first=Declan |last=Walsh |date=May 20, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914225330/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/20/pakistan-blocks-youtube-sacrilegious |archive-date=September 14, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The ban was lifted on May 27, 2010, after the website removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government. However, individual videos deemed offensive to Muslims that are posted on YouTube will continue to be blocked.<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/news/828161-youtube-ban-lifted-by-pakistan-authorities "YouTube ban lifted by Pakistan authorities"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722062958/http://www.metro.co.uk/news/828161-youtube-ban-lifted-by-pakistan-authorities |date=July 22, 2010 }}, Joanne McCabe, ''Metro'' (Associated Newspapers Limited, UK), May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2012</ref><ref>[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-27/pakistan/28304621_1_blasphemous-caricatures-blasphemous-material-sacrilegious-content "Pakistan lifts ban on YouTube"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213235824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-27/pakistan/28304621_1_blasphemous-caricatures-blasphemous-material-sacrilegious-content |date=December 13, 2013 }}, ''The Times of India'', May 27, 2010</ref> |
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On September 17, 2012, the [[Pakistan Telecommunication Authority]] (PTA) ordered access to YouTube blocked, after the website failed to remove the trailer of the controversial ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'', and eventually resulting in a ban due to YouTube's noncompliance.<ref name="YouTube blocked in Pakistan"> |
On September 17, 2012, the [[Pakistan Telecommunication Authority]] (PTA) ordered access to YouTube blocked, after the website failed to remove the trailer of the controversial ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'', and eventually resulting in a ban due to YouTube's noncompliance.<ref name="YouTube blocked in Pakistan">{{Cite news|last=Tsukayama|first=Hayley|date=2012-09-17|title=YouTube blocked in Pakistan|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/youtube-blocked-in-pakistan/2012/09/17/30081fa2-00ea-11e2-b257-e1c2b3548a4a_story.html|access-date=2022-12-29|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> |
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Bytes for All, a Pakistani non-profit organization, filed a constitutional challenge to the ban through their counsel [[Yasser Latif Hamdani]] in the Lahore High Court. This is an ongoing case and is commonly known as the [[Bytes for All v. Federation of Pakistan|YouTube case]].<ref name="Pakistan YouTube case still going">{{cite news|last=David|first=Robin|title=Surf war|url=http://www.timescrest.com/life/surf-war-10726|access-date=July 22, 2013|newspaper=Times of India|date=July 13, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718032131/http://www.timescrest.com/life/surf-war-10726|archive-date=July 18, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
Bytes for All, a Pakistani non-profit organization, filed a constitutional challenge to the ban through their counsel [[Yasser Latif Hamdani]] in the Lahore High Court. This is an ongoing case and is commonly known as the [[Bytes for All v. Federation of Pakistan|YouTube case]].<ref name="Pakistan YouTube case still going">{{cite news|last=David|first=Robin|title=Surf war|url=http://www.timescrest.com/life/surf-war-10726|access-date=July 22, 2013|newspaper=Times of India|date=July 13, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718032131/http://www.timescrest.com/life/surf-war-10726|archive-date=July 18, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
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On December 11, 2013, it was announced by the [[Pakistan Telecommunication Authority]] that they had convinced Google's management to offer a local "https://www.youtube.com.pk" version to Pakistan, as it would be easy for the local authorities to remove "objectionable" material from a local version as compared to the global version of YouTube. However, it would only be offered after the Pakistani government fulfilled some of the undisclosed requirements.<ref name="AdilOmar-BBCNews-12March2014"> |
On December 11, 2013, it was announced by the [[Pakistan Telecommunication Authority]] that they had convinced Google's management to offer a local "https://www.youtube.com.pk" version to Pakistan, as it would be easy for the local authorities to remove "objectionable" material from a local version as compared to the global version of YouTube. However, it would only be offered after the Pakistani government fulfilled some of the undisclosed requirements.<ref name="AdilOmar-BBCNews-12March2014">{{Cite web|title=404 - PAGE NOT FOUND|url=https://www.thenewstribe.io/404.html|access-date=2022-12-29|website=www.thenewstribe.io}}</ref> |
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During the ban a video was released called "Kholo BC" by rappers [[Adil Omar]] and [[Ali Gul Pir]] opposing the ban.<ref> |
During the ban a video was released called "Kholo BC" by rappers [[Adil Omar]] and [[Ali Gul Pir]] opposing the ban.<ref>{{Citation|title=#KholoBC - Ali Gul Pir x Adil Omar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aghrS4EbgjM|language=vi-VN|access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref> The video went viral and thousands of people supported that the ban is due to political interest.<ref name="AdilOmar-BBCNews-12March2014"/> |
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On April 21, 2014, Pakistan's Senate Standing Committee on Human Rights approved a resolution to lift the ban on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan senate panel on Human Rights revokes ban on YouTube |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/pakistan-senate-panel-on-human-rights-revokes-ban-on-youtube/ |work=IANS |publisher=Bihar Prabha |access-date=April 21, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423041730/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/pakistan-senate-panel-on-human-rights-revokes-ban-on-youtube/ |archive-date=April 23, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
On April 21, 2014, Pakistan's Senate Standing Committee on Human Rights approved a resolution to lift the ban on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan senate panel on Human Rights revokes ban on YouTube |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/pakistan-senate-panel-on-human-rights-revokes-ban-on-youtube/ |work=IANS |publisher=Bihar Prabha |access-date=April 21, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423041730/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/04/pakistan-senate-panel-on-human-rights-revokes-ban-on-youtube/ |archive-date=April 23, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
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On May 6, 2014, the National Assembly unanimously adopted a non-binding resolution to lift the ban,<ref> |
On May 6, 2014, the National Assembly unanimously adopted a non-binding resolution to lift the ban,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-02|title=NA-108 vote recount: PTI's Farrukh Habib retains seat against Abid Sher Ali|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/276936/na-108-vote-recount-ptis-farrukh-habib-retains-seat-against-abid-sher-ali/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=Daily Times|language=en-US}}</ref> but as of August 2, 2014 it was still in effect.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref> {{update after|2014|8|17}} The ban was lifted due to a technical glitch on December 6, 2015, according to ISPs in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2015/12/06/youtube-accessible-in-pakistan-by-mistake/ |title=YouTube accessible in Pakistan by mistake |date=December 6, 2015 |access-date=January 10, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231201505/http://www.thenewstribe.com/2015/12/06/youtube-accessible-in-pakistan-by-mistake/ |archive-date=December 31, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
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As of January 18, 2016, the ban has been officially lifted, as YouTube has launched a local version of the site for Pakistan. |
As of January 18, 2016, the ban has been officially lifted, as YouTube has launched a local version of the site for Pakistan. |
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The video claiming responsibility for the [[2010 Moscow Metro bombings]], which quickly gained 800,000 views in four days, was removed, along with all videos of [[Doku Umarov]]. Additionally, it turned out that over 300 videos from the [[Kavkaz Center]] were removed for having "inappropriate content." Russia was blamed for having pressured YouTube to take such measures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/print4133.htm |title=YouTube could not bear Dokku Umarov |work=YouTube – The Internet's Primary and Rapidly Expanding Jihadi Base: Part II, item 3 |author=Kavkaz Center |publisher=Middle East Media Research Institute |date=May 4, 2010 |access-date=December 10, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718090601/http://www.memri.org/report/en/print4133.htm |archive-date=July 18, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
The video claiming responsibility for the [[2010 Moscow Metro bombings]], which quickly gained 800,000 views in four days, was removed, along with all videos of [[Doku Umarov]]. Additionally, it turned out that over 300 videos from the [[Kavkaz Center]] were removed for having "inappropriate content." Russia was blamed for having pressured YouTube to take such measures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/print4133.htm |title=YouTube could not bear Dokku Umarov |work=YouTube – The Internet's Primary and Rapidly Expanding Jihadi Base: Part II, item 3 |author=Kavkaz Center |publisher=Middle East Media Research Institute |date=May 4, 2010 |access-date=December 10, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718090601/http://www.memri.org/report/en/print4133.htm |archive-date=July 18, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
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On July 28, 2010, a court in the city of [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]] ordered a local ISP to block access to youtube.com, web.archive.org, and several other websites offering books for downloads, citing extremist materials as the reason.<ref> |
On July 28, 2010, a court in the city of [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]] ordered a local ISP to block access to youtube.com, web.archive.org, and several other websites offering books for downloads, citing extremist materials as the reason.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-07-29|title=YouTube banned by Russian court|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/29/youtube-ban-russian-regional-court|access-date=2022-12-29|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The order was not enforced and was later reversed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-08-06|title=Russia: The First Case of YouTube Ban|url=https://advox.globalvoices.org/2010/08/06/russia-the-first-case-of-youtube-ban/|access-date=2022-12-29|website=Global Voices Advox|language=en}}</ref> YouTube is now available in Russia.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} |
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On September 4, 2017, [[Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media|Roskomnadzor]] announced their intention to delete a video released by a popular YouTube channel Nemagia in which bloggers Alexey Pskovitin and Mikhail Pecherskiy described unscrupulous business strategies by [[Tinkoff Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvrain.ru/news/banke-443881/ |title=Роскомнадзор заблокирует ролик блогеров Nemagia о "Тинькофф банке" |trans-title=Roskomnadzor will block the Nemagia blogger’s video about Tinkoff Bank |date=2017-09-04 |publisher=[[Dozhd]] |language=ru |access-date=2019-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904114722/https://tvrain.ru/news/banke-443881/ |archive-date=September 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
On September 4, 2017, [[Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media|Roskomnadzor]] announced their intention to delete a video released by a popular YouTube channel Nemagia in which bloggers Alexey Pskovitin and Mikhail Pecherskiy described unscrupulous business strategies by [[Tinkoff Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvrain.ru/news/banke-443881/ |title=Роскомнадзор заблокирует ролик блогеров Nemagia о "Тинькофф банке" |trans-title=Roskomnadzor will block the Nemagia blogger’s video about Tinkoff Bank |date=2017-09-04 |publisher=[[Dozhd]] |language=ru |access-date=2019-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904114722/https://tvrain.ru/news/banke-443881/ |archive-date=September 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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During the week of March 8, 2007, YouTube was blocked in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2bangkok.com/blockedyoutube.shtml |title=YouTube blocked in Thailand |publisher=2Bangkok |date=March 10, 2007 |access-date=March 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312130806/http://2bangkok.com/blockedyoutube.shtml |archive-date=March 12, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Although no official explanation was given for the ban, many bloggers believed the reason for the blocking was a video of former Prime Minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]'s speech on [[CNN]]. YouTube was unblocked on March 10, 2007. |
During the week of March 8, 2007, YouTube was blocked in [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2bangkok.com/blockedyoutube.shtml |title=YouTube blocked in Thailand |publisher=2Bangkok |date=March 10, 2007 |access-date=March 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312130806/http://2bangkok.com/blockedyoutube.shtml |archive-date=March 12, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Although no official explanation was given for the ban, many bloggers believed the reason for the blocking was a video of former Prime Minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]'s speech on [[CNN]]. YouTube was unblocked on March 10, 2007. |
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On the night of April 3, 2007, YouTube was again blocked in Thailand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://facthai.wordpress.com/2007/04/04/youtube-blocked-again/ |title=YouTube ถูกไอซีทีบล็อก (อีกแล้ว) (YouTube Blocked Again) |publisher=Freedom Against Censorship Thailand |date=April 4, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408113652/http://facthai.wordpress.com/2007/04/04/youtube-blocked-again/ |archive-date=April 8, 2007 |df=mdy-all }} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://facthai.wordpress.com/2007/04/04/youtube-blocked-again/ English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120024056/http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Ffacthai.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F04%2F04%2Fyoutube-blocked-again%2F |date=November 20, 2015 }})</ref> The government cited a video on the site that it called "insulting" to King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]].<ref> |
On the night of April 3, 2007, YouTube was again blocked in Thailand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://facthai.wordpress.com/2007/04/04/youtube-blocked-again/ |title=YouTube ถูกไอซีทีบล็อก (อีกแล้ว) (YouTube Blocked Again) |publisher=Freedom Against Censorship Thailand |date=April 4, 2007 |access-date=April 4, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408113652/http://facthai.wordpress.com/2007/04/04/youtube-blocked-again/ |archive-date=April 8, 2007 |df=mdy-all }} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://facthai.wordpress.com/2007/04/04/youtube-blocked-again/ English translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120024056/http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Ffacthai.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F04%2F04%2Fyoutube-blocked-again%2F |date=November 20, 2015 }})</ref> The government cited a video on the site that it called "insulting" to King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2007-04-06|title=Two more clips mocking Thai king appear on YouTube|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/thailand-youtube-idUSBKK20524420070406|access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref><ref>[[:n:Thailand bans YouTube over videos insulting king|"Thailand bans YouTube over videos insulting king"]], ''Wikinews'', April 6, 2007</ref> However, the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology said that it would unblock YouTube in a few days, after websites containing references to this video are blocked as opposed to the entire website.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/05/business/worldbusiness/05tube.html |title=Thailand Bans YouTube |author=Thomas Fuller |date=April 5, 2007 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201085607/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/05/business/worldbusiness/05tube.html |archive-date=December 1, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Communications Minister [[Sitthichai Pokai-udom]] said, "When they decide to withdraw the clip, we will withdraw the ban."<ref>{{Cite news | title=Whose Tube? | date=April 12, 2007 | url=http://economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_JDTPVRG | newspaper=[[The Economist]] | page=71 | access-date=April 16, 2007 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017234704/http://economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_JDTPVRG | archive-date=October 17, 2007 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Shortly after this incident the Internet technology blog [[Mashable]] was blocked from Thailand over the reporting of the YouTube clips in question.<ref> |
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{{Cite news |
{{Cite news |
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|first = Pete |
|first = Pete |
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The decision of the Ankara 1st Criminal Court of Peace on this website (youtube.com) within the scope of the PROTECTION MEASURE dated 05.05.2008 and numbered 2008/402 is implemented by the Directorate of Telecommunication Communication.]] |
The decision of the Ankara 1st Criminal Court of Peace on this website (youtube.com) within the scope of the PROTECTION MEASURE dated 05.05.2008 and numbered 2008/402 is implemented by the Directorate of Telecommunication Communication.]] |
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Turkish courts have ordered blocks on access to the YouTube website.<ref name=turkey_block>{{Cite news |first=Tom |last=Zeller Jr. |title=YouTube Banned in Turkey After Insults to Ataturk |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/03/07/youtube-banned-in-turkey-after-insults-to-ataturk/?_r=0 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 8, 2013 |date=March 7, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125105217/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/03/07/youtube-banned-in-turkey-after-insults-to-ataturk/?_r=0 |archive-date=January 25, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> This first occurred when [[Türk Telekom]] blocked the site in compliance with decision 2007/384 issued by the Istanbul 1st Criminal Court of Peace (''Sulh Ceza Mahkeme'') on March 6, 2007. The court decision was based on videos insulting [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] in an escalation of what the Turkish media referred to as a "virtual war" of insults between [[Greece|Greek]], [[Armenia]]n, and [[Turkey|Turkish]] YouTube members.<ref name=gatekeepers>{{Cite news |first=Jeffrey |last=Rosen |title=Google's Gatekeepers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html?scp=1&sq=youtube+censor+Turkey&st=nyt |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 1, 2008 |date=November 28, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311124601/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html?scp=1&sq=youtube+censor+Turkey&st=nyt |archive-date=March 11, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=104593 "YouTube broadcasts Greek marches full of hatred toward Turks"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214105809/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=104593 |date=February 14, 2009 }}, Hasan Haci, ''Today's Zaman'', March 6, 2007</ref><ref> |
Turkish courts have ordered blocks on access to the YouTube website.<ref name=turkey_block>{{Cite news |first=Tom |last=Zeller Jr. |title=YouTube Banned in Turkey After Insults to Ataturk |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/03/07/youtube-banned-in-turkey-after-insults-to-ataturk/?_r=0 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 8, 2013 |date=March 7, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125105217/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/03/07/youtube-banned-in-turkey-after-insults-to-ataturk/?_r=0 |archive-date=January 25, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> This first occurred when [[Türk Telekom]] blocked the site in compliance with decision 2007/384 issued by the Istanbul 1st Criminal Court of Peace (''Sulh Ceza Mahkeme'') on March 6, 2007. The court decision was based on videos insulting [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] in an escalation of what the Turkish media referred to as a "virtual war" of insults between [[Greece|Greek]], [[Armenia]]n, and [[Turkey|Turkish]] YouTube members.<ref name=gatekeepers>{{Cite news |first=Jeffrey |last=Rosen |title=Google's Gatekeepers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html?scp=1&sq=youtube+censor+Turkey&st=nyt |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 1, 2008 |date=November 28, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311124601/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html?scp=1&sq=youtube+censor+Turkey&st=nyt |archive-date=March 11, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=104593 "YouTube broadcasts Greek marches full of hatred toward Turks"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214105809/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=104593 |date=February 14, 2009 }}, Hasan Haci, ''Today's Zaman'', March 6, 2007</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jardin|first=Xeni|date=2007-03-07|title=Update on Turkey bans YouTube: all a "you're a fag" flame war?|url=https://boingboing.net/2007/03/07/update-on-turkey-ban.html|access-date=2022-12-29|website=Boing Boing|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/turkey/story/0,,2028543,00.html|title=Turkey pulls plug on YouTube over Ataturk 'insults'|agency=AP|date=March 7, 2007|access-date=March 7, 2007|work=The Guardian|archive-date=October 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022192634/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/07/turkey|url-status=live}}</ref> YouTube was sued for "[[Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)|insulting Turkishness]]"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960760.html?categoryid=1009&cs=1|title=Turkey bans YouTube|date=March 8, 2007|access-date=March 10, 2007|first=Ali|last=Jaafar|work=Variety|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312230855/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960760.html?categoryid=1009&cs=1|archive-date=March 12, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and access to the site was suspended pending the removal of the video. YouTube lawyers sent proof of the video's removal to the [[Istanbul]] public prosecutor and access was restored on March 9, 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Technology/Turkey-revokes-YouTube-ban/2007/03/10/1173167025391.html|title=Turkey revokes YouTube ban|date=March 10, 2007|access-date=March 10, 2007|work=The Age|agency=AFP|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509233226/http://www.theage.com.au/news/Technology/Turkey-revokes-YouTube-ban/2007/03/10/1173167025391.html|archive-date=May 9, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> However, other videos similarly deemed insulting were repeatedly posted, and several staggered bans followed, issued by different courts: |
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* the Sivas 2nd Criminal Court of Peace on September 18, 2007, and again (by decision 2008/11) on January 16, 2008; |
* the Sivas 2nd Criminal Court of Peace on September 18, 2007, and again (by decision 2008/11) on January 16, 2008; |
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* the Ankara 12th Criminal Court of Peace on January 17, 2008 (decision 2008/55);<ref>{{Cite news |
* the Ankara 12th Criminal Court of Peace on January 17, 2008 (decision 2008/55);<ref>{{Cite news |
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The block in accordance with court decision 2008/468 of the Ankara 11th Criminal Court of Peace issued on April 24, 2008, which cited that YouTube had not acquired a certificate of authorization in Turkey, was not implemented by Türk Telekom until May 5, 2008. |
The block in accordance with court decision 2008/468 of the Ankara 11th Criminal Court of Peace issued on April 24, 2008, which cited that YouTube had not acquired a certificate of authorization in Turkey, was not implemented by Türk Telekom until May 5, 2008. |
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Although YouTube was officially banned in Turkey, the website was still accessible by modifying connection parameters to use alternative [[Domain name system|DNS]] servers, and it was the eighth most popular website in Turkey according to [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]] records.<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/turkey "Turkey report"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927235933/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/turkey |date=September 27, 2012 }}, ''Freedom on the Net 2012'', Freedom House, September 24, 2012</ref> Responding to criticisms of the courts' bans, in November 2008 the Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] stated "I do access the site. Go ahead and do the same."<ref> |
Although YouTube was officially banned in Turkey, the website was still accessible by modifying connection parameters to use alternative [[Domain name system|DNS]] servers, and it was the eighth most popular website in Turkey according to [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]] records.<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/turkey "Turkey report"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927235933/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/turkey |date=September 27, 2012 }}, ''Freedom on the Net 2012'', Freedom House, September 24, 2012</ref> Responding to criticisms of the courts' bans, in November 2008 the Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] stated "I do access the site. Go ahead and do the same."<ref>{{Cite web|title=NTV Haber - Haberler, En Son Güncel Haberler|url=https://www.ntv.com.tr/?aspxerrorpath=/sayfa-bulunamadi.aspx|access-date=2022-12-29|website=www.ntv.com.tr}}</ref> |
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In June 2010, [[President of Turkey|Turkey's president]] [[Abdullah Gül]] used his [[Twitter]] account to express disapproval of the country's blocking of YouTube, which also affected access from Turkey to many Google services. Gül said he had instructed officials to find legal ways of allowing access.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Turkish president uses Twitter to condemn YouTube ban |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/11/abdullah-gul-twitter-turkey-youtube-ban |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 11, 2010 |agency=[[Associated Press]] ([[Ankara]]) |access-date=June 12, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915013818/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/11/abdullah-gul-twitter-turkey-youtube-ban |archive-date=September 15, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
In June 2010, [[President of Turkey|Turkey's president]] [[Abdullah Gül]] used his [[Twitter]] account to express disapproval of the country's blocking of YouTube, which also affected access from Turkey to many Google services. Gül said he had instructed officials to find legal ways of allowing access.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Turkish president uses Twitter to condemn YouTube ban |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/11/abdullah-gul-twitter-turkey-youtube-ban |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 11, 2010 |agency=[[Associated Press]] ([[Ankara]]) |access-date=June 12, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915013818/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/11/abdullah-gul-twitter-turkey-youtube-ban |archive-date=September 15, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |
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. [http://www.infoworld.com/article/07/10/18/YouTube-blocked-in-China_1.html "YouTube blocked in China; Flickr, Blogspot restored"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124062320/http://www.infoworld.com/article/07/10/18/YouTube-blocked-in-China_1.html |date=January 24, 2008 }}, IDG News, October 18, 2007. Retrieved March 3, 2008</ref> to March 22, 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13908_3-9901341-59.html|title=YouTube unblocked in China, but could Google have cooperated?|publisher=[[CNET Networks|cnet]] news|author=Graham Webster|date=March 22, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810180234/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13908_3-9901341-59.html|archive-date=August 10, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
. [http://www.infoworld.com/article/07/10/18/YouTube-blocked-in-China_1.html "YouTube blocked in China; Flickr, Blogspot restored"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124062320/http://www.infoworld.com/article/07/10/18/YouTube-blocked-in-China_1.html |date=January 24, 2008 }}, IDG News, October 18, 2007. Retrieved March 3, 2008</ref> to March 22, 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13908_3-9901341-59.html|title=YouTube unblocked in China, but could Google have cooperated?|publisher=[[CNET Networks|cnet]] news|author=Graham Webster|date=March 22, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810180234/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13908_3-9901341-59.html|archive-date=August 10, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
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It was blocked again from March 24, 2009, although a Foreign Ministry spokesperson would neither confirm nor deny whether YouTube had been blocked.<ref>[http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-25/tech/youtube.china_1_video-sharing-youtube-tibet-and-taiwan?_s=PM:TECH "YouTube blocked in China"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713032355/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-25/tech/youtube.china_1_video-sharing-youtube-tibet-and-taiwan?_s=PM%3ATECH |date=July 13, 2012 }}, ''CNN'', March 25, 2009</ref> Since then, YouTube has been inaccessible from Mainland China.<ref> |
It was blocked again from March 24, 2009, although a Foreign Ministry spokesperson would neither confirm nor deny whether YouTube had been blocked.<ref>[http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-25/tech/youtube.china_1_video-sharing-youtube-tibet-and-taiwan?_s=PM:TECH "YouTube blocked in China"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713032355/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-03-25/tech/youtube.china_1_video-sharing-youtube-tibet-and-taiwan?_s=PM%3ATECH |date=July 13, 2012 }}, ''CNN'', March 25, 2009</ref> Since then, YouTube has been inaccessible from Mainland China.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-06-29|title=China blocks access to Bloomberg and Businessweek sites|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18648050|access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref> |
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However, YouTube can still be accessed from [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], the [[Shanghai Free Trade Zone]], specific hotels, and by using a VPN.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/travel/2013-12/28/content_17202667.htm |title=Hotel roundup |Hotels |chinadaily.com.cn |access-date=2017-08-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814100401/http://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/travel/2013-12/28/content_17202667.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Since 2018, when the term "YouTube" is searched on [[Baidu]], the following message is displayed: "According to local regulations and policies, some results cannot be shown." |
However, YouTube can still be accessed from [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], the [[Shanghai Free Trade Zone]], specific hotels, and by using a VPN.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/travel/2013-12/28/content_17202667.htm |title=Hotel roundup |Hotels |chinadaily.com.cn |access-date=2017-08-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814100401/http://africa.chinadaily.com.cn/travel/2013-12/28/content_17202667.htm |archive-date=August 14, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Since 2018, when the term "YouTube" is searched on [[Baidu]], the following message is displayed: "According to local regulations and policies, some results cannot be shown." |
||
Even though YouTube is blocked under the [[Great Firewall]], many Chinese media outlets, including [[Central China Television|China Central Television (CCTV)]], have official YouTube accounts. In spite of the ban, Alexa ranks YouTube as the 5th most visited website in China.<ref> |
Even though YouTube is blocked under the [[Great Firewall]], many Chinese media outlets, including [[Central China Television|China Central Television (CCTV)]], have official YouTube accounts. In spite of the ban, Alexa ranks YouTube as the 5th most visited website in China.<ref>{{Cite web|title=End of Service Notice|url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/CN|access-date=2022-12-29|website=www.alexa.com}}</ref> |
||
===Eritrea=== |
===Eritrea=== |
Revision as of 05:01, 29 December 2022
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/YouTube_Availability.png/220px-YouTube_Availability.png)
The video-sharing platform YouTube is the second-most popular website as of August 2019, according to Alexa Internet.[1] According to the company's press page, YouTube has more than one billion users, and each day, those users watch more than one billion hours of video.[2] Censorship of it has occurred and continues to occur to varying degrees in most countries throughout the world.
General
YouTube blocking occurs for a variety of reasons including:[3]
- Preventing criticism of a ruler, government, government officials, religion, or religious leaders;
- Preventing videos promoting racism;
- Violations of national laws, including:
- Copyright and intellectual property protection laws;
- Violations of hate speech, ethics, or morality-based laws;
- National security legislation.
- Preventing access to videos judged to be inappropriate for youth;
- Businesses, schools, government agencies, and other private institutions often block social media sites, including YouTube, due to bandwidth limitations and the site's potential for distraction.[3]
In some countries YouTube is completely blocked, either through a long-term standing ban or for more limited periods of time such as during periods of unrest, the run-up to an election, or in response to upcoming political anniversaries. In other countries, access to the website as a whole remains open, but access to specific videos is blocked due to many reasons including orders from country jurisdiction. In both cases, a VPN is usually deployed to bypass geographical restrictions. In cases where the entire site is banned due to one particular video, YouTube will often agree to remove or limit access to that video in order to restore service.[3]
As of September 2012, countries with standing national bans on YouTube include China, Iran, and Turkmenistan. Due to disputes between GEMA and YouTube over royalties, many videos featuring copyrighted songs were inaccessible in Germany. After an agreement was made between the companies in November 2016, these videos became accessible.[4][5]
YouTube's Terms of Service prohibit the posting of videos which violate copyrights or depict pornography, promoting racism, illegal acts, gratuitous violence, or hate speech. User-posted videos that violate such terms may be removed and replaced with a message stating: "This video is no longer available because its content violated YouTube's Terms of Service".[6][non-primary source needed] Additionally, Google reserves the right to terminate any account for any reason, with or without notice.[7]
YouTube offers an opt-in feature known as "Restricted Mode", which filters videos that might contain mature content.[8]
Countries where access to YouTube had been blocked before
Afghanistan
On September 12, 2012, YouTube was blocked in Afghanistan due to hosting the trailer to the controversial film about Muhammad, Innocence of Muslims, which the authorities considered to be blasphemous.[9] YouTube was later unblocked in Afghanistan on December 1, 2012.[10]
Armenia
Following the disputed February 2008 presidential elections, the Armenian government blocked Internet users' access to YouTube for a month. The Armenian opposition had used the website to publicize video of alleged police brutality against anti-government protesters.[11][12]
Bangladesh
In March 2009, YouTube was blocked in Bangladesh after a recording of an alleged meeting between the prime minister and army officers was posted revealing anger by the military on how the government was handling a mutiny by border guards in Dhaka.[13] The block was lifted on March 21.[14]
On September 17, 2012, YouTube was banned for the second time following the controversies regarding the promotional videos for Innocence of Muslims.[15] On June 5, 2013, the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission lifted the ban.[16]
Brazil
In January 2007, YouTube was sued by Brazilian model and MTV VJ Daniella Cicarelli (the ex-fiancée of football player Ronaldo) and her boyfriend due to the fact that the website hosted a video recorded paparazzi in which she and her boyfriend were having sexual intercourse on a Spanish beach; the video did not contain explicit content. The lawsuit asked that YouTube will be blocked in Brazil until all copies of the video were removed. On Saturday, January 6, 2007, a legal injunction ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from accessing the website.[17]
The effectiveness of the measure was questioned, since the video was available not only on YouTube, but also on other sites as part of an Internet phenomenon. On Tuesday, January 9, 2007, the same court overturned its previous decision, allowing the filters to be removed. The video footage itself remained banned and was to be removed from the website.[18]
In June 2007, a judge ordered Cicarelli and her boyfriend to pay all court and lawyer costs, as well as R$10,000 (roughly US$3,203) to the three defendants—YouTube, Globo, and iG, citing a lack of good faith in pushing the privacy case when their actions took place in public.[19]
Denmark
Access to music on YouTube was blocked in July 2020, following a dispute between YouTube and the rights society KODA over royalty fees.[20][21]
On October 1, 2020, YouTube and Polaris Nordic (which represents KODA, Sweden's STIM, and Norway's TONO) signed a new contract, bringing music by Danish songwriters back onto the website.[22]
Finland
On November 30, 2017, most YouTube videos containing music seemed to be blocked by Finnish nonprofit performance rights organization Teosto in Finland. According to them, Google blocked the videos because they did not have an agreement to show music videos in Finland. According to Teosto, they and Google have made a temporary agreement to show the videos in the morning of November 30. The music videos started to return to YouTube in Finland later that day.[23][24]
Germany
- Blocking of YouTube videos in 2009 until 2016
The blocking of YouTube videos in Germany on copyright grounds was part of a dispute between YouTube and the Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (Society for Musical Performing and Mechanical Reproduction Rights – GEMA), a performance rights organization in Germany.
According to a German court in Hamburg, Google's subsidiary YouTube can be held liable for damages when it hosts copyrighted videos without the copyright holder's permission.[25] As a result, music videos for major label artists on YouTube, as well as many videos containing background music, were unavailable in Germany since the end of March 2009 after the previous agreement had expired and negotiations for a new license agreement were stopped. On October 31, 2016, YouTube and GEMA reached an agreement over royalties, ending a seven-year-long battle of blocking music videos in Germany.[26]
- Live streaming in 2016
On November 23, 2016,[27][28] the German Kommission für Zulassung und Aufsicht (Commission for Authorization and Supervision), which is formed by representatives of German public broadcast stations, required PietSmiet & Co., a German let's-player operating his own YouTube channel to get a German broadcast license by April 30, 2017,[29] or else be regarded as an illegal pirate radio broadcaster for livestreaming, even when no radio spectrum use is included. Some YouTubers, even non profit, might fail at the expensive fee for applying a license.[30] On April 30, 2017, the livestreaming channel PietSmietTV went offline. The channel PietSmiet remained online due not providing 24/7 streaming. The channel was mentioned in a requirement of a license.[31]
- Pending parliamentary resolution in 2019
The Article 17 of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market is feared and criticized as censorship, mandatory for all countries of the European Union within two years if adopted.[32][33][34]
Indonesia
On April 1, 2008, Indonesian information minister Muhammad Nuh asked YouTube to remove Fitna, a controversial film made by Dutch right-wing politician Geert Wilders. The government allowed two days for the removal of the video or YouTube would be blocked in the country.[35] On April 4, following YouTube's failure to remove the video, Nuh asked all Internet service providers to block access to YouTube.[36] On April 5, YouTube was briefly blocked for testing by one ISP.[37] On April 8, YouTube, along with MySpace, Metacafe, RapidShare, Multiply, LiveLeak, and Fitna's official site, were blocked in Indonesia on all ISPs.[38] The blocking of YouTube was subsequently lifted on April 10.[39] There may still have been some blocking in May 2008 according to local inhabitants.[citation needed]
Libya
On January 24, 2010, Libya permanently blocked YouTube after it featured videos of demonstrations in the Libyan city of Benghazi by families of detainees who were killed in Abu Salim prison in 1996, as well as videos of family members of Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi at parties.[citation needed] The ban was condemned by Human Rights Watch.[40] In November 2011, after the Libyan Civil War, YouTube was once again allowed in Libya,[41] but did not launch a local version of the site until early 2015.
Malaysia
In May 2013, videos critical of the Malaysian government were blocked from YouTube in Malaysia despite the government's promises not to censor the internet. Analysis of the network traffic shows that the ISPs were scanning the headers of the users and actively blocking requests to the YouTube video according to the video key.[42][43]
Morocco
On May 25, 2007, the state-owned Maroc Telecom ISP blocked all access to YouTube.[44] Officially, no reasons were given as to why YouTube was blocked, but speculations were that it may have been due to videos posted by the pro-separatist Polisario, Western Sahara's independence movement, or due to videos criticizing King Mohammed VI. The ban did not affect the other two ISPs in the country, Wana (now Inwi) and Méditel (now Orange Maroc). The blocking of YouTube on Maroc Telecom was lifted May 30, 2007, after Maroc Telecom unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was a mere "technical glitch".[45]
Pakistan
In February 2008, the Pakistani Telecommunications Authority (PTA) blocked access to YouTube on Pakistani ISPs, allegedly because of "blasphemous" videos of Dutch politician Geert Wilders. However, the PTA's block inadvertently knocked out access to YouTube worldwide for two hours on February 25, 2008.[46] Pakistan Telecom had broadcast to other ISPs in the Pacific Rim the false claim that it was the correct route for the addresses in YouTube's IP space.[47] It was suggested by some Pakistani websites, blogs, and by electoral process watchdog groups at the time that the block was imposed largely to distract viewers from videos alleging vote-rigging by the ruling MQM party in the February 2008 general elections.[48][49] Allegations of suppressing vote-rigging videos by the Musharraf administration were also leveled by Pakistani bloggers, newspapers, media, and Pakistani anti-Musharraf opposition parties.[50][51] YouTube was unblocked on February 27, 2008, after the allegedly blasphemous videos were removed.[52]
On May 20, 2010, which was Everybody Draw Mohammed Day, Pakistan again blocked the website in a bid to contain "blasphemous" material.[53] The ban was lifted on May 27, 2010, after the website removed the objectionable content from its servers at the request of the government. However, individual videos deemed offensive to Muslims that are posted on YouTube will continue to be blocked.[54][55]
On September 17, 2012, the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) ordered access to YouTube blocked, after the website failed to remove the trailer of the controversial Innocence of Muslims, and eventually resulting in a ban due to YouTube's noncompliance.[56]
Bytes for All, a Pakistani non-profit organization, filed a constitutional challenge to the ban through their counsel Yasser Latif Hamdani in the Lahore High Court. This is an ongoing case and is commonly known as the YouTube case.[57]
On December 11, 2013, it was announced by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority that they had convinced Google's management to offer a local "https://www.youtube.com.pk" version to Pakistan, as it would be easy for the local authorities to remove "objectionable" material from a local version as compared to the global version of YouTube. However, it would only be offered after the Pakistani government fulfilled some of the undisclosed requirements.[58]
During the ban a video was released called "Kholo BC" by rappers Adil Omar and Ali Gul Pir opposing the ban.[59] The video went viral and thousands of people supported that the ban is due to political interest.[58]
On April 21, 2014, Pakistan's Senate Standing Committee on Human Rights approved a resolution to lift the ban on YouTube.[60]
On May 6, 2014, the National Assembly unanimously adopted a non-binding resolution to lift the ban,[61] but as of August 2, 2014 it was still in effect.[62] [needs update] The ban was lifted due to a technical glitch on December 6, 2015, according to ISPs in Pakistan.[63]
As of January 18, 2016, the ban has been officially lifted, as YouTube has launched a local version of the site for Pakistan.
On November 25, 2017, the NetBlocks internet measurement platform and Digital Rights Foundation collected evidence of nationwide blocking of YouTube alongside other social media services, imposed by the government in response to the violent Tehreek-e-Labaik protests.[64][65][66] The technical investigation found that many, but not all, major Pakistani fixed-line and mobile service providers implemented the YouTube restriction which was lifted by the PTA the following day when protests abated after the resignation of Minister for Law and Justice Zahid Hamid.[67]
Russia
The video claiming responsibility for the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings, which quickly gained 800,000 views in four days, was removed, along with all videos of Doku Umarov. Additionally, it turned out that over 300 videos from the Kavkaz Center were removed for having "inappropriate content." Russia was blamed for having pressured YouTube to take such measures.[68]
On July 28, 2010, a court in the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur ordered a local ISP to block access to youtube.com, web.archive.org, and several other websites offering books for downloads, citing extremist materials as the reason.[69] The order was not enforced and was later reversed.[70] YouTube is now available in Russia.[citation needed]
On September 4, 2017, Roskomnadzor announced their intention to delete a video released by a popular YouTube channel Nemagia in which bloggers Alexey Pskovitin and Mikhail Pecherskiy described unscrupulous business strategies by Tinkoff Bank.[71]
In February 2019, as a result of a complaint received by Roskomnadzor, YouTube has demanded that the Ukrainian Centre for Journalist Investigations remove a video about Emir-Usein Kuku, a Crimean Tatar human rights defender who has been arrested by Russian authorities in 2016.[72]
In September 2021, YouTube blocked two German-language channels run by a Russian state-backed media company RT stating they spread misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines. In return, Roskomnadzor threatened to block the service in the country or fine Google unless the restrictions are lifted.[73]
In March 2022, YouTube started showing its users ads with calls to disable Russian railroad communications. As a result, Roskomnadzor contacted Google and demanded the company to stop the threats against Russia.[74]
South Korea
At the request of the South Korean government, Google removed about 54,000 pieces of content.[75] Not only that, but the government-critical videos that are difficult to delete are ruined by making them recommended to the area that has nothing to do with the video.[76]
Sudan
The Sudanese authorities blocked YouTube on April 21, 2010, following the 2010 presidential election, and also blocked YouTube's owner Google. The block was in response to a YouTube video appearing to show National Electoral Commission workers in official uniforms and a child in the Hamashkoreib region filling out voting strips and putting them into ballot boxes, with one of them expressing relief that the voting period had been extended for them to finish their work. Sudan had previously blocked YouTube temporarily in 2008 for unknown reasons.[77]
On September 17, 2012, YouTube was banned again by National Telecommunication Corporation for not removing Innocence of Muslims, a controversial anti-Islamic film. However, the block was later lifted.[78]
Syria
In multiple instances YouTube access was blocked in Syria by the Syrian government and blackouts caused by the Syrian civil war.
YouTube has been blocked in August 2007 after videos were circulated denouncing the crackdown on the Kurd minority. In February 2011 Syria lifted their block of YouTube and other social media services.[79][80]
Tajikistan
In July 2012, the Tajik authorities blocked YouTube in response to uploaded videos showing protests against militant clashes. Eight days later, the ban was lifted.[citation needed]
In the same year, the Tajik government blocked the website again, this time because of videos depicting the president Emomali Rakhmon which were deemed to be offensive to the government.[81]
In 2013, Tajikistan blocked YouTube for a third time because of a video which depicts President Rakhmon dancing and singing out of tune at his son's wedding party in 2007.[82]
On June 9, 2014, YouTube briefly became inaccessible for an unknown reason. Beg Zuhurov, chief of Tajikistan's State Communications Service, claimed that this was due to "technical problems".[83]
On August 25, 2015, YouTube was once again blocked by certain ISPs following an order from the State Communications Service.[84] The block was not lifted until mid-2017.[85]
On May 23, 2019, after the President of Tajikistan criticized the internet for "bolstering terrorism", Tajik authorities extended the blockages of all Google resources, including YouTube. However, the ban was later lifted.[86]
Thailand
In 2006, Thailand blocked access to YouTube for users with Thai IP addresses. Thai authorities identified 20 offensive videos and demanded that Google remove them before it would allow unblocking of all YouTube content.[87]
During the week of March 8, 2007, YouTube was blocked in Thailand.[88] Although no official explanation was given for the ban, many bloggers believed the reason for the blocking was a video of former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's speech on CNN. YouTube was unblocked on March 10, 2007.
On the night of April 3, 2007, YouTube was again blocked in Thailand.[89] The government cited a video on the site that it called "insulting" to King Bhumibol Adulyadej.[90][91] However, the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology said that it would unblock YouTube in a few days, after websites containing references to this video are blocked as opposed to the entire website.[92] Communications Minister Sitthichai Pokai-udom said, "When they decide to withdraw the clip, we will withdraw the ban."[93] Shortly after this incident the Internet technology blog Mashable was blocked from Thailand over the reporting of the YouTube clips in question.[94] YouTube was unblocked on August 30, 2007, after YouTube reportedly agreed to block videos deemed offensive by Thai authorities.[95]
On September 21, 2007, Thai authorities announced they were seeking a court order to block videos that had appeared on YouTube accusing Privy Council president Prem Tinsulanonda of attempting to manipulate the royal succession to make himself Thailand's king.[96]
Tunisia
YouTube was blocked in Tunisia for several years before the 2011 Tunisian Revolution.[97][98][99]
Turkey
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/YouTube_blocked_in_Turkey.jpg/250px-YouTube_blocked_in_Turkey.jpg)
Turkish courts have ordered blocks on access to the YouTube website.[100] This first occurred when Türk Telekom blocked the site in compliance with decision 2007/384 issued by the Istanbul 1st Criminal Court of Peace (Sulh Ceza Mahkeme) on March 6, 2007. The court decision was based on videos insulting Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in an escalation of what the Turkish media referred to as a "virtual war" of insults between Greek, Armenian, and Turkish YouTube members.[87][101][102][103] YouTube was sued for "insulting Turkishness"[104] and access to the site was suspended pending the removal of the video. YouTube lawyers sent proof of the video's removal to the Istanbul public prosecutor and access was restored on March 9, 2007.[105] However, other videos similarly deemed insulting were repeatedly posted, and several staggered bans followed, issued by different courts:
- the Sivas 2nd Criminal Court of Peace on September 18, 2007, and again (by decision 2008/11) on January 16, 2008;
- the Ankara 12th Criminal Court of Peace on January 17, 2008 (decision 2008/55);[106]
- the Ankara 1st Criminal Court of Peace on March 12, 2008 (decision 2008/251);
- the Ankara 11th Criminal Court of Peace on April 24, 2008 (decision 2008/468).
- the Ankara 5th Criminal Court of Peace on April 30, 2008 (decision 2008/599);
- again, the Ankara 1st Criminal Court of Peace on May 5, 2008 (decision 2008/402);
- again, the Ankara 11th Criminal Court of Peace on June 6, 2008 (decision 2008/624).
- again, based on "administrative measures" without court order following corruption scandal, relating several governmental officials including Prime Minister Erdoğan on March 27, 2014,
The block in accordance with court decision 2008/468 of the Ankara 11th Criminal Court of Peace issued on April 24, 2008, which cited that YouTube had not acquired a certificate of authorization in Turkey, was not implemented by Türk Telekom until May 5, 2008.
Although YouTube was officially banned in Turkey, the website was still accessible by modifying connection parameters to use alternative DNS servers, and it was the eighth most popular website in Turkey according to Alexa records.[107] Responding to criticisms of the courts' bans, in November 2008 the Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated "I do access the site. Go ahead and do the same."[108]
In June 2010, Turkey's president Abdullah Gül used his Twitter account to express disapproval of the country's blocking of YouTube, which also affected access from Turkey to many Google services. Gül said he had instructed officials to find legal ways of allowing access.[109]
Turkey lifted the ban on October 30, 2010.[110] In November 2010, a video of the Turkish politician Deniz Baykal caused the site to be blocked again briefly, and the site was threatened with a new shutdown if it did not remove the video.[111][112]
On March 27, 2014, Turkey banned YouTube again. This time, they did so mere hours after a video was posted there claiming to depict Turkey's foreign minister, spy chief, and a top general discussing scenarios that could lead to their country's military attacking jihadist militants in Syria.[113] The ban was ordered to be lifted by a series of court rulings, starting April 9, 2014, but Turkey defied the court orders and kept access to YouTube blocked.[114][115] On May 29 the Constitutional Court of Turkey ruled that the block violated the constitutional right to freedom of expression and ordered that YouTube access be restored.[116]
As of the morning of June 1, 2014, access to YouTube remained blocked in Turkey.[117] But during the day, access appeared to have been restored[citation needed].
On April 6, 2015, YouTube was again briefly blocked, alongside Facebook and Twitter, due to the widespread posting of footage of a prosecutor killed during a hostage crisis.[118]
On December 23, 2016, YouTube again became briefly inaccessible in Turkey according to reports validated by internet monitoring group Turkey Blocks after footage that allegedly showed the immolation of Turkish soldiers by jihadists was shared on the site.[119][120] The site is now accessible again as of December 25.[citation needed]
United Arab Emirates
The UAE's Telecom Regulatory Authority (TRA) briefly blocked YouTube from August 2006 to October 2006 due to increasing concerns regarding the presence of adult content in the website. According to the TRA, the block was done due to YouTube not categorizing and separating adult pornographic content from normal content.[121] The ban was lifted in October 2006.[122]
Uzbekistan
YouTube access in Uzbekistan has been heavily censored for an unknown reason since October 15, 2018.[123][124]
Venezuela
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Netblocks-venezuela-social-block.png/220px-Netblocks-venezuela-social-block.png)
During the Venezuelan presidential crisis of 2019, YouTube has been heavily censored regularly by Venezuela's state-owned internet service provider, CANTV. The blocking of YouTube and social media websites by the Venezuelan government were intended to suppress information relating to Juan Guaidó and the pro-opposition National Assembly. This mainly affects the access of streaming platforms like Periscope, YouTube, Bing, and other Google services.[125][126][127][128][129]
On January 21, 2019, the day of a Bolivarian National Guard rebellion in the Cotiza neighborhood of Caracas, internet access to some social media websites, including YouTube was reported to be blocked for CANTV users. The Venezuelan government denied it had engaged in blocking.[130]
During the Venezuela Aid Live concert on February 22, access to YouTube was blocked for CANTV users during the concert,[131] alongside National Geographic and Antena 3 that were removed from cable and satellite TV for broadcasting the concert.[132] Guaidó speech during the February 23 entry of the humanitarian aid, YouTube was blocked.[133]
The longest block of YouTube to date started during a National Assembly session on March 6, lasting 20 hours.[134][135]
The YouTube live stream of the press conference of US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Colombian President Iván Duque Márquez on April 15, 2019, was disrupted for CANTV users.[136]
The YouTube restrictions returned with the return of the protests on November 16.[137]
Countries where access to YouTube is currently blocked
China (excluding Hong Kong and Macau)
YouTube was first blocked in China for over five months from October 16, 2007[138] to March 22, 2008.[139]
It was blocked again from March 24, 2009, although a Foreign Ministry spokesperson would neither confirm nor deny whether YouTube had been blocked.[140] Since then, YouTube has been inaccessible from Mainland China.[141] However, YouTube can still be accessed from Hong Kong, Macau, the Shanghai Free Trade Zone, specific hotels, and by using a VPN.[142] Since 2018, when the term "YouTube" is searched on Baidu, the following message is displayed: "According to local regulations and policies, some results cannot be shown."
Even though YouTube is blocked under the Great Firewall, many Chinese media outlets, including China Central Television (CCTV), have official YouTube accounts. In spite of the ban, Alexa ranks YouTube as the 5th most visited website in China.[143]
Eritrea
YouTube has been intermittently blocked in Eritrea since 2011 by some ISPs, although a spokesperson for Freedom House speculated this was due to bandwidth considerations.[144]
Iran
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Youtube_censorship_in_Iran.jpg/220px-Youtube_censorship_in_Iran.jpg)
On December 3, 2006, Iran temporarily blocked access to YouTube and several other sites, after declaring them as violators of social and moral codes of conduct. The YouTube block came after a video was posted online that appeared to show an Iranian soap opera star having sex.[145] The block was later lifted and then reinstated after Iran's 2009 presidential election.[146] In 2012, Iran reblocked access, along with access to Google, after the controversial film Innocence of Muslims trailer was released on YouTube.[147]
On January 17, 2016, some users reported that the website was unblocked,[citation needed] although the site was blocked again on January 20, 2016. Some startups, television shows, celebrities, and reformist politicians such as Khatami use this website.
North Korea
YouTube is blocked in North Korea because of the country's laws regarding the Internet and its accessibility. It has been fully blocked since April 2016, and the North Korean government has warned that anyone who tries to access it is subject to punishment.[148]
Turkmenistan
On December 25, 2009, for security reasons, YouTube was blocked in Turkmenistan by the only ISP in the country, Turkmentelecom. Other websites, such as LiveJournal were also blocked.[149]
See also
References
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- ^ "Rechte für Musikvideos: YouTube und Gema einigen sich nach jahrelangem Streit". Spiegel Online. November 2016. Archived from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
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- ^ "Afghanistan to unblock YouTube – AFGHANISTAN TIMES" Archived January 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, 1s December 2012
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- ^ "YouTube Blocked in Armenia?". blogoscoped.com. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
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External links
- YouTube Censored: A recent History by the OpenNet Initiative: an interactive map that shows a rough history of YouTube censorship since 2006.
- "Free Speech in the Age of YouTube" in The New York Times, September 22, 2012
- Google Transparency Report