2022 Brazilian general election: Difference between revisions
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Cropped photo and replaced it also in table of candidates; expanded section on electoral system with more details on parties and voting procedure; moved image of voting machine; removed repeated wikilinks, MOS:DL; changed section on coalitions to a subsection as they are only valid for presidential candidates; adjusted sentences; completed reference; removed conclusion not mentioned in source and added statement from source; replaced acronym with full name |
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| candidate5 = [[Simone Tebet]] |
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| party5 = Brazilian Democratic Movement |
| party5 = Brazilian Democratic Movement |
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| alliance5 = Brazil for Everyone{{efn|The coalition Brazil for Everyone is composed of party [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|MDB]], federation [[Always Forward (Brazil)|Always Forward]] (itself composed of parties [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]] and [[Cidadania|Citizenship]]), and party [[Podemos (Brazil)|We Can]].}} |
| alliance5 = Brazil for Everyone{{efn|The coalition Brazil for Everyone is composed of party [[Brazilian Democratic Movement|MDB]], federation [[Always Forward (Brazil)|Always Forward]] (itself composed of parties [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]] and [[Cidadania|Citizenship]]), and party [[Podemos (Brazil)|We Can]].}} |
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General elections are scheduled to be held on 2 October 2022 in [[Brazil]] to elect the [[President of Brazil|President]], [[Vice President of Brazil|Vice President]], and the [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]]. Elections for [[Federative units of Brazil|state]] Governors and Vice Governors, State Legislative Assemblies, the [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]] [[Legislative Chamber of the Federal District|Legislative Chamber]], and the District Council of [[Fernando de Noronha]] will be held at the same time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Resolution no. 23669, of 14 December 2021 |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/compilada/res/2021/resolucao-no-23-669-de-14-de-dezembro-de-2021 |publisher=Superior Electoral Court |language=pt}}</ref> There are more than 156 million registered voters in Brazil for this election,<ref>{{cite web |title=30 days left: more than 156 million voters go to the ballot boxes |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2022/Setembro/faltam-30-dias-mais-de-156-milhoes-de-eleitoras-e-eleitores-vao-as-urnas |publisher=Superior Electoral Court |date=2 September 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> making the country the second largest democracy in the [[Americas]] and one of the largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/brazil/freedom-world/2022 |title=Brazil: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |publisher=Freedom House |accessdate=2022-09-02}}</ref> |
General elections are scheduled to be held on 2 October 2022 in [[Brazil]] to elect the [[President of Brazil|President]], [[Vice President of Brazil|Vice President]], and the [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]]. Elections for [[Federative units of Brazil|state]] Governors and Vice Governors, State Legislative Assemblies, the [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]] [[Legislative Chamber of the Federal District|Legislative Chamber]], and the District Council of [[Fernando de Noronha]] will be held at the same time.<ref name=tse2022>{{cite web |title=Resolution no. 23669, of 14 December 2021 |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/compilada/res/2021/resolucao-no-23-669-de-14-de-dezembro-de-2021 |publisher=Superior Electoral Court |language=pt}}</ref> There are more than 156 million registered voters in Brazil for this election,<ref>{{cite web |title=30 days left: more than 156 million voters go to the ballot boxes |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2022/Setembro/faltam-30-dias-mais-de-156-milhoes-de-eleitoras-e-eleitores-vao-as-urnas |publisher=Superior Electoral Court |date=2 September 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> making the country the second largest democracy in the [[Americas]] and one of the largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/brazil/freedom-world/2022 |title=Brazil: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |publisher=Freedom House |accessdate=2022-09-02}}</ref> |
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Incumbent president [[Jair Bolsonaro]], elected in [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]], is a candidate for reelection. Former president [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], elected in [[2002 Brazilian general election|2002]] and reelected in [[2006 Brazilian general election|2006]], is a candidate for trielection. Bolsonaro made several allegations of election fraud, including prior to the election. Many observers denounced these allegations as false and expressed concerns that they could be used to challenge the outcome of the election or to execute a [[self-coup]].<ref name=coup1/><ref name=coup2/><ref name=coup3/><ref name=coup4/><ref name=coup5/> Some commentators have also noted the importance of this election for the [[Amazon rainforest]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=The future of Amazon rainforest is on the line in Brazil election |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/the-future-of-amazon-rainforest-is-on-the-line-in-brazil-election |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Channel 4 News |language=en-GB}}</ref> as well as [[Climate change in Brazil|climate change]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-15 |title=Brazil's climate politics are shifting. That matters for the whole planet. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times|first=Manuela|last=Andreoni |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/15/climate/brazil-elections-lula-climate.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
Incumbent president [[Jair Bolsonaro]], elected in [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]], is a candidate for reelection. Former president [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], elected in [[2002 Brazilian general election|2002]] and reelected in [[2006 Brazilian general election|2006]], is a candidate for trielection. Bolsonaro made several allegations of election fraud, including prior to the election. Many observers denounced these allegations as false and expressed concerns that they could be used to challenge the outcome of the election or to execute a [[self-coup]].<ref name=coup1/><ref name=coup2/><ref name=coup3/><ref name=coup4/><ref name=coup5/> Some commentators have also noted the importance of this election for the [[Amazon rainforest]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=The future of Amazon rainforest is on the line in Brazil election |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/the-future-of-amazon-rainforest-is-on-the-line-in-brazil-election |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Channel 4 News |language=en-GB}}</ref> as well as [[Climate change in Brazil|climate change]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-15 |title=Brazil's climate politics are shifting. That matters for the whole planet. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times|first=Manuela|last=Andreoni |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/15/climate/brazil-elections-lula-climate.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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==Electoral system== |
==Electoral system== |
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{{main|Elections in Brazil}} |
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⚫ | Voting in Brazil is allowed for citizens over 16 years old and [[compulsory voting|mandatory]] for |
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⚫ | The [[President of Brazil|President]] and [[Vice President of Brazil]] are elected as a joint [[Ticket (election)|ticket]] using the [[two-round system]]. The first round of elections is held on the first Sunday of October (in this instance, 2 October 2022).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/legal-research-guide/brazil-executive-branch.php#elections|title=Legal Research Guide: Brazil - The Executive Branch|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626172227/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/legal-research-guide/brazil-executive-branch.php#elections}}</ref> A candidate who receives more than 50% of the total valid votes in the first round is elected. If the 50% threshold is not met by any candidate, the two candidates who receive the most votes in the first round participate in a second round of voting, held on the last Sunday of October (in this instance, 30 October 2022), and the candidate who receives the most votes in the second round is elected. |
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⚫ | Brazilian citizens residing abroad may only vote for president and vice president.<ref> |
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⚫ | One-third of the 81 members of the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]] will be elected in 2022, the other two-thirds having been elected in [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]]. One candidate will be elected from each of the states and the Federal District using [[plurality voting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2044_B.htm|title=Federal Senate electoral system|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825041012/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2044_B.htm}}</ref> |
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All candidates for federal, state, Federal District and municipal offices must be registered in a political party. For offices to be elected by majority, such as president and governor, each party may only nominate one candidate.<ref>[https://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/processo-eleitoral-brasileiro/candidaturas Registration of candidacies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124112713/https://www.tse.jus.br/eleicoes/processo-eleitoral-brasileiro/candidaturas |date=24 November 2021 }}, Superior Electoral Court {{in lang|pt}}.</ref> |
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⚫ | All 513 members of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] (Federal Deputies) will be elected in 2022, with candidates elected from 27 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the states and the Federal District, varying in size from 8 to 70 seats. All members of the [[Legislative Assemblies of Brazilian states|State Legislative Assemblies]] (State Deputies) and of the [[Legislative Chamber of the Federal District|Federal District Legislative Chamber]] (District Deputies), varying in size from 24 to 94 seats, will also be elected. These elections are held using [[open list]] [[proportional representation]], with seats allocated using integer quotients and the [[D'Hondt method]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2043_B.htm|title=Chamber of Deputies electoral system|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825061603/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2043_B.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/o-tse/escola-judiciaria-eleitoral/publicacoes/revistas-da-eje/artigos/revista-eletronica-eje-n.-5-ano-3/como-funciona-o-sistema-proporcional |title=How does the proportional system work? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124112712/https://www.tse.jus.br/o-tse/escola-judiciaria-eleitoral/publicacoes/revistas-da-eje/artigos/revista-eletronica-eje-n.-5-ano-3/como-funciona-o-sistema-proporcional |archive-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Superior Electoral Court |language=pt}}</ref> |
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All seven members of the District Council of [[Fernando de Noronha]] will be elected in 2022, by [[single non-transferable vote]]. Unlike elections for other offices in Brazil, candidates for this council are not nominated by political parties.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-04|title=Arquipélago Fernando de Noronha terá eleição unificada pela 1ª vez|url=http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/arquipelago-fernando-de-noronha-tera-eleicao-unificada-pela-1-vez-04092018|access-date=2022-06-04|website=R7.com|language=pt|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122204931/https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/arquipelago-fernando-de-noronha-tera-eleicao-unificada-pela-1-vez-04092018}}</ref> |
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===Voters=== |
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Unlike in previous elections, in 2022 the voting stations will be open at the same time in the whole country, regardless of their [[Time in Brazil|time zone]]: 9:00 to 18:00 [[UTC−02:00]], 8:00 to 17:00 [[UTC−03:00]], 7:00 to 16:00 [[UTC−04:00]], and 6:00 to 15:00 [[UTC−05:00]]. This rule does not apply to voting stations for Brazilian citizens abroad.<ref>[https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2021/Dezembro/horario-de-inicio-de-votacao-em-todo-o-pais-sera-uniformizado-pelo-horario-de-brasilia-decide-tse Voting start time in the whole country will be standardized by Brasília time, TSE decides], Superior Electoral Court, 14 December 2021 {{in lang|pt}}.</ref> |
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⚫ | Voting in Brazil is allowed for citizens over 16 years old and [[compulsory voting|mandatory]] for [[Literacy|literate]] citizens between 18 and 70 years old (except conscripts, who are not allowed to vote during [[Conscription in Brazil|mandatory military service]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tre-rj.jus.br/eleitor/perguntas-frequentes/direito-obrigatoriedade-do-voto |title=Direito/Obrigatoriedade do Voto |trans-title=Right/obligation to vote |language=pt |publisher=Regional Electoral Court of Rio de Janeiro}}</ref> Those who are required but do not vote in an election and do not present an acceptable justification (such as being absent from their voting locality at the time)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/servicos/justificativa-eleitoral|title=Justificativa Eleitoral|publisher=Superior Electoral Court|language=pt|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714034052/http://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/servicos/justificativa-eleitoral}}</ref> must pay a fine, normally [[Brazilian real|R$]]3.51<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tre-sp.jus.br/eleitor/perguntas-e-respostas |title=Perguntas e respostas |trans-title=Questions and answers |publisher=Regional Electoral Court of São Paulo |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tre-rj.jus.br/eleitor/perguntas-frequentes/multa-eleitoral |title=Electoral fine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216043449/https://www.tre-rj.jus.br/eleitor/perguntas-frequentes/multa-eleitoral |archive-date=16 December 2021 |publisher=Regional Electoral Court of Rio de Janeiro |language=pt}}</ref> (equivalent to [[United States dollar|US$]]0.67 as of September 2022), but in some cases the fine may be waived, reduced or increased up to R$35.13 (US$6.67).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/compilada/res/2021/resolucao-no-23-659-de-26-de-outubro-de-2021 |title=Resolution no. 23.659, of 26 October 2021, articles 127 and 133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214213911/https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/compilada/res/2021/resolucao-no-23-659-de-26-de-outubro-de-2021 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |publisher=Superior Electoral Court |language=pt}}</ref> |
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⚫ | [[Brazilian diaspora|Brazilian citizens residing abroad]] may only vote for president and vice president.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/eleitor-no-exterior |title=Voter abroad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124112715/https://www.tse.jus.br/eleitor/eleitor-no-exterior |archive-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Superior Electoral Court |language=pt}}</ref> Due to a [[Equality Statute between Brazil and Portugal|treaty with Portugal]], Portuguese citizens legally residing in Brazil for more than three years may also register to vote in Brazilian elections.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Com estatuto de igualdade de direitos políticos, há mais de 26 mil portugueses aptos a votar no Brasil|url=https://orapois.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2021/05/05/com-estatuto-de-igualdade-politica-ha-mais-de-26-mil-portugueses-aptos-a-votar-no-brasil/|access-date=2022-06-04|website=Ora Pois|language=pt|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124112713/https://orapois.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2021/05/05/com-estatuto-de-igualdade-politica-ha-mais-de-26-mil-portugueses-aptos-a-votar-no-brasil/}}</ref> |
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===Presidential elections=== |
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⚫ | The [[President of Brazil|President]] and [[Vice President of Brazil]] are elected as a joint [[Ticket (election)|ticket]] using the [[two-round system]]. The first round of elections is held on the first Sunday of October (in this instance, 2 October 2022).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/legal-research-guide/brazil-executive-branch.php#elections|title=Legal Research Guide: Brazil - The Executive Branch|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626172227/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/legal-research-guide/brazil-executive-branch.php#elections |
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===Candidates and political parties=== |
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===Gubernatorial elections=== |
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⚫ | All candidates for [[Subdivisions of Brazil|federal, state, Federal District and municipal]] offices must be nominated by a [[List of political parties in Brazil|political party]]. For offices to be elected by majority or plurality (excutive offices and senators), parties may form a [[political alliance|coalition]] (''coligação'') to nominate a single candidate. The coalitions do not need to be composed of the same parties for every nomination, do not need to be maintained after the election, and are not valid for offices to be elected [[Proportional representation|proportionally]] (deputies and aldermen).<ref name=registration>{{cite web |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/legislacao/compilada/res/2019/resolucao-no-23-609-de-18-de-dezembro-de-2019 |title=Resolução nº 23.609, de 18 de dezembro de 2019 |trans-title=Resolution no. 23609, of 18 October 2019 |publisher=Superior Electoral Court |language=pt}}</ref> A new law, valid for this election, also allows parties to form a different type of alliance called federation (''federação''), which acts a single party to nominate candidates for all offices in all locations, including those to be elected proportionally, and must be maintained with a single leadership structure over the course of the elected legislature.<ref>{{cite web|title=Entenda as diferenças entre coligações e federações e veja como funcionarão - Notícias|url=https://www.camara.leg.br/noticias/811671-entenda-as-diferencas-entre-coligacoes-e-federacoes-e-veja-como-funcionarao/|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Portal da Câmara dos Deputados|language=pt|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121014656/https://www.camara.leg.br/noticias/811671-entenda-as-diferencas-entre-coligacoes-e-federacoes-e-veja-como-funcionarao/}}</ref> For 2022, three federations were formed: [[Brazil of Hope]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]]-[[Communist Party of Brazil|PCdoB]]-[[Green Party (Brazil)|PV]]), [[Always Forward (Brazil)|Always Forward]] ([[Brazilian Social Democracy Party|PSDB]]-[[Cidadania]]), and [[PSOL REDE Federation|PSOL REDE]] ([[Socialism and Liberty Party|PSOL]]-[[Sustainability Network|REDE]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/partidos/federacoes-registradas-no-tse/federacoes-partidarias-registradas-no-tse |title=Party federations registered in TSE |publisher=Superior Electoral Court |language=pt}}</ref> Federations may also act as parties to form coalitions. |
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For offices to be elected proportionally, each party must nominate candidates of each [[sex]] in a distribution between 30 and 70%.<ref name=registration/> Under rulings by the [[Superior Electoral Court]] and [[Supreme Federal Court]], parties must also allocate their funds and broadcast time proportionally to the number of their candidates of each [[sex]] and [[Race (human categorization)|race]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-race-elections-idUSKBN25M2QN|title=Brazil fights racism with new campaign rules for Black politicians|first=Fabio|last=Teixeira|newspaper=Reuters|date=26 August 2020|via=www.reuters.com|access-date=29 January 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124180149/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-race-elections-idUSKBN25M2QN}}</ref> |
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===Procedure=== |
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{{main|Electronic voting in Brazil}} |
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====Federal Senate elections==== |
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[[File:2022 Brazilian election locations.svg|thumb|350px|{{legend|#FF8000|Brazil}}{{legend|#00B0FF|Countries with voting stations for Brazilian citizens abroad}}]] |
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⚫ | One-third of the 81 members of the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]] will be elected, the other two-thirds having been elected in [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]]. One candidate will be elected from each of the states and the Federal District using [[plurality voting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2044_B.htm|title=Federal Senate electoral system|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825041012/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2044_B.htm |
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Voting in Brazilian elections can only be done in person and only on [[election day]], which is always a [[Sunday]]. There is no provision for [[postal voting|postal]] or [[early voting]]. Voters must be [[voter registration|previously registered]] and must provide [[photo identification]]. Each voter can only vote in one designated [[polling place|voting station]], either based on the voter's registered [[Domicile (law)|domicile]] or at a different location that the voter must specifically request if planning to be there temporarily on election day.<ref name=tse2022/> |
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More than 92,000 voting stations were installed in all [[municipalities of Brazil]], the Federal District and Fernando de Noronha.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sig.tse.jus.br/ords/dwapr/seai/r/sig-eleicao-eleitorado/home |title=Eleitorado da eleição |trans-title=Electorate of the election |publisher=Superior Electoral Court |language=pt}}</ref> Most voting stations are in public schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/podereleitoral/saiba-quantas-zonas-e-secoes-eleitorais-ha-no-brasil/ |title=Saiba quantas zonas e seções eleitorais há no Brasil |trans-title=Know how many electoral zones and sections there are in Brazil |publisher=Poder 360 |date=20 September 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> In some sparsely populated areas, such as [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)|indigenous territories]], the installation and use of voting stations requires extensive travel and [[logistics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tjam.jus.br/index.php/menu/sala-de-imprensa/6636-magistrados-estaduais-do-amazonas-designados-para-atuar-no-processo-eleitoral-levam-a-cidadania-por-meio-do-voto-aos-locais-mais-distantes-do-estado |title=Magistrados estaduais do Amazonas designados para atuar no processo eleitoral levam a cidadania, por meio do voto, aos locais mais distantes do Estado |trans-title=State magistrates of Amazonas designated to act in the electoral process bring citizenship, by means of vote, to the most distant locations of the state |publisher=Court of Justice of Amazonas |date=24 August 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> Voting stations were also installed in 160 locations in other countries, mostly in [[List of diplomatic missions of Brazil|Brazilian diplomatic missions]], for Brazilian citizens residing abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tre-df.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2022/Setembro/saiba-mais-sobre-as-eleicoes-brasileiras-no-exterior-1 |title=Saiba mais sobre as eleições brasileiras no exterior |trans-title=Know more about Brazilian elections abroad |publisher=Regional Electoral Court of the Federal District |date=27 September 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> |
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====Chamber of Deputies elections==== |
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⚫ | All 513 members of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] (Federal Deputies) will be elected, with candidates elected from 27 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the states and the Federal District, varying in size from 8 to 70 seats. |
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===Legislative Assemblies elections=== |
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Voting is done almost entirely on [[DRE voting machine|direct-recording electronic voting machines]], designed for extreme simplicity. The voter dials a number corresponding to the desired candidate or party, causing the name and photo of the candidate or party to appear on the screen, then the voter presses a green button to confirm or a red button to correct and try again. It is also possible to leave the vote blank by pressing a white button, or to nullify the vote by dialing a number that does not correspond to any candidate or party. Paper [[ballots]] are only used in case a voting machine malfunctions or in locations abroad with less than 100 Brazilian voters.<ref name=tse2022/> |
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All members of the [[Legislative Assemblies of Brazilian states|State Legislative Assemblies]] (State Deputies) and of the Federal District Legislative Chamber (District Deputies), varying in size from 24 to 94 seats, will be elected. These elections are also held using open list proportional representation, with seats allocated using integer quotients and the D'Hondt method. |
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The electronic system is subject to extensive tests, including on machines randomly selected from actual voting stations on election day, witnessed by political parties to rule out fraud. After voting ends, every machine prints a record of its total votes for each candidate or party, which is publicly displayed for comparison with the results published electronically.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justicaeleitoral.jus.br/urna-eletronica/oportunidades-de-auditoria-e-fiscalizacao.html |title=Auditoria e fiscalização |trans-title=Audit and inspection |publisher=Electoral Justice |language=pt}}</ref> The system delivers the complete election results usually a few hours after voting ends, which is extremely fast for such a large population as Brazil. However, the system does not create a physical record of individual votes to allow a full [[Election recount|recount]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justicaeleitoral.jus.br/urna-eletronica/impressao-do-voto.html |title=Urna eletrônica |trans-title=Electronic voting machine |publisher=Electoral Justice |language=pt}}</ref> |
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===Fernando de Noronha=== |
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All seven members of the District Council of [[Fernando de Noronha]] will be elected, by [[single non-transferable vote]]. Unlike elections for other offices in Brazil, candidates for this council do not have to be registered in a political party.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-04|title=Arquipélago Fernando de Noronha terá eleição unificada pela 1ª vez|url=http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/arquipelago-fernando-de-noronha-tera-eleicao-unificada-pela-1-vez-04092018|access-date=2022-06-04|website=R7.com|language=pt|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122204931/https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/arquipelago-fernando-de-noronha-tera-eleicao-unificada-pela-1-vez-04092018|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The partial vote count for an office can only start being published after voting has ended in all locations in Brazil voting for that office, to avoid influencing those still voting. In previous years, due to [[Time in Brazil|time zones]], the vote count for president (the only one that combines votes from more than one state) could only start being published after voting ended in [[UTC−05:00]], two hours after it had ended for the vast majority of the population in [[UTC−03:00]]. To avoid this undesirable wait, for 2022 the Superior Electoral Court ordered voting stations to operate at the same time in the whole country, regardless of their time zone: 9:00 to 18:00 [[UTC−02:00]], 8:00 to 17:00 UTC−03:00, 7:00 to 16:00 [[UTC−04:00]], and 6:00 to 15:00 UTC−05:00.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2022/Setembro/votacao-em-todo-pais-seguira-o-horario-de-brasilia |title=Votação em todo o país seguirá o horário de Brasília |trans-title=Voting in all of the country will follow Brasília time |publisher=Superior Electoral Court |date=27 September 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> Politicians in [[Acre (state)|Acre]], in UTC−05:00, filed a legal complaint against this order due to the unreasonably early start of voting preparations in their local time, but the complaint was dismissed by the Supreme Federal Court.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://g1.globo.com/ac/acre/eleicoes/2022/noticia/2022/09/12/stf-nega-medida-cautelar-para-reverter-horario-de-votacao-no-acre.ghtml |title=STF nega medida cautelar para reverter horário de votação no Acre |trans-title=Supreme Federal Court denies injunction to revert voting time in Acre |publisher=G1 |date=12 September 2022}}</ref> The unified voting time does not apply to voting stations for Brazilian citizens abroad, which still operate from 8:00 to 17:00 local time, even though some of them end up to four hours after UTC−03:00.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2021/Dezembro/horario-de-inicio-de-votacao-em-todo-o-pais-sera-uniformizado-pelo-horario-de-brasilia-decide-tse |title=Voting start time in the whole country will be standardized by Brasília time, TSE decides |publisher=Superior Electoral Court |date=14 December 2021 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/arquivos/eleicoes-2022-fact-sheet-27-09.pdf |title=Voto no exterior |trans-title=Vote abroad |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil |date=27 September 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> |
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| style="max-width:75px; text-align:center; line-height:1.3" | '''{{img|Brazilian Democratic Movement|75px|caption=y}}'''<br/>(MDB{{nbsp}}15) |
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| [[File:08-12-2021 Lançamento da pré-candidatura de Simone Tebet à Presidência da República (94) (cropped).jpg|100px|Simone Tebet]] |
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| '''[[Simone Tebet]]'''<p style=font-size:small>[[Federal Senate (Brazil)|Senator]] for [[Mato Grosso do Sul]] (since 2015)<br/>[[List of governors of Mato Grosso do Sul|Vice Governor of Mato Grosso do Sul]] (2011–2014)</p> |
| '''[[Simone Tebet]]'''<p style=font-size:small>[[Federal Senate (Brazil)|Senator]] for [[Mato Grosso do Sul]] (since 2015)<br/>[[List of governors of Mato Grosso do Sul|Vice Governor of Mato Grosso do Sul]] (2011–2014)</p> |
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| {{img|Mara Gabrilli}} |
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* [[Luiz Henrique Mandetta]] – Former [[Ministry of Health (Brazil)|Minister of Health]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/agencia-estado/2021/11/25/mandetta-desiste-de-candidatura-presidencial-nas-eleicoes-de-2022.htm|title=Mandetta desiste de candidatura presidencial nas eleições de 2022|date=2021-11-25|access-date=2021-11-25|language=pt|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125204531/https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/agencia-estado/2021/11/25/mandetta-desiste-de-candidatura-presidencial-nas-eleicoes-de-2022.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> |
* [[Luiz Henrique Mandetta]] – Former [[Ministry of Health (Brazil)|Minister of Health]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/agencia-estado/2021/11/25/mandetta-desiste-de-candidatura-presidencial-nas-eleicoes-de-2022.htm|title=Mandetta desiste de candidatura presidencial nas eleições de 2022|date=2021-11-25|access-date=2021-11-25|language=pt|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125204531/https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/agencia-estado/2021/11/25/mandetta-desiste-de-candidatura-presidencial-nas-eleicoes-de-2022.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*[[Cabo Daciolo]] – Former Deputy. Candidate for [[President of Brazil|President]] in [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/area/pais/cabo-daciolo-desiste-de-candidatura-a-presidencia-por-ordem-de-deus-veja-o-video/|title=Cabo Daciolo desiste de candidatura à Presidência por "ordem de Deus". Veja o vídeo|date=2021-12-16|accessdate=2021-12-16|language=pt|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216165851/https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/area/pais/cabo-daciolo-desiste-de-candidatura-a-presidencia-por-ordem-de-deus-veja-o-video/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/cabo-daciolo-desiste-de-candidatura-presidencia-declara-voto-em-ciro-gomes-1-25321570|title=Cabo Daciolo desiste de candidatura à Presidência e declara voto em Ciro Gomes|website=O Globo|language=pt|first=Jan|last=Niklas|date=16 December 2021|accessdate=17 January 2022|url-access=subscription|archive-date=12 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112095109/https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/cabo-daciolo-desiste-de-candidatura-presidencia-declara-voto-em-ciro-gomes-1-25321570|url-status=live}}</ref> |
*[[Cabo Daciolo]] – Former Deputy. Candidate for [[President of Brazil|President]] in [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/area/pais/cabo-daciolo-desiste-de-candidatura-a-presidencia-por-ordem-de-deus-veja-o-video/|title=Cabo Daciolo desiste de candidatura à Presidência por "ordem de Deus". Veja o vídeo|date=2021-12-16|accessdate=2021-12-16|language=pt|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216165851/https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/area/pais/cabo-daciolo-desiste-de-candidatura-a-presidencia-por-ordem-de-deus-veja-o-video/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/cabo-daciolo-desiste-de-candidatura-presidencia-declara-voto-em-ciro-gomes-1-25321570|title=Cabo Daciolo desiste de candidatura à Presidência e declara voto em Ciro Gomes|website=O Globo|language=pt|first=Jan|last=Niklas|date=16 December 2021|accessdate=17 January 2022|url-access=subscription|archive-date=12 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112095109/https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/cabo-daciolo-desiste-de-candidatura-presidencia-declara-voto-em-ciro-gomes-1-25321570|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*[[Luciano Bivar]] – [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Federal Deputy]] for [[Pernambuco]] since 2019, 2017−2018, 1999−2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/pe/pernambuco/eleicoes/2022/noticia/2022/07/31/luciano-bivar-anuncia-desistencia-de-candidatura-a-presidencia-da-republica.ghtml|title=Luciano Bivar anuncia desistência de candidatura à Presidência da República e lança nome da senadora Soraya Thronicke|website=G1|language=pt |
*[[Luciano Bivar]] – [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Federal Deputy]] for [[Pernambuco]] since 2019, 2017−2018, 1999−2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/pe/pernambuco/eleicoes/2022/noticia/2022/07/31/luciano-bivar-anuncia-desistencia-de-candidatura-a-presidencia-da-republica.ghtml|title=Luciano Bivar anuncia desistência de candidatura à Presidência da República e lança nome da senadora Soraya Thronicke|website=G1|language=pt|first1=Pedro|last1=Alves|date=31 July 2022|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref> |
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*[[Drauzio Varella]] – Oncologist and immunologist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/monicabergamo/2020/03/esse-mundo-ta-louco-diz-drauzio-varella-sobre-concorrer-a-presidencia.shtml|title='Esse mundo tá louco', diz Drauzio Varella sobre concorrer à Presidência|publisher=Folha de S.Paulo|language=pt|first=Mônica|last=Bergamo|date=5 March 2020|access-date=5 March 2020|trans-title='The world is crazy', says Drauzio Varella about running for President|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305134702/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/monicabergamo/2020/03/esse-mundo-ta-louco-diz-drauzio-varella-sobre-concorrer-a-presidencia.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> |
*[[Drauzio Varella]] – Oncologist and immunologist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/monicabergamo/2020/03/esse-mundo-ta-louco-diz-drauzio-varella-sobre-concorrer-a-presidencia.shtml|title='Esse mundo tá louco', diz Drauzio Varella sobre concorrer à Presidência|publisher=Folha de S.Paulo|language=pt|first=Mônica|last=Bergamo|date=5 March 2020|access-date=5 March 2020|trans-title='The world is crazy', says Drauzio Varella about running for President|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305134702/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/monicabergamo/2020/03/esse-mundo-ta-louco-diz-drauzio-varella-sobre-concorrer-a-presidencia.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*[[Paulo Guedes]] – [[Ministry of the Economy (Brazil)|Minister of the Economy]] since 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guedes descarta candidatura em 2022 e diz que entende 'zero' de política – Jovem Pan|url=https://jovempan.com.br/programas/jornal-da-manha/guedes-descarta-candidatura-em-2022-e-diz-que-entende-zero-de-politica.html|date=9 November 2019|website=Guedes descarta candidatura em 2022 e diz que entende 'zero' de política – Jovem Pan|language=pt|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913091414/https://jovempan.com.br/programas/jornal-da-manha/guedes-descarta-candidatura-em-2022-e-diz-que-entende-zero-de-politica.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
*[[Paulo Guedes]] – [[Ministry of the Economy (Brazil)|Minister of the Economy]] since 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guedes descarta candidatura em 2022 e diz que entende 'zero' de política – Jovem Pan|url=https://jovempan.com.br/programas/jornal-da-manha/guedes-descarta-candidatura-em-2022-e-diz-que-entende-zero-de-politica.html|date=9 November 2019|website=Guedes descarta candidatura em 2022 e diz que entende 'zero' de política – Jovem Pan|language=pt|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913091414/https://jovempan.com.br/programas/jornal-da-manha/guedes-descarta-candidatura-em-2022-e-diz-que-entende-zero-de-politica.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*[[Fernando Haddad]] – [[List of mayors of São Paulo|Mayor]] of [[São Paulo]] 2013–2017; [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Minister of Education]] 2005–2012; candidate for Mayor of São Paulo in [[2016 São Paulo mayoral election|2016]]. Candidate for [[President of Brazil|President]] in [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/haddad-se-opoe-ideia-de-lula-de-olho-em-2022-descarta-disputar-prefeitura-de-sp-23479150|title=Haddad se opõe a ideia de Lula e, de olho em 2022, descarta disputar prefeitura de SP|publisher=O Globo|language=pt|first=Sergio|last=Roxo|date=25 February 2019|access-date=2 July 2019|url-access=subscription|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702051622/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/haddad-se-opoe-ideia-de-lula-de-olho-em-2022-descarta-disputar-prefeitura-de-sp-23479150|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Rui>{{cite web|url=https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/politica/2019-05-05/governador-da-bahia-ganha-forca-para-ser-o-candidato-do-pt-a-presidencia-em-2022.html|title=Governador da Bahia ganha força para ser o candidato do PT à presidência em 2022|publisher=Último Segundo|language=pt|date=5 May 2019|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505203239/https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/politica/2019-05-05/governador-da-bahia-ganha-forca-para-ser-o-candidato-do-pt-a-presidencia-em-2022.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
*[[Fernando Haddad]] – [[List of mayors of São Paulo|Mayor]] of [[São Paulo]] 2013–2017; [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Minister of Education]] 2005–2012; candidate for Mayor of São Paulo in [[2016 São Paulo mayoral election|2016]]. Candidate for [[President of Brazil|President]] in [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/haddad-se-opoe-ideia-de-lula-de-olho-em-2022-descarta-disputar-prefeitura-de-sp-23479150|title=Haddad se opõe a ideia de Lula e, de olho em 2022, descarta disputar prefeitura de SP|publisher=O Globo|language=pt|first=Sergio|last=Roxo|date=25 February 2019|access-date=2 July 2019|url-access=subscription|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702051622/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/haddad-se-opoe-ideia-de-lula-de-olho-em-2022-descarta-disputar-prefeitura-de-sp-23479150|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Rui>{{cite web|url=https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/politica/2019-05-05/governador-da-bahia-ganha-forca-para-ser-o-candidato-do-pt-a-presidencia-em-2022.html|title=Governador da Bahia ganha força para ser o candidato do PT à presidência em 2022|publisher=Último Segundo|language=pt|date=5 May 2019|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505203239/https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/politica/2019-05-05/governador-da-bahia-ganha-forca-para-ser-o-candidato-do-pt-a-presidencia-em-2022.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*[[Rui Costa (politician)|Rui Costa]] – [[List of Governors of Bahia|Governor]] of [[Bahia]] since 2015; Chief of Staff of Bahia 2012–2014; Federal Deputy from Bahia 2011–2015; State Secretary of Institutional Affairs of Bahia 2007–2011; City Councillor of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] 2001–2009.<ref name=Rui /> |
*[[Rui Costa (politician)|Rui Costa]] – [[List of Governors of Bahia|Governor]] of [[Bahia]] since 2015; Chief of Staff of Bahia 2012–2014; Federal Deputy from Bahia 2011–2015; State Secretary of Institutional Affairs of Bahia 2007–2011; City Councillor of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] 2001–2009.<ref name=Rui /> |
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*[[Wellington Dias]] – [[List of current state governors in Brazil|Governor]] of [[Piauí]] since 2015 and 2003–2011; [[Brazilian Senate|Senator]] for [[Piauí]] 2011–2015<ref>{{cite web|date=8 August 2019|title=Não se espante se o nome de Wellington Dias aparecer como candidato a presidente em 2022 – OitoMeia|url=https://www.oitomeia.com.br/colunas/allisson-paixao/2019/08/08/nao-se-espante-se-o-nome-de-wellington-dias-aparecer-como-candidato-a-presidente-em-2022/|access-date=30 November 2020|website=OitoMeia – Notícias: Teresina, Piauí, Brasil e Mundo|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416222036/https://www.oitomeia.com.br/colunas/allisson-paixao/2019/08/08/nao-se-espante-se-o-nome-de-wellington-dias-aparecer-como-candidato-a-presidente-em-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
*[[Wellington Dias]] – [[List of current state governors in Brazil|Governor]] of [[Piauí]] since 2015 and 2003–2011; [[Brazilian Senate|Senator]] for [[Piauí]] 2011–2015.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 August 2019|title=Não se espante se o nome de Wellington Dias aparecer como candidato a presidente em 2022 – OitoMeia|url=https://www.oitomeia.com.br/colunas/allisson-paixao/2019/08/08/nao-se-espante-se-o-nome-de-wellington-dias-aparecer-como-candidato-a-presidente-em-2022/|access-date=30 November 2020|website=OitoMeia – Notícias: Teresina, Piauí, Brasil e Mundo|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416222036/https://www.oitomeia.com.br/colunas/allisson-paixao/2019/08/08/nao-se-espante-se-o-nome-de-wellington-dias-aparecer-como-candidato-a-presidente-em-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*[[Glauber Braga]] – Federal deputy for Rio de Janeiro since 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/breves/glauber-braga-e-pre-candidato-a-presidencia-pelo-psol-nas-eleicoes-2022/|title= Glauber Braga diz ser pré-candidato à Presidência pelo Psol nas eleições 2022|date=2021-05-10|accessdate=2021-05-10|language=pt|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510235056/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/assets2/gazetadopovo-notes-11778dd76eff6f83047b6da609df524d.css|archivedate=2021-05-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2021/05/com-efeito-lula-psol-racha-sobre-2022-e-poe-boulos-e-erundina-em-lados-opostos.shtml|title=Com efeito Lula, PSOL racha sobre 2022 e põe Boulos e Erundina em lados opostos|date=2021-05-10|language=pt|accessdate=2021-05-10|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511000152/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2021/05/com-efeito-lula-psol-racha-sobre-2022-e-poe-boulos-e-erundina-em-lados-opostos.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> |
*[[Glauber Braga]] – Federal deputy for Rio de Janeiro since 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/breves/glauber-braga-e-pre-candidato-a-presidencia-pelo-psol-nas-eleicoes-2022/|title= Glauber Braga diz ser pré-candidato à Presidência pelo Psol nas eleições 2022|date=2021-05-10|accessdate=2021-05-10|language=pt|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510235056/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/assets2/gazetadopovo-notes-11778dd76eff6f83047b6da609df524d.css|archivedate=2021-05-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2021/05/com-efeito-lula-psol-racha-sobre-2022-e-poe-boulos-e-erundina-em-lados-opostos.shtml|title=Com efeito Lula, PSOL racha sobre 2022 e põe Boulos e Erundina em lados opostos|date=2021-05-10|language=pt|accessdate=2021-05-10|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511000152/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2021/05/com-efeito-lula-psol-racha-sobre-2022-e-poe-boulos-e-erundina-em-lados-opostos.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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*[[Wilson Witzel]] – [[List of Governors of Rio de Janeiro|Governor]] of [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] 2019–2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://br18.com.br/witzel-admite-disputar-presidencia-em-2022/|title=Witzel admite disputar Presidência em 2022|website=BR 18|language=pt|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718201851/https://br18.com.br/witzel-admite-disputar-presidencia-em-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar/wilson-witzel-planeja-concorrer-a-presidencia-em-2022/|title=Wilson Witzel planeja concorrer à presidência em 2022 {{!}} Radar|website=VEJA.com|language=pt|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718201850/https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar/wilson-witzel-planeja-concorrer-a-presidencia-em-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/witzel-diz-que-deseja-suceder-bolsonaro-como-presidente-do-brasil/|title=Witzel diz que deseja suceder Bolsonaro como presidente do Brasil|publisher=Exame|language=pt|date=6 August 2019|access-date=25 August 2019|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208202843/https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/witzel-diz-que-deseja-suceder-bolsonaro-como-presidente-do-brasil/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://painel.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2019/08/29/witzel-entra-na-mira-dos-bolsonaro-que-questionam-cumprimento-de-plano-fiscal-do-rio/|title=Witzel entra na mira dos Bolsonaro, que questionam cumprimento de plano fiscal do Rio|publisher=Folha de S. Paulo|language=pt|first=Daniela|last=Lima|date=29 August 2019|access-date=29 August 2019|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829153433/https://painel.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2019/08/29/witzel-entra-na-mira-dos-bolsonaro-que-questionam-cumprimento-de-plano-fiscal-do-rio/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-15|title=Alvo de impeachment, Wilson Witzel diz que concorrerá ao governo do RJ|url=https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/guilherme-amado/alvo-de-impeachment-witzel-diz-que-concorrera-ao-governo-do-rj|access-date=2022-08-01|website=Metrópoles|language=pt}}</ref> |
*[[Wilson Witzel]] – [[List of Governors of Rio de Janeiro|Governor]] of [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] 2019–2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://br18.com.br/witzel-admite-disputar-presidencia-em-2022/|title=Witzel admite disputar Presidência em 2022|website=BR 18|language=pt|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718201851/https://br18.com.br/witzel-admite-disputar-presidencia-em-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar/wilson-witzel-planeja-concorrer-a-presidencia-em-2022/|title=Wilson Witzel planeja concorrer à presidência em 2022 {{!}} Radar|website=VEJA.com|language=pt|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718201850/https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar/wilson-witzel-planeja-concorrer-a-presidencia-em-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/witzel-diz-que-deseja-suceder-bolsonaro-como-presidente-do-brasil/|title=Witzel diz que deseja suceder Bolsonaro como presidente do Brasil|publisher=Exame|language=pt|date=6 August 2019|access-date=25 August 2019|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208202843/https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/witzel-diz-que-deseja-suceder-bolsonaro-como-presidente-do-brasil/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://painel.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2019/08/29/witzel-entra-na-mira-dos-bolsonaro-que-questionam-cumprimento-de-plano-fiscal-do-rio/|title=Witzel entra na mira dos Bolsonaro, que questionam cumprimento de plano fiscal do Rio|publisher=Folha de S. Paulo|language=pt|first=Daniela|last=Lima|date=29 August 2019|access-date=29 August 2019|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829153433/https://painel.blogfolha.uol.com.br/2019/08/29/witzel-entra-na-mira-dos-bolsonaro-que-questionam-cumprimento-de-plano-fiscal-do-rio/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-15|title=Alvo de impeachment, Wilson Witzel diz que concorrerá ao governo do RJ|url=https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/guilherme-amado/alvo-de-impeachment-witzel-diz-que-concorrera-ao-governo-do-rj|access-date=2022-08-01|website=Metrópoles|language=pt}}</ref> |
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*[[Michel Temer]] – [[President of Brazil]] 2016–2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Não sou o candidato da terceira via", afirma Michel Temer|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/nao-sou-o-candidato-da-terceira-via-afirma-michel-temer/|access-date=2022-08-01|website=CNN Brasil|language=pt}}</ref> |
*[[Michel Temer]] – [[President of Brazil]] 2016–2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Não sou o candidato da terceira via", afirma Michel Temer|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/nao-sou-o-candidato-da-terceira-via-afirma-michel-temer/|access-date=2022-08-01|website=CNN Brasil|language=pt}}</ref> |
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*[[Jorge Kajuru]] – Senator for Goiás since 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://diariodopoder.com.br/claudio-humberto-home/kajuru-quer-ser-presidente-e-questiona-se-o-huck-e-por-que-nao-posso-ser|title=Kajuru é candidato a presidente: "se Huck é, por que não posso ser|date=2021-04-23|accessdate=2021-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423132009/https://diariodopoder.com.br/claudio-humberto-home/kajuru-quer-ser-presidente-e-questiona-se-o-huck-e-por-que-nao-posso-ser|archivedate=2021-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Minas|first1=Estado de|date=2022-06-30|title=Em Plenrio, Jorge Kajuru declara voto em Simone Tebet|url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2022/06/30/interna_politica,1377182/em-plenario-jorge-kajuru-declara-voto-em-simone-tebet.shtml|access-date=2022-08-01|website=Estado de Minas|language=pt}}</ref> |
*[[Jorge Kajuru]] – Senator for Goiás since 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://diariodopoder.com.br/claudio-humberto-home/kajuru-quer-ser-presidente-e-questiona-se-o-huck-e-por-que-nao-posso-ser|title=Kajuru é candidato a presidente: "se Huck é, por que não posso ser|date=2021-04-23|accessdate=2021-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423132009/https://diariodopoder.com.br/claudio-humberto-home/kajuru-quer-ser-presidente-e-questiona-se-o-huck-e-por-que-nao-posso-ser|archivedate=2021-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Minas|first1=Estado de|date=2022-06-30|title=Em Plenrio, Jorge Kajuru declara voto em Simone Tebet|url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2022/06/30/interna_politica,1377182/em-plenario-jorge-kajuru-declara-voto-em-simone-tebet.shtml|access-date=2022-08-01|website=Estado de Minas|language=pt}}</ref> |
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*[[Joaquim Barbosa]] – Chief Justice of the |
*[[Joaquim Barbosa]] – Chief Justice of the Supreme Federal Court (2012−2014); Justice of the Supreme Federal Court (2003−2014); Deputy Chief Justice of the Superior Electoral Court (2008−2009); Justice of the Superior Electoral Court (2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,um-ano-depois-de-filiacao-joaquim-barbosa-se-reaproxima-do-psb,70002783339|title=Um ano depois de filiação, Joaquim Barbosa se reaproxima do PSB|publisher=Folha de S. Paulo|language=pt|first1=Pedro|last1=Venceslau|first2=Paulo|last2=Beraldo|date=8 April 2019|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830120914/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,um-ano-depois-de-filiacao-joaquim-barbosa-se-reaproxima-do-psb,70002783339|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Joaquim Barbosa rejeita convite do Podemos após saída de Moro|url=https://pleno.news/brasil/politica-nacional/joaquim-barbosa-rejeita-convite-do-podemos-apos-saida-de-moro.html|access-date=2022-08-01|website=pleno.news|language=pt|author=Andrade, Thamirys}}</ref> |
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*[[Alvaro Dias]] – [[Paraná (state)|Senator for Paraná]] since 1999; [[Paraná (state)|Federal Deputy for Paraná]] (1975–1983); [[Governor of Paraná]] (1987–1991).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alvaro Dias decide não ser candidato ao Palácio do Planalto |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/alvaro-dias-decide-nao-ser-candidato-ao-palacio-do-planalto/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=CNN Brasil |language=pt}}</ref> |
*[[Alvaro Dias]] – [[Paraná (state)|Senator for Paraná]] since 1999; [[Paraná (state)|Federal Deputy for Paraná]] (1975–1983); [[Governor of Paraná]] (1987–1991).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alvaro Dias decide não ser candidato ao Palácio do Planalto |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/alvaro-dias-decide-nao-ser-candidato-ao-palacio-do-planalto/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=CNN Brasil |language=pt}}</ref> |
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*[[Eduardo Leite]] – [[List of governors of Rio Grande do Sul|Governor of Rio Grande do Sul]] (2019–2022).<ref>{{cite web| title=PSDB makes official candidacy of Eduardo Leite for governor of Rio Grande do Sul |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2022/07/31/psdb-eduardo-leite-governo-rs.htm |publisher=UOL |date=31 July 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> |
*[[Eduardo Leite]] – [[List of governors of Rio Grande do Sul|Governor of Rio Grande do Sul]] (2019–2022).<ref>{{cite web| title=PSDB makes official candidacy of Eduardo Leite for governor of Rio Grande do Sul |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2022/07/31/psdb-eduardo-leite-governo-rs.htm |publisher=UOL |date=31 July 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> |
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== Coalitions == |
=== Coalitions === |
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{| style=float:right |
{| style=float:right |
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|'''Support''' |
|'''Support''' |
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For the first time in the Brazilian presidential elections since [[1989 Brazilian presidential election|1989]], television and radio stations, newspapers and news websites group themselves into pools to hold presidential debates, by request from the campaigns in order to reduce the number of debates scheduled for the 2022 elections.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veículos jornalísticos farão pools para debates presidenciais|url=https://www.meioemensagem.com.br/home/midia/2022/07/29/veiculos-jornalisticos-farao-pools-para-debates-presidenciais.html|website=Meio & Mensagem|language=pt|date=29 July 2022}}</ref> |
For the first time in the Brazilian presidential elections since [[1989 Brazilian presidential election|1989]], television and radio stations, newspapers and news websites group themselves into pools to hold presidential debates, by request from the campaigns in order to reduce the number of debates scheduled for the 2022 elections.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veículos jornalísticos farão pools para debates presidenciais|url=https://www.meioemensagem.com.br/home/midia/2022/07/29/veiculos-jornalisticos-farao-pools-para-debates-presidenciais.html|website=Meio & Mensagem|language=pt|date=29 July 2022}}</ref> |
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The following presidential debates were held or scheduled (times in [[UTC−03:00]]): |
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{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center |
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==Incidents== |
==Incidents== |
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===Political violence=== |
===Political violence=== |
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Since the official beginning of the election campaign in August 2022, Bolsonaro has incited either physical<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Sep 2022 |title=Win or lose, Jair Bolsonaro poses a threat to Brazilian democracy |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/09/08/win-or-lose-jair-bolsonaro-poses-a-threat-to-brazilian-democracy |access-date=2022-09-11 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> or [[verbal violence]] against his critics and political opponents, especially women,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bolsonaro tem histórico de atitudes agressivas contra mulheres |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/bolsonaro-tem-historico-de-acoes-agressivas-contra-mulheres/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Poder360 |language=pt |
Since the official beginning of the election campaign in August 2022, Bolsonaro has incited either physical<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 Sep 2022 |title=Win or lose, Jair Bolsonaro poses a threat to Brazilian democracy |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/09/08/win-or-lose-jair-bolsonaro-poses-a-threat-to-brazilian-democracy |access-date=2022-09-11 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> or [[verbal violence]] against his critics and political opponents, especially women,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bolsonaro tem histórico de atitudes agressivas contra mulheres |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/bolsonaro-tem-historico-de-acoes-agressivas-contra-mulheres/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Poder360 |language=pt}}</ref> such as saying he and his supporters must "obliterate" opposition [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=FolhaPress |date=2022-09-09 |title=Bolsonaro radicaliza discurso contra PT após novo caso de violência política |url=https://jornaldebrasilia.com.br/noticias/politica-e-poder/bolsonaro-radicaliza-discurso-contra-pt-apos-violencia/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Jornal de Brasília |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bolsonaro ataca Lula: 'Essa gente tem que ser extirpada da vida pública' |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/09/07/bolsonaro-7-de-setembro-discursa-copacabana-rio-de-janeiro.htm |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=noticias.uol.com.br |language=pt}}</ref> [[smear campaign|smearing]] political commentators, journalists or interviewers on his social medias and speeches or even trying himself to grab a phone from a disillusioned voter and [[YouTuber|YouTuber]] who confronted him in a [[Political rally|rally]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-02 |title=Gabriela Prioli, da CNN, sofre ameaças após chacota de Bolsonaro |url=https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/area/pais/gabriela-prioli-da-cnn-sofre-ameacas-apos-chacota-de-bolsonaro/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Congresso em Foco |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrade' |first='Ingrid Soares, Tainá |date=2022-08-28 |title=Bolsonaro ataca Vera Magalhães durante debate: 'Vergonha para o jornalismo' |url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2022/08/5032711-bolsonaro-ataca-vera-magalhaes-vergonha-para-o-jornalismo.html |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Política |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=Bolsonaro ataca Amanda Klein em entrevista à Jovem Pan: "Seu marido vota em mim" |url=https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/area/pais/bolsonaro-ataca-amanda-klein-em-entrevista-a-jovem-pan-seu-marido-vota-em-mim/ |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Congresso em Foco |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrade' |first='Tainá |date=2022-08-18 |title=Bolsonaro tenta tirar celular da mão de influenciador que o questionava |url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2022/08/5030236-bolsonaro-tenta-tirar-celular-da-mao-de-influenciador-que-o-questionava.html |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Política |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chamado de 'tchuchuca do Centrão', Bolsonaro tenta agredir youtuber |url=https://br.noticias.yahoo.com/chamado-de-tchuchuca-do-centrao-bolsonaro-tenta-agredir-youtuber-152500412.html |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=br.noticias.yahoo.com |language=pt}}</ref> |
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On 10 July 2022, [[Municipal guards|city guard]] Marcelo Aloizio de Arruda, a [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]] activist, was murdered for political reasons, during his birthday party at a community center located in [[Foz do Iguaçu]] ([[Paraná (state)|state of Paraná]]). Jorge Guaranho, a federal [[prison officer]], was arrested after storming the victim's party shouting that he was a supporter of Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]], and shooting at de Arruda. The shooter was also injured during the attack, due to the [[self-defense]] exercised by the victim,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=Brazil Party Official Shot Dead at His 50th Birthday Celebration {{!}} PE… |url=https://archive.ph/0aBZ6 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-10 |title=Guarda Municipal que era tesoureiro do PT é morto a tiros na própria … |url=https://archive.ph/yS9nv |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> with some media outlets mistakenly reporting the men killed each other based on an incorrect statement from the local police. The police later backtracked from the statement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=Após dizer que atirador que matou petista morreu, polícia volta atrás… |url=https://archive.ph/Yz1MT |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> Marcelo de Arruda is survived by his wife and four young children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title='Estou sem chão', diz viúva de guarda municipal e tesoureiro do PT as… |url=https://archive.ph/d3HGz |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> In the hours following the murder, Brazilian politicians, including some 2022 presidential candidates, and authorities condemned the attack, with some of them calling for calm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=Brazil: Leaders Call for Calm After Party Official's Killing {{!}} World … |url=https://archive.ph/jffgW |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-10 |title=Veja repercussão entre políticos do assassinato de tesoureiro do PT e… |url=https://archive.ph/6y2N3 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> Also on 10 July, the local police opened an investigation into the crime's motivation<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-30 |title=Polícia Civil investiga "real motivação" de assassinato de petista em… |url=https://archive.ph/K2knV |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> and a day later the police chief officer leading the probe was found to have previously made online posts against the Worker's Party, potentially violating the [[due process]] because of [[abuse of power]], which unofficially caused her to be removed from the investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Minas |first1=Estado de |date=2022-07-11 |title=Crime em Foz do Iguaçu: delegada que fazia posts antiPT é afastada do caso - Politica - Estado de Minas |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2022/07/11/interna_politica,1379372/crime-em-foz-do-iguacu-delegada-que-fazia-posts-antipt-e-afastada-do-caso.shtml |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Estado de Minas |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-30 |title=Governo do PR substitui delegada do caso sobre morte do militante do … |url=https://archive.ph/88fYp |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> |
On 10 July 2022, [[Municipal guards|city guard]] Marcelo Aloizio de Arruda, a [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]] activist, was murdered for political reasons, during his birthday party at a community center located in [[Foz do Iguaçu]] ([[Paraná (state)|state of Paraná]]). Jorge Guaranho, a federal [[prison officer]], was arrested after storming the victim's party shouting that he was a supporter of Brazilian president [[Jair Bolsonaro]], and shooting at de Arruda. The shooter was also injured during the attack, due to the [[self-defense]] exercised by the victim,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=Brazil Party Official Shot Dead at His 50th Birthday Celebration {{!}} PE… |url=https://archive.ph/0aBZ6 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-10 |title=Guarda Municipal que era tesoureiro do PT é morto a tiros na própria … |url=https://archive.ph/yS9nv |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> with some media outlets mistakenly reporting the men killed each other based on an incorrect statement from the local police. The police later backtracked from the statement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=Após dizer que atirador que matou petista morreu, polícia volta atrás… |url=https://archive.ph/Yz1MT |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> Marcelo de Arruda is survived by his wife and four young children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title='Estou sem chão', diz viúva de guarda municipal e tesoureiro do PT as… |url=https://archive.ph/d3HGz |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> In the hours following the murder, Brazilian politicians, including some 2022 presidential candidates, and authorities condemned the attack, with some of them calling for calm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title=Brazil: Leaders Call for Calm After Party Official's Killing {{!}} World … |url=https://archive.ph/jffgW |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-10 |title=Veja repercussão entre políticos do assassinato de tesoureiro do PT e… |url=https://archive.ph/6y2N3 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> Also on 10 July, the local police opened an investigation into the crime's motivation<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-30 |title=Polícia Civil investiga "real motivação" de assassinato de petista em… |url=https://archive.ph/K2knV |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> and a day later the police chief officer leading the probe was found to have previously made online posts against the Worker's Party, potentially violating the [[due process]] because of [[abuse of power]], which unofficially caused her to be removed from the investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Minas |first1=Estado de |date=2022-07-11 |title=Crime em Foz do Iguaçu: delegada que fazia posts antiPT é afastada do caso - Politica - Estado de Minas |url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2022/07/11/interna_politica,1379372/crime-em-foz-do-iguacu-delegada-que-fazia-posts-antipt-e-afastada-do-caso.shtml |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Estado de Minas |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-30 |title=Governo do PR substitui delegada do caso sobre morte do militante do … |url=https://archive.ph/88fYp |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> |
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On 11 July, a judge ordered the pre-trial arrest of the murderer, and after four days the local police concluded there was no political motivation for the crime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polícia descarta motivação política na morte de petista |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/justica/policia-descarta-motivacao-politica-na-morte-de-petista/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Poder360 |language=pt}}</ref> However, on 18 July, both the prosecutors and de Arruda family disputed the conclusions, citing the fact that the police did not search the shooter's phone and did not investigate a possible connection with the suicide of the security service worker in the community center who had allegedly sent the party footage to the murderer,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lessa' |first='Henrique |date=2022-07-18 |title=Ministério Público cobra laudos e vídeos sobre a morte de petista no PR |url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2022/07/5023075-ministerio-publico-cobra-laudos-e-videos-sobre-a-morte-de-petista-no-pr.html |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Política |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filhos de Marcelo Arruda vão à Justiça contra conclusão da Polícia Civil |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/filhos-de-marcelo-arruda-vao-a-justica-contra-conclusao-da-policia-civil/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=CNN Brasil |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Germano' |first='Camilla |date=2022-07-18 |title=Vigilante de clube onde petista foi assassinado é encontrado morto |url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2022/07/5023039-vigilante-de-clube-onde-petista-foi-assassinado-e-encontrado-morto.html |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Política |language=pt}}</ref> and in the following day the judge overseeing the case ordered the police to re-do the inquiry taking into account those claims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-30 |title=Justiça devolve à Polícia Civil inquérito sobre morte de petista no P… |url=https://archive.ph/JTFSe |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> On 20 July, the prosecutors charged Guaranho with [[First Degree Murder|first degree murder]] for political reasons, and he was bound over for trial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MP denuncia policial penal que matou a tiros tesoureiro do PT no Paraná e fala em motivação fútil por preferência política |url=https://g1.globo.com/pr/oeste-sudoeste/noticia/2022/07/20/mp-denuncia-policial-penal-que-matou-a-tiros-tesoureiro-do-pt-no-parana.ghtml |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=G1 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=Justiça aceita denúncia e policial que matou petista vira réu |url=https://archive.ph/mrNtY |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> On 10 August, following discharge from a hospital, Guaranho was temporarily placed under [[house arrest]] and ordered to wear an [[Electronic tagging|ankle monitor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Justiça concede prisão domiciliar a bolsonarista que matou petista |url=https://archive.ph/UNvoo |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=H2FOZ |first=Denise Paro- |title=Jorge Guaranho deixa hospital e está em prisão domiciliar |url=https://www.h2foz.com.br/geral/jorge-guaranho-deixa-hospital-e-esta-em-prisao-domiciliar/ |access-date=2022-08-15 |language=pt |
On 11 July, a judge ordered the pre-trial arrest of the murderer, and after four days the local police concluded there was no political motivation for the crime.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polícia descarta motivação política na morte de petista |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/justica/policia-descarta-motivacao-politica-na-morte-de-petista/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Poder360 |language=pt}}</ref> However, on 18 July, both the prosecutors and de Arruda family disputed the conclusions, citing the fact that the police did not search the shooter's phone and did not investigate a possible connection with the suicide of the security service worker in the community center who had allegedly sent the party footage to the murderer,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lessa' |first='Henrique |date=2022-07-18 |title=Ministério Público cobra laudos e vídeos sobre a morte de petista no PR |url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2022/07/5023075-ministerio-publico-cobra-laudos-e-videos-sobre-a-morte-de-petista-no-pr.html |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Política |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filhos de Marcelo Arruda vão à Justiça contra conclusão da Polícia Civil |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/filhos-de-marcelo-arruda-vao-a-justica-contra-conclusao-da-policia-civil/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=CNN Brasil |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Germano' |first='Camilla |date=2022-07-18 |title=Vigilante de clube onde petista foi assassinado é encontrado morto |url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2022/07/5023039-vigilante-de-clube-onde-petista-foi-assassinado-e-encontrado-morto.html |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Política |language=pt}}</ref> and in the following day the judge overseeing the case ordered the police to re-do the inquiry taking into account those claims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-30 |title=Justiça devolve à Polícia Civil inquérito sobre morte de petista no P… |url=https://archive.ph/JTFSe |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> On 20 July, the prosecutors charged Guaranho with [[First Degree Murder|first degree murder]] for political reasons, and he was bound over for trial.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MP denuncia policial penal que matou a tiros tesoureiro do PT no Paraná e fala em motivação fútil por preferência política |url=https://g1.globo.com/pr/oeste-sudoeste/noticia/2022/07/20/mp-denuncia-policial-penal-que-matou-a-tiros-tesoureiro-do-pt-no-parana.ghtml |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=G1 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=Justiça aceita denúncia e policial que matou petista vira réu |url=https://archive.ph/mrNtY |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> On 10 August, following discharge from a hospital, Guaranho was temporarily placed under [[house arrest]] and ordered to wear an [[Electronic tagging|ankle monitor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-11 |title=Justiça concede prisão domiciliar a bolsonarista que matou petista |url=https://archive.ph/UNvoo |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=H2FOZ |first=Denise Paro- |title=Jorge Guaranho deixa hospital e está em prisão domiciliar |url=https://www.h2foz.com.br/geral/jorge-guaranho-deixa-hospital-e-esta-em-prisao-domiciliar/ |access-date=2022-08-15 |language=pt}}</ref> Two days later he was sent to prison and on 13 August he was denied a release from jail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=Justiça revoga prisão domiciliar e manda para presídio policial bolso… |url=https://archive.ph/3a9tj |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=Justiça alega proximidade das eleições e nega pedido para revogar pri… |url=https://archive.ph/16IZw |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> |
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On 8 September, two farm workers had an argument over politics and their presidential candidates in the 2022 Brazilian elections in a rural property in the city of [[Confresa]] in the western Brazilian state of [[Mato Grosso]]. Rafael Silva de Oliveira, a 24-year-old Bolsonaro supporter, reportedly stabbed to death his 42-year-old coworker Benedito Cardoso dos Santos, a supporter of former president Lula, after both had been arguing over politics for hours on the same day and the situation escalated to a physical altercation. During the fight, Rafael reportedly took a knife and started stabbing Benedito on his eyes, forehead and neck, after Benedito had punched Rafael on the chin, according to the local police. Following the murder, the suspect tried to behead the victim's body with an axe but eventually gave up and went to a local healthcare center seeking medical assistence, where he was seen by a doctor and subsequentely arrested by the police. The suspect is also under criminal investigations for unrelated crimes such as [[homicide]], [[rape]] and [[fraud]], according to the police and a court ruling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Brazil: man killed by co-worker after argument over election |url=https://apnews.com/article/jair-bolsonaro-elections-caribbean-presidential-brazil-df7acb79ce49d5fc227efe818f35ee2e |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=AP NEWS|first=Carla|last=Bridi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=archive.ph |url=https://archive.ph/KXs6R |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=archive.ph |url=https://archive.ph/vhqVv |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Apoiador de Bolsonaro deu ao menos 15 facadas e tentou decapitar defensor de Lula, diz delegado |url=https://g1.globo.com/mt/mato-grosso/noticia/2022/09/09/apoiador-de-bolsonaro-nao-havia-bebido-antes-de-matar-apoiador-de-lula-em-discussao-diz-delegado.ghtml |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=G1 |language=pt |
On 8 September, two farm workers had an argument over politics and their presidential candidates in the 2022 Brazilian elections in a rural property in the city of [[Confresa]] in the western Brazilian state of [[Mato Grosso]]. Rafael Silva de Oliveira, a 24-year-old Bolsonaro supporter, reportedly stabbed to death his 42-year-old coworker Benedito Cardoso dos Santos, a supporter of former president Lula, after both had been arguing over politics for hours on the same day and the situation escalated to a physical altercation. During the fight, Rafael reportedly took a knife and started stabbing Benedito on his eyes, forehead and neck, after Benedito had punched Rafael on the chin, according to the local police. Following the murder, the suspect tried to behead the victim's body with an axe but eventually gave up and went to a local healthcare center seeking medical assistence, where he was seen by a doctor and subsequentely arrested by the police. The suspect is also under criminal investigations for unrelated crimes such as [[homicide]], [[rape]] and [[fraud]], according to the police and a court ruling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Brazil: man killed by co-worker after argument over election |url=https://apnews.com/article/jair-bolsonaro-elections-caribbean-presidential-brazil-df7acb79ce49d5fc227efe818f35ee2e |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=AP NEWS|first=Carla|last=Bridi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=archive.ph |url=https://archive.ph/KXs6R |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=archive.ph |url=https://archive.ph/vhqVv |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Apoiador de Bolsonaro deu ao menos 15 facadas e tentou decapitar defensor de Lula, diz delegado |url=https://g1.globo.com/mt/mato-grosso/noticia/2022/09/09/apoiador-de-bolsonaro-nao-havia-bebido-antes-de-matar-apoiador-de-lula-em-discussao-diz-delegado.ghtml |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=G1 |language=pt}}</ref> |
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On 13 September, farmer Luiz Carlos Ottoni, a 44-year-old Bolsonaro supporter, attacked city [[councilwoman]] |
On 13 September, farmer Luiz Carlos Ottoni, a 44-year-old Bolsonaro supporter, attacked city [[councilwoman]] Cleres Relevante of the [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Worker's Party]] and her [[personal assistant|aide]] in [[Salto do Jacuí]], a small city in the southern Brazilian state of [[Rio Grande do Sul]]. Ottoni used his car to hit hers after reportedly following Relevante and her aide on their way back her home. Relevante told the police that right before the [[vehicle-ramming attack|car attack]], she noticed she and her aide were being followed by a car that occasionally kept doing [[burnout (vehicle)|burnouts]], unexpected speed-ups and stops, as if to intimidate them. The car eventually rammed the back of hers and fled the scene. She called the police, who chased the attacker but were later informed that he had fatally suffered an accident while trying to escape the [[manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://br.noticias.yahoo.com/agressor-de-vereadora-do-pt-morre-durante-perseguicao-policial-150435064.html | title=Agressor de vereadora do PT morre durante perseguição policial|work=Yahoo! Notícias|first=Anita|last=Efraim|date=2022-09-14|access-date=2022-09-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=Ataque a vereadora do PT acaba em morte de bolsonarista - 14/09/2022 … |url=https://archive.ph/JtoLi |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> |
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On 24 September, Antônio Carlos Silva, a farm worker, was murdered after he answered a question made by Edmilson Freire, a Bolsonaro supporter. According to [[Eyewitness|eye-witnesses]], Freire entered a [[Bar (establishment)|bar]] and shouted "who supports [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula]]?", for which |
On 24 September, Antônio Carlos Silva, a farm worker, was murdered after he answered a question made by Edmilson Freire, a Bolsonaro supporter. According to [[Eyewitness|eye-witnesses]], Freire entered a [[Bar (establishment)|bar]] and shouted "who supports [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula]]?", for which Silva said he would vote for Lula, then Freire stabbed him on the [[rib]]. Silva was seen by a doctor but did not survive the injury. Freire was arrested, and reportedly had criminal records for unrelated [[domestic violence]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polícia prende suspeito de matar homem no Ceará por discussão política |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/eleicoes-2022/noticia/2022/09/policia-prende-suspeito-de-matar-homem-no-ceara-por-discussao-politica.ghtml |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=O Globo |language=pt}}</ref> |
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On 25 September, Paulo Guedes, a |
On 25 September, Paulo Guedes, a federal deputy of the Worker's Party, suffered an assassination attempt during a [[motorcade]] rally in [[Montes Claros]] in the southeastern Brazilian state of [[Minas Gerais]]. Guedes was reportedly at the top of a campaign rally truck when a [[Plainclothes law enforcement|police officer in plainclothes]] shot at the rally from the back seat of a car.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itatiaia.com.br/editorias/eleicoes-2022/2022/09/26/deputado-paulo-guedes-pt-e-equipe-sao-alvo-de-atirador-em-montes-claros |date=2022-09-25 |title=Deputado Paulo Guedes (PT) e equipe são alvo de atirador em Montes Claros |publisher=Itatiaia |language=pt}}</ref> The [[Federal Police of Brazil|Federal Police]] later arrested and indicted the officer for two counts (election harassment and unlawful discharge of a firearm).<ref>{{Cite web |title=PF autua policial militar que atirou contra carro de deputado durante ato de campanha do PT em MG |url=https://cbn.globoradio.globo.com/media/audio/387886/pf-autua-policial-militar-que-atirou-contra-carro-.htm |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=cbn.globoradio.globo.com |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=Bolsonarista é preso após atirar contra carro de deputado durante comício em Minas Gerais |url=https://horadopovo.com.br/bolsonarista-e-preso-apos-atirar-contra-carro-de-deputado-durante-comicio-em-minas-gerais/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Hora do Povo |language=pt}}</ref> |
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=== Electoral fraud allegations by Bolsonaro === |
=== Electoral fraud allegations by Bolsonaro === |
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⚫ | Bolsonaro has claimed that [[Electronic voting in Brazil|Brazilian electronic ballots]] are prone to [[vote rigging]] since at least 2015, when he was a member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]], and successfully pushed for a bill requiring voting machines to also print vote records. The [[Public Prosecutor's Office (Brazil)|Public Prosecutor's Office]] challenged the law citing [[secret ballot]] concerns,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raquel Dodge pede ao STF para derrubar exigência de impressão dos votos pelas urnas eletrônicas |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/raquel-dodge-pede-ao-stf-para-derrubar-obrigatoriedade-de-impressao-dos-votos-pelas-urnas-eletronicas.ghtml |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=G1 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alessi |first=Gil |date=2018-02-08 |title=Voto impresso, o retorno ao passado que opõe Bolsonaro e a Procuradoria Geral |url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/02/07/politica/1518009776_100288.html |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=El País Brasil |language=pt}}</ref> and the Supreme Federal Court suspended the law in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Folha de S.Paulo - Internacional - En - Brazil - Brazil's Supreme Court Suspends Requirement of Paper Votes in This Year's Elections - 07/06/2018 |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/06/1971217-brazils-supreme-court-suspends-requirement-of-paper-votes-in-this-years-elections.shtml |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=www1.folha.uol.com.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Por 8 a 2, STF derruba voto impresso nas eleições de 2018 |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/relator-no-stf-admite-impressao-de-votos-mas-diz-que-implantacao-pelo-tse-pode-ser-gradual.ghtml |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=G1 |language=pt}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Bolsonaro has claimed that [[Electronic voting in Brazil|Brazilian electronic ballots]] are prone to [[vote rigging]] since at least 2015, when he was a member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]], and successfully pushed for a bill requiring voting machines to also print vote records. The [[Public Prosecutor's Office (Brazil)|Public Prosecutor's Office]] challenged the law citing [[secret ballot]] concerns,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raquel Dodge pede ao STF para derrubar exigência de impressão dos votos pelas urnas eletrônicas |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/raquel-dodge-pede-ao-stf-para-derrubar-obrigatoriedade-de-impressao-dos-votos-pelas-urnas-eletronicas.ghtml |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=G1 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alessi |first=Gil |date=2018-02-08 |title=Voto impresso, o retorno ao passado que opõe Bolsonaro e a Procuradoria Geral |url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/02/07/politica/1518009776_100288.html |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=El País Brasil |language=pt}}</ref> and the |
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During the 2018 elections, several social media platforms were flooded with fake claims that electronic ballots had been set up to favor candidates other than Bolsonaro, and that he had allegedly won the presidential election in the first round.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Fraude nas urnas' e 'kit gay' têm maior impacto que outras notícias falsas em Twitter, Facebook e Youtube {{!}} FGV DAPP |url=https://observa2018.dapp.fgv.br/posts/fraude-nas-urnas-e-kit-gay-tem-maior-impacto-que-outras-noticias-falsas-em-twitter-facebook-e-youtube/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Sala de Democracia Digital {{!}} DAPP FGV}}</ref> However, after investigating such claims, authorities and even forensic experts ruled out any fraud in the ballots showing that some videos shared online were manipulated and edited to spread those allegations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vídeo de fraude em urna divulgado por Flávio Bolsonaro é falso, diz TRE-MG |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticias/2018/10/07/tse-esta-apurando-denuncia-de-filho-de-bolsonaro-sobre-fraude-em-urna.htm |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=UOL Eleições 2018}}</ref> As president, Bolsonaro has also insisted on voter fraud claims and pushed for an [[election audit]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-14 |title=Bolsonaro usa Bolívia para defender auditoria em eleições - Congresso em Foco |language=pt |work=Congresso em Foco |url=https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/projeto-bula/reportagem/bolsonaro-usa-bolivia-para-defender-auditoria-em-eleicoes/ |access-date=2022-07-19}}</ref> despite the voting machines already being audited and the vote counts being publicly available for verification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sistema de voto eletrônico pode ser auditado, ao contrário do que afirma post |url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/estadao-verifica/sistema-de-voto-eletronico-pode-ser-auditado-ao-contrario-do-que-afirma-post/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Estadão Verifica |language=pt}}</ref> |
During the 2018 elections, several social media platforms were flooded with fake claims that electronic ballots had been set up to favor candidates other than Bolsonaro, and that he had allegedly won the presidential election in the first round.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Fraude nas urnas' e 'kit gay' têm maior impacto que outras notícias falsas em Twitter, Facebook e Youtube {{!}} FGV DAPP |url=https://observa2018.dapp.fgv.br/posts/fraude-nas-urnas-e-kit-gay-tem-maior-impacto-que-outras-noticias-falsas-em-twitter-facebook-e-youtube/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Sala de Democracia Digital {{!}} DAPP FGV}}</ref> However, after investigating such claims, authorities and even forensic experts ruled out any fraud in the ballots showing that some videos shared online were manipulated and edited to spread those allegations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vídeo de fraude em urna divulgado por Flávio Bolsonaro é falso, diz TRE-MG |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticias/2018/10/07/tse-esta-apurando-denuncia-de-filho-de-bolsonaro-sobre-fraude-em-urna.htm |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=UOL Eleições 2018}}</ref> As president, Bolsonaro has also insisted on voter fraud claims and pushed for an [[election audit]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-14 |title=Bolsonaro usa Bolívia para defender auditoria em eleições - Congresso em Foco |language=pt |work=Congresso em Foco |url=https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/projeto-bula/reportagem/bolsonaro-usa-bolivia-para-defender-auditoria-em-eleicoes/ |access-date=2022-07-19}}</ref> despite the voting machines already being audited and the vote counts being publicly available for verification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sistema de voto eletrônico pode ser auditado, ao contrário do que afirma post |url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/estadao-verifica/sistema-de-voto-eletronico-pode-ser-auditado-ao-contrario-do-que-afirma-post/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Estadão Verifica |language=pt}}</ref> |
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Since 2018, some social media companies such as [[YouTube]], [[Facebook]], and [[Twitter]] have restricted or taken down videos, livestreams, campaign adversting, online groups and channels, online-content [[Website monetization|monetization]], and posts from Bolsonaro, his allies, and supporters linked to election-related [[disinformation]], [[Rebellion|insurrection]], and [[violence]] incitement on their own or by a [[court order]] for violating |
Since 2018, some social media companies such as [[YouTube]], [[Facebook]], and [[Twitter]] have restricted or taken down videos, livestreams, campaign adversting, online groups and channels, online-content [[Website monetization|monetization]], and posts from Bolsonaro, his allies, and supporters linked to election-related [[disinformation]], [[Rebellion|insurrection]], and [[violence]] incitement on their own or by a [[court order]] for violating Brazilian law or those companies' policies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-20 |title=YouTube suspends payments to Brazilian accounts over election disinfo… |url=https://archive.ph/Ip3ye |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-20 |title=YouTube retira do ar vídeo de 2021 de Bolsonaro sobre urnas eletrônic… |url=https://archive.ph/2P4T7 |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube remove canal de Allan dos Santos, mas nova conta no serviço divulga vídeos do blogueiro |url=https://g1.globo.com/tecnologia/noticia/2022/05/11/youtube-remove-canal-de-allan-dos-santos-mas-nova-conta-no-servico-divulga-videos-do-blogueiro.ghtml |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=G1 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-20 |title=YouTube remove vídeo de Bolsonaro sobre eleição de 2018 – DW – 15/04/… |url=https://archive.ph/vBoly |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TSE manda Facebook retirar vídeo com informações falsas sobre Manuela D'Ávila |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/justica/tse-manda-facebook-retirar-video-com-informacoes-falsas-sobre-manuela-davila/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=Poder360 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Por decisão do STF, Twitter e Facebook apagam contas de aliados de Bolsonaro |url=https://www.conjur.com.br/2020-jul-24/decisao-alexandre-twitter-apaga-contas-aliados-bolsonaro |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=Consultor Jurídico |language=pt}}</ref> Despite signing agreements with the Superior Electoral Court in which they commit to fight disinformation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social networks partner with Brazil's electoral justice to tackle fake news during elections |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/social-networks-partner-with-brazils-electoral-justice-to-tackle-fake-news-during-elections/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=ZDNet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Telegram and the Brazilian Electoral Court sign agreement to fight disinformation |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/telegram-and-brazilian-electoral-court-sign-agreement-to-tackle-disinformation/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=ZDNet |language=en}}</ref> social networks acted slowly or ignored requests to remove it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Redes sociais ignoraram 66% dos alertas do TSE - Política |url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,redes-sociais-ignoraram-66-dos-alertas-do-tse,70003563468 |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=Estadão |language=pt}}</ref> |
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In July 2022, Bolsonaro addressed dozens of foreign diplomats, to which he made several claims of vulnerabilities in the country's electronic voting system. Following the presentation, the electoral authority issued a statement debunking several of the claims mentioned by Bolsonaro.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2022/07/18/bolsonaro-meets-diplomats-to-sow-doubts-on-election/|title=Bolsonaro meets diplomats to sow doubts on election|work=Portland Press Herald|date=18 July 2022|author=Savarese, Mauricio}}</ref> Brazilian and international law experts, political analysts, and authorities have warned such allegations undermine [[democracy]] and pave the way for an unfounded election result challenge or even a [[self-coup]], such as the [[2021 United States Capitol attack]]. Similarly many experts fear that if Bolsonaro loses the election, the Brazilian military and local police officers, who helped carry out the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état]] in the past and are heavily present in his government, could play a significant role in either blocking the [[Peaceful transition of power|transition of power]] or being complicit with possible rioters trying to overthrow a newly elected administration.<ref name=coup1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/12/world/americas/brazil-election-bolsonaro-military.html|archiveurl=http://archive.today/20220614211417/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/12/world/americas/brazil-election-bolsonaro-military.html|url-status=dead|title=Bolsonaro's New Ally in Questioning Brazil's Elections: The Military|first=Jack|last=Nicas|date=12 June 2022|archive-date=14 June 2022 |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref name=coup2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/07/14/might-jair-bolsonaro-try-to-steal-brazils-election|archiveurl=http://archive.today/20220715114855/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/07/14/might-jair-bolsonaro-try-to-steal-brazils-election|url-status=dead|title=Might Jair Bolsonaro try to steal Brazil's election?|archive-date=15 July 2022 |via=The Economist|date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=coup3>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/07/world/bolsonaro-protest-supporters-brasilia-intl/index.html|archiveurl=http://archive.today/20220725180036/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/07/world/bolsonaro-protest-supporters-brasilia-intl/index.html|url-status=dead|title=Bolsonaro supporters breach police cordon in protest against Brazil judiciary|website=CNN|archive-date=25 July 2022 }}</ref><ref name=coup4>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-could-face-attack-like-us-capitol-assault-top-election-official-says-2022-05-17/|archiveurl=http://archive.today/20220725180208/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-could-face-attack-like-us-capitol-assault-top-election-official-says-2022-05-17/|url-status=dead|title=Brazil could face attack like U.S. Capitol assault, top election official says|date=17 May 2022|archive-date=25 July 2022 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=coup5>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-police-analysis-idUSKBN2BO529|archiveurl=http://archive.today/20220725180210/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-police-analysis-idUSKBN2BO529|url-status=dead|title=Analysis: Brazil's Bolsonaro seeks police support before elections with reshuffle|date=1 April 2021|archive-date=25 July 2022 |work=Reuters|author=Stargardter, Gabriel}}</ref> |
In July 2022, Bolsonaro addressed dozens of foreign diplomats, to which he made several claims of vulnerabilities in the country's electronic voting system. Following the presentation, the electoral authority issued a statement debunking several of the claims mentioned by Bolsonaro.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2022/07/18/bolsonaro-meets-diplomats-to-sow-doubts-on-election/|title=Bolsonaro meets diplomats to sow doubts on election|work=Portland Press Herald|date=18 July 2022|author=Savarese, Mauricio}}</ref> Brazilian and international law experts, political analysts, and authorities have warned such allegations undermine [[democracy]] and pave the way for an unfounded election result challenge or even a [[self-coup]], such as the [[2021 United States Capitol attack]]. Similarly many experts fear that if Bolsonaro loses the election, the Brazilian military and local police officers, who helped carry out the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état]] in the past and are heavily present in his government, could play a significant role in either blocking the [[Peaceful transition of power|transition of power]] or being complicit with possible rioters trying to overthrow a newly elected administration.<ref name=coup1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/12/world/americas/brazil-election-bolsonaro-military.html|archiveurl=http://archive.today/20220614211417/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/12/world/americas/brazil-election-bolsonaro-military.html|url-status=dead|title=Bolsonaro's New Ally in Questioning Brazil's Elections: The Military|first=Jack|last=Nicas|date=12 June 2022|archive-date=14 June 2022 |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref name=coup2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/07/14/might-jair-bolsonaro-try-to-steal-brazils-election|archiveurl=http://archive.today/20220715114855/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/07/14/might-jair-bolsonaro-try-to-steal-brazils-election|url-status=dead|title=Might Jair Bolsonaro try to steal Brazil's election?|archive-date=15 July 2022 |via=The Economist|date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=coup3>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/07/world/bolsonaro-protest-supporters-brasilia-intl/index.html|archiveurl=http://archive.today/20220725180036/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/07/world/bolsonaro-protest-supporters-brasilia-intl/index.html|url-status=dead|title=Bolsonaro supporters breach police cordon in protest against Brazil judiciary|website=CNN|archive-date=25 July 2022 }}</ref><ref name=coup4>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-could-face-attack-like-us-capitol-assault-top-election-official-says-2022-05-17/|archiveurl=http://archive.today/20220725180208/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-could-face-attack-like-us-capitol-assault-top-election-official-says-2022-05-17/|url-status=dead|title=Brazil could face attack like U.S. Capitol assault, top election official says|date=17 May 2022|archive-date=25 July 2022 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=coup5>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-police-analysis-idUSKBN2BO529|archiveurl=http://archive.today/20220725180210/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-police-analysis-idUSKBN2BO529|url-status=dead|title=Analysis: Brazil's Bolsonaro seeks police support before elections with reshuffle|date=1 April 2021|archive-date=25 July 2022 |work=Reuters|author=Stargardter, Gabriel}}</ref> |
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On 28 September, four days prior to the first round of the elections, Bolsonaro's |
On 28 September, four days prior to the first round of the elections, Bolsonaro's [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]] released a statement claiming a party report found that there were "several flaws" in the election process conducted by the Superior Electoral Court, saying, without providing any evidence, that the court met only "5% of the requirements for a proper election certification". The court dismissed those claims as "false and misleading", suggested that their purpose was to disturb the electoral process, and ordered an investigation into the authors of party's report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partido de Bolsonaro divulga parecer que questiona sem provas segurança das urnas; TSE diz que documento é 'falso' e 'mentiroso' |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/eleicoes-2022/noticia/2022/09/pl-partido-de-bolsonaro-divulga-parecer-que-questiona-seguranca-de-urnas-a-quatro-dias-das-eleicoes.ghtml |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=O Globo |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A 4 dias das eleições, partido de Bolsonaro diz que encontrou 'falhas no TSE' |url=https://br.noticias.yahoo.com/a-4-dias-das-eleicoes-partido-de-bolsonaro-diz-que-encontrou-falhas-no-tse-203041976.html |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=br.noticias.yahoo.com |language=pt}}</ref> |
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=== Disinformation === |
=== Disinformation === |
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[[Disinformation]] became a major topic in the 2022 Brazilian elections, since experiences from previous elections, especially in [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]], led to new approaches by individuals, including electoral officials, as well as private and public [[Institution|institutions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=TSE |first=Tribunal Superior Eleitoral |date=7 July 2022 |title=Missão brasileira discute estratégias de combate à desinformação com a União Europeia |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2022/Julho/missao-brasileira-discute-estrategias-de-combate-a-desinformacao-com-a-uniao-europeia |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=Tribunal Superior Eleitoral}}</ref> In such context |
[[Disinformation]] became a major topic in the 2022 Brazilian elections, since experiences from previous elections, especially in [[2018 Brazilian general election|2018]], led to new approaches by individuals, including electoral officials, as well as private and public [[Institution|institutions]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=TSE |first=Tribunal Superior Eleitoral |date=7 July 2022 |title=Missão brasileira discute estratégias de combate à desinformação com a União Europeia |url=https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2022/Julho/missao-brasileira-discute-estrategias-de-combate-a-desinformacao-com-a-uniao-europeia |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=Tribunal Superior Eleitoral}}</ref> In such context, the Superior Electoral Court issued several law-like guidances regarding disinformation, such as further banning [[Campaign advertising|political ads]] on the internet, and tightening penalties for online breaches of the electoral law. |
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In October 2021, after an investigation by the police and prosecutors, |
In October 2021, after an investigation by the police and prosecutors, the Superior Electoral Court ruled that [[Fernando Francischini]], a hard-liner lawmaker in the southern Brazilian state of [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] and ally of Bolsonaro, had violated electoral law by making false claims about the Brazilian electronic voting system in 2018. The court removed him from his seat in the state legislature and banned him from elected offices for the next eight years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSE cassa por 6 votos a 1 deputado do PR acusado de divulgar 'fake news' sobre urnas eletrônicas |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2021/10/28/tse-tem-maioria-para-cassar-politico-que-divulgou-fake-news-contra-urnas-eletronicas.ghtml |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=G1 |language=pt}}</ref> Francischini filed an appeal against the ruling but it was later dismissed by the Supreme Federal Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=STF mantém cassação do deputado estadual do PR Fernando Francischini |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/radioagencia-nacional/justica/audio/2022-06/stf-mantem-cassacao-do-deputado-estadual-do-pr-fernando-francischini |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Agência Brasil |language=pt}}</ref> |
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On 20 September 2022, |
On 20 September 2022, the Superior Electoral Court reported that it had received more than 15,500 election-related disinformation complaints over the prior four months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rocha |first=Lucas |title=TSE recebeu 15,5 mil denúncias de fake news em quatro meses |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/tse-recebeu-155-mil-denuncias-de-fake-news-em-quatro-meses/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=CNN Brasil |language=pt}}</ref> |
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On 24 September, an incident of [[bulk messaging]] occurred in Paraná, which is governed by an ally of Bolsonaro. Several phone users reported that they received a message from the official state alert-messaging service which read:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-24 |title=Disparo em massa com ameaças a favor de Bolsonaro vira alvo de investigação no Paraná |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2022/09/disparo-em-massa-com-ameacas-a-favor-de-bolsonaro-vira-alvo-de-investigacao-no-parana.shtml |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt |
On 24 September, an incident of [[bulk messaging]] occurred in Paraná, which is governed by an ally of Bolsonaro. Several phone users reported that they received a message from the official state alert-messaging service which read:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-24 |title=Disparo em massa com ameaças a favor de Bolsonaro vira alvo de investigação no Paraná |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2022/09/disparo-em-massa-com-ameacas-a-favor-de-bolsonaro-vira-alvo-de-investigacao-no-parana.shtml |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt}}</ref> "Bolsonaro is gonna win the elections in the first round! Otherwise, we are going to the streets to protest! We're gonna storm the Supreme Court and the Congress buildings! President Bolsonaro counts on us all!!" The Superior Electoral Court referred the alleged breach to prosecutors so they could investigate if any electoral crime was commited, and if so, to identify its perpetrators.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSE comunica Ministério Público sobre disparos com mensagem golpista pró-Bolsonaro no Paraná |url=https://www.folhape.com.br/politica/tse-comunica-ministerio-publico-sobre-disparos-com-mensagem-golpista/241326/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=www.folhape.com.br |language=pt}}</ref> |
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=== Reactions to potential coup === |
=== Reactions to potential coup === |
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On 6 July, it was reported that some [[United States House of Representatives]] Democrats called for measures that would suspend American aid to the Brazilian Army if it intervened in the election.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MIER |first1=BRIAN |title=Exclusive: US Lawmakers Pressure Brazilian Military - BRASILWIRE |url=https://www.brasilwire.com/exclusive-us-lawmakers-pressure-brazilian-military/ |access-date=1 August 2022 |date=7 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=WILKINS |first1=BRETT |title=House Dems Call for Suspension of Aid if Brazilian Military Attempts Election Coup |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/07/07/house-dems-call-suspension-aid-if-brazilian-military-attempts-election-coup |website=Common Dreams |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en |date=7 July 2022}}</ref> Nevertheless, the amendment author [[Tom Malinowski]] withdrew the requirement with no opposition on the House floor from any Representative but [[Adam Schiff]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spigariol |first=André |date=2022-07-14 |title=U.S. Democrats give up on pressuring Brazil's military |url=https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2022/07/14/democrats-military-election/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The Brazilian Report |language=en-US}}</ref> |
On 6 July, it was reported that some [[United States House of Representatives]] Democrats called for measures that would suspend American aid to the Brazilian Army if it intervened in the election.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MIER |first1=BRIAN |title=Exclusive: US Lawmakers Pressure Brazilian Military - BRASILWIRE |url=https://www.brasilwire.com/exclusive-us-lawmakers-pressure-brazilian-military/ |access-date=1 August 2022 |date=7 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=WILKINS |first1=BRETT |title=House Dems Call for Suspension of Aid if Brazilian Military Attempts Election Coup |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2022/07/07/house-dems-call-suspension-aid-if-brazilian-military-attempts-election-coup |website=Common Dreams |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en |date=7 July 2022}}</ref> Nevertheless, the amendment author [[Tom Malinowski]] withdrew the requirement with no opposition on the House floor from any Representative but [[Adam Schiff]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spigariol |first=André |date=2022-07-14 |title=U.S. Democrats give up on pressuring Brazil's military |url=https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2022/07/14/democrats-military-election/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The Brazilian Report |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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On 26 July, the [[faculty of law]] of the [[University of São Paulo]] launched a pro-democracy petition as a response to Bolsonaro's attacks on the electronic ballots and the Brazilian voting system in general with over 3,000 signatures, among intellectuals, artists, law experts including |
On 26 July, the [[faculty of law]] of the [[University of São Paulo]] launched a pro-democracy petition as a response to Bolsonaro's attacks on the electronic ballots and the Brazilian voting system in general with over 3,000 signatures, among intellectuals, artists, law experts including retired justices of the Supreme Federal Court, businesspeople, and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-31 |title=Faculdade de Direito da USP faz manifesto em defesa da democracia apó… |url=https://archive.ph/K3bUz |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> On 30 July, the petition topped 540,000 signatures and four days later, it reached 700,000 endorsements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-31 |title=Pro-democracy Petition Garners 500,000 Signatures In Brazil {{!}} Barron's |url=https://archive.ph/dYo4S |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=archive.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-05 |title=Carta pela democracia supera 700 mil adesões {{!}} Exame |url=https://archive.ph/GEAVO |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> |
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On 17 August, a report by Brazilian newspaper Metrópoles leaked an online conversation by a group of pro-Bolsonaro businessmen who expressed their preference for a [[coup d'état]] rather than a return of [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] to the presidency. The businessmen claimed that the |
On 17 August, a report by Brazilian newspaper Metrópoles leaked an online conversation by a group of pro-Bolsonaro businessmen who expressed their preference for a [[coup d'état]] rather than a return of [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] to the presidency. The businessmen claimed that the Supreme Federal Court and Superior Electoral Court were suspected of election fraud, and proposed that a separate commission recount the votes. The messages also showed that business leader José Koury floated the idea of paying a bonus to employees who voted according to their employers' interests, if it were legal; and that malls chain businessman [[:pt:José_Isaac_Peres|José Isaac Peres]] ordered "thousands of little flags" to be distributed to shopkeepers and customers in Barra World Shopping, one of his company's malls. In response to the report, the businessmen declared their support for democracy and denied any encouragement of illegal activity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=Exclusivo. Empresários bolsonaristas defendem golpe de Estado caso Lula seja eleito; veja zaps |url=https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/guilherme-amado/exclusivo-empresarios-bolsonaristas-defendem-golpe-de-estado-caso-lula-seja-eleito-veja-zaps |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=Metrópoles |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amaral |first=Jordi |title=Pro-Bolsonaro businessmen show support for coup |url=https://latinamericadailybriefing.substack.com/p/pro-bolsonaro-businessmen-show-support |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=latinamericadailybriefing.substack.com}}</ref> |
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On 23 August, by order of the Supreme Federal Court, the |
On 23 August, by order of the Supreme Federal Court, the Federal Police carried out [[search and seizure]] warrants on the homes, offices and other properties of the businessmen who allegedly supported a potential coup, including Koury, Peres, and billionaire [[Luciano Hang]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Brazil police raid pro-Bolsonaro businessmen accused of coup talk, so… |url=https://archive.ph/PWfAs |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> The court also ordered a freeze in their bank and social media accounts, their testimonies, and access to their [[Financial statement|financial records]]. The businessmen claimed that this order constituted political persecution and an attack on their freedom of speech.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moraes determina buscas em endereços de empresários por supostas mensagens golpistas |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2022/08/23/moraes-determina-buscas-em-enderecos-de-empresarios-por-supostas-mensagens-golpistas.ghtml |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=G1 |language=pt}}</ref> |
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On 3 September, medical journal [[The Lancet]] published an [[editorial]] calling the stakes in the Brazilian elections "high" and highlighting among other things that Bolsonaro, "who is known for his volatility and indirect incitement of violence, will not go quietly" in case he is defeated as predictions point to and that "he has already criticised Brazil's electronic voting system in the presence of foreign ambassadors". It concluded by saying "there is an unprecedented chance for new beginnings in Latin America; an opportunity to make positive changes to alleviate deep neglect, inequality, and violence. Let us hope that Brazil chooses to seize this opportunity."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lancet |first=The |date=2022-09-03 |title=New beginnings for Latin America? |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)01662-2/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=400 |issue=10354 |pages=707 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01662-2 |issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title=Revista Lancet cita eleição e diz que Brasil precisa de mudança urgente |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2022/09/revista-lancet-cita-eleicao-e-diz-que-brasil-precisa-de-mudanca-urgente.shtml |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt |
On 3 September, medical journal [[The Lancet]] published an [[editorial]] calling the stakes in the Brazilian elections "high" and highlighting among other things that Bolsonaro, "who is known for his volatility and indirect incitement of violence, will not go quietly" in case he is defeated as predictions point to and that "he has already criticised Brazil's electronic voting system in the presence of foreign ambassadors". It concluded by saying "there is an unprecedented chance for new beginnings in Latin America; an opportunity to make positive changes to alleviate deep neglect, inequality, and violence. Let us hope that Brazil chooses to seize this opportunity."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lancet |first=The |date=2022-09-03 |title=New beginnings for Latin America? |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)01662-2/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=400 |issue=10354 |pages=707 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01662-2 |issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title=Revista Lancet cita eleição e diz que Brasil precisa de mudança urgente |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/2022/09/revista-lancet-cita-eleicao-e-diz-que-brasil-precisa-de-mudanca-urgente.shtml |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt}}</ref> |
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On 20 September, it was reported that a group of "democratic nations" was planning in private an immediate recognition of the Brazilian election results as soon as they were officially announced in order to "shield the Brazilian democracy" and prevent "a constitutional limbo or a democracy collapse". That strategy was reportedly used in the wake of the [[2020 United States presidential election]], when some European and other Western countries rushed to "congratulate" then U.S. president-elect [[Joe Biden]] and thus isolate [[Donald Trump]]'s efforts to delegitimize such voting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estrangeiros articulam reconhecimento de resultado das urnas no Brasil |trans-title=Foreigners articulate recognition of the results of the polls in Brazil |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/colunas/jamil-chade/2022/09/20/estrangeiros-articulam-reconhecimento-de-resultado-das-urnas-no-brasil.htm |date=20 September 2022 |website=[[Universo Online|UOL]] |language=pt}}</ref> |
On 20 September, it was reported that a group of "democratic nations" was planning in private an immediate recognition of the Brazilian election results as soon as they were officially announced in order to "shield the Brazilian democracy" and prevent "a constitutional limbo or a democracy collapse". That strategy was reportedly used in the wake of the [[2020 United States presidential election]], when some European and other Western countries rushed to "congratulate" then U.S. president-elect [[Joe Biden]] and thus isolate [[Donald Trump]]'s efforts to delegitimize such voting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estrangeiros articulam reconhecimento de resultado das urnas no Brasil |trans-title=Foreigners articulate recognition of the results of the polls in Brazil |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/colunas/jamil-chade/2022/09/20/estrangeiros-articulam-reconhecimento-de-resultado-das-urnas-no-brasil.htm |date=20 September 2022 |website=[[Universo Online|UOL]] |language=pt}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|United Nations}} – In June 2022, [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Michelle Bachelet]], during a speech about [[human rights]] in various countries, cited concerns in Brazil, namely threats to environmentalists and indigenous people, police violence, racism, and attacks against politicians, especially [[Afro-Brazilians|those of African ancestry]], [[Women's rights in Brazil|women]] and [[LGBT rights in Brazil|LGBT people]], ahead of the elections in October. She also appealed to the Brazilian authorities to ensure respect for fundamental rights and independent institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/06/oral-update-global-human-rights-developments-and-activities-un-human-rights|title=Oral Update on global human rights developments and the activities of the UN Human Rights Office|work=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|date=June 13, 2022}}</ref> |
* {{flag|United Nations}} – In June 2022, [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] [[Michelle Bachelet]], during a speech about [[human rights]] in various countries, cited concerns in Brazil, namely threats to environmentalists and indigenous people, police violence, racism, and attacks against politicians, especially [[Afro-Brazilians|those of African ancestry]], [[Women's rights in Brazil|women]] and [[LGBT rights in Brazil|LGBT people]], ahead of the elections in October. She also appealed to the Brazilian authorities to ensure respect for fundamental rights and independent institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/06/oral-update-global-human-rights-developments-and-activities-un-human-rights|title=Oral Update on global human rights developments and the activities of the UN Human Rights Office|work=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|date=June 13, 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{flag|United States}} – On 9 June, Brazilian president Bolsonaro and U.S. president [[Joe Biden]] met during the [[Summit of the Americas]] in [[Los Angeles]]. Anonymous sources reported to ''[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]'' that Bolsonaro asked for Biden's help with the elections, claiming that a possible administration of former president Lula would be against U.S. interests. Biden changed the subject when approached, but emphasized the importance of keeping the integrity of Brazilian elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-11/brazil-s-bolsonaro-asked-biden-for-re-election-help-against-lula|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro Asked Biden for Re-Election Help Against Lula|website=Bloomberg|first=Eric|last=Martin|date=11 June 2022|accessdate=6 September 2022}}</ref> Bolsonaro answered that he respected democracy and would respect the election results. Biden's response echoed the comments made by [[Elizabeth Frawley Bagley|Elizabeth Bagley]], U.S. ambassador to Brazil nominated by Biden. Portuguese/Spanish-language spokesperson of the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]] Kristina Rosales argued that the elections needed to be transparent and monitored by international observers. However, Brazilian Minister of Justice [[Anderson Torres]] responded that international observers were of little help, and favored the participation of the |
* {{flag|United States}} – On 9 June, Brazilian president Bolsonaro and U.S. president [[Joe Biden]] met during the [[Summit of the Americas]] in [[Los Angeles]]. Anonymous sources reported to ''[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]'' that Bolsonaro asked for Biden's help with the elections, claiming that a possible administration of former president Lula would be against U.S. interests. Biden changed the subject when approached, but emphasized the importance of keeping the integrity of Brazilian elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-11/brazil-s-bolsonaro-asked-biden-for-re-election-help-against-lula|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro Asked Biden for Re-Election Help Against Lula|website=Bloomberg|first=Eric|last=Martin|date=11 June 2022|accessdate=6 September 2022}}</ref> Bolsonaro answered that he respected democracy and would respect the election results. Biden's response echoed the comments made by [[Elizabeth Frawley Bagley|Elizabeth Bagley]], U.S. ambassador to Brazil nominated by Biden. Portuguese/Spanish-language spokesperson of the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]] Kristina Rosales argued that the elections needed to be transparent and monitored by international observers. However, Brazilian Minister of Justice [[Anderson Torres]] responded that international observers were of little help, and favored the participation of the Federal Police, the [[Brazilian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] and civil society in the elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2022/06/biden-disse-a-bolsonaro-que-confia-no-sistema-eleitoral-do-brasil-afirma-porta-voz.shtml|title=Biden disse a Bolsonaro que confia no sistema eleitoral do Brasil, afirma porta-voz|website=Folha de S. Paulo|language=pt|first=Rafael|last=Balago|date=10 June 2022|accessdate=6 September 2022}}</ref> On 20 July, [[Spokesperson for the United States Department of State|spokesman for the U.S. Department of State]] [[Ned Price]] said that U.S. officials had spoken with senior Brazilian officials about the electronic voting system in Brazil, that the U.S. view was that the Brazilian electoral system was successfully tested for many years and was a model for other nations, and that the United States would follow the elections with great interest. His answer was in response to a question about the meeting with foreign diplomats hosted by Bolsonaro on 18 July, when the president made disputed claims about the Brazilian electoral system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-july-20-2022/|title=Department Press Briefing - July 20, 2022|website=United States Department of State|date=20 July 2022|accessdate=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2022/07/porta-voz-dos-eua-reafirma-confianca-nas-urnas-do-brasil-e-fala-em-modelo-mundial.shtml|title=Porta-voz dos EUA reafirma confiança nas urnas do Brasil e fala em modelo mundial|website=Folha de S. Paulo|language=pt|first=Rafael|last=Balago|date=21 July 2022|accessdate=6 September 2022}}</ref> |
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* {{Flag|Hungary}} – During the International Ministerial Conference on Freedom of Religion or Belief, in July 2022 in [[London]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Hungary)|Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] [[Péter Szijjártó]] requested a meeting with Brazilian [[Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights]] [[Cristiane Britto]], to learn more about the Brazilian electoral environment. Britto commented about polarization and highlighted the similarities in the views of both countries regarding family issues. Szijjártó asked if there was anything that Hungary could do to help in Bolsonaro's reelection, and highlighted that Brazil had the largest Hungarian community in [[Latin America]] and that it mostly supported the incumbent president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2022/07/hungria-ofereceu-ajuda-para-reeleicao-de-bolsonaro-mostra-relatorio-interno.shtml|title=Hungria ofereceu ajuda para reeleição de Bolsonaro, mostra relatório interno|website=Folha de S. Paulo|language=pt|first=Lucas|last=Marchesini|date=27 July 2022|accessdate=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hvg.hu/itthon/20220729_jair_bolsonaro_ujravalasztas_magyar_kormany_brazil_elnok_szijjarto_peter|title=Egy brazil lap szerint a magyar kormány sgítséget ajánlott Bolsonaro újraválasztásához|website=Heti Világgazdaság|language=hu|date=29 July 2022|accessdate=6 September 2022}}</ref> |
* {{Flag|Hungary}} – During the International Ministerial Conference on Freedom of Religion or Belief, in July 2022 in [[London]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Hungary)|Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] [[Péter Szijjártó]] requested a meeting with Brazilian [[Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights]] [[Cristiane Britto]], to learn more about the Brazilian electoral environment. Britto commented about polarization and highlighted the similarities in the views of both countries regarding family issues. Szijjártó asked if there was anything that Hungary could do to help in Bolsonaro's reelection, and highlighted that Brazil had the largest Hungarian community in [[Latin America]] and that it mostly supported the incumbent president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2022/07/hungria-ofereceu-ajuda-para-reeleicao-de-bolsonaro-mostra-relatorio-interno.shtml|title=Hungria ofereceu ajuda para reeleição de Bolsonaro, mostra relatório interno|website=Folha de S. Paulo|language=pt|first=Lucas|last=Marchesini|date=27 July 2022|accessdate=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hvg.hu/itthon/20220729_jair_bolsonaro_ujravalasztas_magyar_kormany_brazil_elnok_szijjarto_peter|title=Egy brazil lap szerint a magyar kormány sgítséget ajánlott Bolsonaro újraválasztásához|website=Heti Világgazdaság|language=hu|date=29 July 2022|accessdate=6 September 2022}}</ref> |
Revision as of 09:05, 30 September 2022
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All 513 seats of Chamber of Deputies 27 of 81 seats of the Federal Senate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General elections are scheduled to be held on 2 October 2022 in Brazil to elect the President, Vice President, and the National Congress. Elections for state Governors and Vice Governors, State Legislative Assemblies, the Federal District Legislative Chamber, and the District Council of Fernando de Noronha will be held at the same time.[3] There are more than 156 million registered voters in Brazil for this election,[4] making the country the second largest democracy in the Americas and one of the largest in the world.[5]
Incumbent president Jair Bolsonaro, elected in 2018, is a candidate for reelection. Former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, elected in 2002 and reelected in 2006, is a candidate for trielection. Bolsonaro made several allegations of election fraud, including prior to the election. Many observers denounced these allegations as false and expressed concerns that they could be used to challenge the outcome of the election or to execute a self-coup.[6][7][8][9][10] Some commentators have also noted the importance of this election for the Amazon rainforest,[11] as well as climate change.[12]
Electoral system
The President and Vice President of Brazil are elected as a joint ticket using the two-round system. The first round of elections is held on the first Sunday of October (in this instance, 2 October 2022).[13] A candidate who receives more than 50% of the total valid votes in the first round is elected. If the 50% threshold is not met by any candidate, the two candidates who receive the most votes in the first round participate in a second round of voting, held on the last Sunday of October (in this instance, 30 October 2022), and the candidate who receives the most votes in the second round is elected.
The Governors and Vice Governors of all states and of the Federal District will also be elected in 2022, in two rounds if needed, in the same way as the presidential election.
One-third of the 81 members of the Federal Senate will be elected in 2022, the other two-thirds having been elected in 2018. One candidate will be elected from each of the states and the Federal District using plurality voting.[14]
All 513 members of the Chamber of Deputies (Federal Deputies) will be elected in 2022, with candidates elected from 27 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the states and the Federal District, varying in size from 8 to 70 seats. All members of the State Legislative Assemblies (State Deputies) and of the Federal District Legislative Chamber (District Deputies), varying in size from 24 to 94 seats, will also be elected. These elections are held using open list proportional representation, with seats allocated using integer quotients and the D'Hondt method.[15][16]
All seven members of the District Council of Fernando de Noronha will be elected in 2022, by single non-transferable vote. Unlike elections for other offices in Brazil, candidates for this council are not nominated by political parties.[17]
Voters
Voting in Brazil is allowed for citizens over 16 years old and mandatory for literate citizens between 18 and 70 years old (except conscripts, who are not allowed to vote during mandatory military service).[18] Those who are required but do not vote in an election and do not present an acceptable justification (such as being absent from their voting locality at the time)[19] must pay a fine, normally R$3.51[20][21] (equivalent to US$0.67 as of September 2022), but in some cases the fine may be waived, reduced or increased up to R$35.13 (US$6.67).[22]
Brazilian citizens residing abroad may only vote for president and vice president.[23] Due to a treaty with Portugal, Portuguese citizens legally residing in Brazil for more than three years may also register to vote in Brazilian elections.[24]
Candidates and political parties
All candidates for federal, state, Federal District and municipal offices must be nominated by a political party. For offices to be elected by majority or plurality (excutive offices and senators), parties may form a coalition (coligação) to nominate a single candidate. The coalitions do not need to be composed of the same parties for every nomination, do not need to be maintained after the election, and are not valid for offices to be elected proportionally (deputies and aldermen).[25] A new law, valid for this election, also allows parties to form a different type of alliance called federation (federação), which acts a single party to nominate candidates for all offices in all locations, including those to be elected proportionally, and must be maintained with a single leadership structure over the course of the elected legislature.[26] For 2022, three federations were formed: Brazil of Hope (PT-PCdoB-PV), Always Forward (PSDB-Cidadania), and PSOL REDE (PSOL-REDE).[27] Federations may also act as parties to form coalitions.
For offices to be elected proportionally, each party must nominate candidates of each sex in a distribution between 30 and 70%.[25] Under rulings by the Superior Electoral Court and Supreme Federal Court, parties must also allocate their funds and broadcast time proportionally to the number of their candidates of each sex and race.[28]
Procedure
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/2022_Brazilian_election_locations.svg/350px-2022_Brazilian_election_locations.svg.png)
Voting in Brazilian elections can only be done in person and only on election day, which is always a Sunday. There is no provision for postal or early voting. Voters must be previously registered and must provide photo identification. Each voter can only vote in one designated voting station, either based on the voter's registered domicile or at a different location that the voter must specifically request if planning to be there temporarily on election day.[3]
More than 92,000 voting stations were installed in all municipalities of Brazil, the Federal District and Fernando de Noronha.[29] Most voting stations are in public schools.[30] In some sparsely populated areas, such as indigenous territories, the installation and use of voting stations requires extensive travel and logistics.[31] Voting stations were also installed in 160 locations in other countries, mostly in Brazilian diplomatic missions, for Brazilian citizens residing abroad.[32]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Brazilian_DRE_voting_machine_for_2022_elections.jpg/220px-Brazilian_DRE_voting_machine_for_2022_elections.jpg)
Voting is done almost entirely on direct-recording electronic voting machines, designed for extreme simplicity. The voter dials a number corresponding to the desired candidate or party, causing the name and photo of the candidate or party to appear on the screen, then the voter presses a green button to confirm or a red button to correct and try again. It is also possible to leave the vote blank by pressing a white button, or to nullify the vote by dialing a number that does not correspond to any candidate or party. Paper ballots are only used in case a voting machine malfunctions or in locations abroad with less than 100 Brazilian voters.[3]
The electronic system is subject to extensive tests, including on machines randomly selected from actual voting stations on election day, witnessed by political parties to rule out fraud. After voting ends, every machine prints a record of its total votes for each candidate or party, which is publicly displayed for comparison with the results published electronically.[33] The system delivers the complete election results usually a few hours after voting ends, which is extremely fast for such a large population as Brazil. However, the system does not create a physical record of individual votes to allow a full recount.[34]
The partial vote count for an office can only start being published after voting has ended in all locations in Brazil voting for that office, to avoid influencing those still voting. In previous years, due to time zones, the vote count for president (the only one that combines votes from more than one state) could only start being published after voting ended in UTC−05:00, two hours after it had ended for the vast majority of the population in UTC−03:00. To avoid this undesirable wait, for 2022 the Superior Electoral Court ordered voting stations to operate at the same time in the whole country, regardless of their time zone: 9:00 to 18:00 UTC−02:00, 8:00 to 17:00 UTC−03:00, 7:00 to 16:00 UTC−04:00, and 6:00 to 15:00 UTC−05:00.[35] Politicians in Acre, in UTC−05:00, filed a legal complaint against this order due to the unreasonably early start of voting preparations in their local time, but the complaint was dismissed by the Supreme Federal Court.[36] The unified voting time does not apply to voting stations for Brazilian citizens abroad, which still operate from 8:00 to 17:00 local time, even though some of them end up to four hours after UTC−03:00.[37][38]
Presidential candidates
Withdrawn or declined to be candidates |
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Coalitions
Support
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Debates
For the first time in the Brazilian presidential elections since 1989, television and radio stations, newspapers and news websites group themselves into pools to hold presidential debates, by request from the campaigns in order to reduce the number of debates scheduled for the 2022 elections.[98]
The following presidential debates were held or scheduled (times in UTC−03:00):
2022 Brazilian presidential election debates | ||||||||||
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No. | Date, time and location | Hosts | Moderators | Participants[k] | ||||||
Key: P Present A Absent I Invited Out Out of the election |
PL | PT | NOVO | PDT | MDB | UNIÃO | PTB | |||
Bolsonaro | Lula | d'Avila | Gomes | Tebet | Thronicke | Souza | ||||
1.1 | Sunday, 28 August 2022, 21:00, São Paulo[101] | Bandeirantes, TV Cultura, Folha, UOL | Adriana Araújo, Eduardo Oinegue, Fabíola Cidral, Leão Serva | P | P | P | P | P | P | Out[l] |
1.2 | Saturday, 24 September 2022, 18:15, Osasco[102] | SBT, CNN Brazil, Estado, Veja, Terra, NovaBrasil FM | Carlos Nascimento | P | A | P | P | P | P | P |
1.3 | Thursday, 29 September 2022, 22:30, Rio de Janeiro[103] | Globo | William Bonner | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
2.1 | Sunday, 9 October 2022, São Paulo[101] | Bandeirantes, TV Cultura, Folha, UOL | TBD | TBD | ||||||
2.2 | Monday, 17 October 2022, Osasco[104] | RedeTV! | TBD | TBD | ||||||
2.3 | Saturday, 22 October 2022, Osasco[104] | SBT, CNN Brazil, Estado, Veja, Terra, NovaBrasil FM | TBD | TBD | ||||||
2.4 | Friday, 28 October 2022, Rio de Janeiro[104] | Globo | TBD | TBD |
Congress
The results of the previous general elections and the composition of the National Congress before the 2022 election are given below. In 2022, all members of the Chamber of Deputies and one third of the Senate (one senator from each state and Federal District) will be elected.
Party[105] | Chamber of Deputies | Senate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elected 2018[106] |
Incumbent 2022[1] |
+/– | Elected 2014,[107] 2018,[108] 2020[109] |
Incumbent 2022[2] |
+/– | Contested 2022[110] | ||
PL | 33 | 76 | ![]() |
2 | 7 | ![]() |
2 | |
PP | 38 | 58 | ![]() |
6 | 8 | ![]() |
4 | |
PT | 56[m] | 56 | ![]() |
6 | 7 | ![]() |
2 | |
UNIÃO | 81[n] | 51 | ![]() |
10[o][p] | 8 | ![]() |
1 | |
PSD | 35 | 46 | ![]() |
7[p] | 11 | ![]() |
3 | |
REPUBLICANOS | 29[m] | 44 | ![]() |
1 | 1 | ![]() |
– | |
MDB | 34 | 37 | ![]() |
12 | 13 | ![]() |
4 | |
PSB | 32 | 24 | ![]() |
5 | 1 | ![]() |
1 | |
PSDB | 29 | 22 | ![]() |
8 | 6 | ![]() |
2 | |
PDT | 28 | 19 | ![]() |
6 | 3 | ![]() |
1 | |
PODE | 17[q] | 9 | ![]() |
3[r] | 8 | ![]() |
2 | |
SOLIDARIEDADE | 13 | 8 | ![]() |
1 | – | ![]() |
– | |
PSOL | 10 | 8 | ![]() |
– | – | ![]() |
– | |
PCdoB | 10[s] | 8 | ![]() |
– | – | ![]() |
– | |
NOVO | 8 | 8 | ![]() |
– | – | ![]() |
– | |
PSC | 7[m] | 8 | ![]() |
1 | 1 | ![]() |
1 | |
CIDADANIA | 8 | 7 | ![]() |
2 | 1 | ![]() |
– | |
AVANTE | 7 | 6 | ![]() |
– | – | ![]() |
– | |
PATRIOTA | 9[t] | 5 | ![]() |
1[u] | – | ![]() |
– | |
PROS | 8 | 4 | ![]() |
1 | 2 | ![]() |
1 | |
PV | 4 | 4 | ![]() |
– | – | ![]() |
– | |
PTB | 10 | 3 | ![]() |
4 | 2 | ![]() |
2 | |
REDE | 1 | 2 | ![]() |
5 | 1 | ![]() |
– | |
PMN | 3 | – | ![]() |
– | – | ![]() |
– | |
AGIR | 2 | – | ![]() |
– | – | ![]() |
– | |
DC | 1 | – | ![]() |
– | – | ![]() |
– | |
Independent | – | – | ![]() |
– | 1 | ![]() |
1 | |
Total | 513 | ![]() |
81 | ![]() |
27 |
Incidents
Political violence
Since the official beginning of the election campaign in August 2022, Bolsonaro has incited either physical[112] or verbal violence against his critics and political opponents, especially women,[113] such as saying he and his supporters must "obliterate" opposition Workers' Party,[114][115] smearing political commentators, journalists or interviewers on his social medias and speeches or even trying himself to grab a phone from a disillusioned voter and YouTuber who confronted him in a rally.[116][117][118][119][120]
On 10 July 2022, city guard Marcelo Aloizio de Arruda, a Workers' Party activist, was murdered for political reasons, during his birthday party at a community center located in Foz do Iguaçu (state of Paraná). Jorge Guaranho, a federal prison officer, was arrested after storming the victim's party shouting that he was a supporter of Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro, and shooting at de Arruda. The shooter was also injured during the attack, due to the self-defense exercised by the victim,[121][122] with some media outlets mistakenly reporting the men killed each other based on an incorrect statement from the local police. The police later backtracked from the statement.[123] Marcelo de Arruda is survived by his wife and four young children.[124] In the hours following the murder, Brazilian politicians, including some 2022 presidential candidates, and authorities condemned the attack, with some of them calling for calm.[125][126] Also on 10 July, the local police opened an investigation into the crime's motivation[127] and a day later the police chief officer leading the probe was found to have previously made online posts against the Worker's Party, potentially violating the due process because of abuse of power, which unofficially caused her to be removed from the investigation.[128][129]
On 11 July, a judge ordered the pre-trial arrest of the murderer, and after four days the local police concluded there was no political motivation for the crime.[130] However, on 18 July, both the prosecutors and de Arruda family disputed the conclusions, citing the fact that the police did not search the shooter's phone and did not investigate a possible connection with the suicide of the security service worker in the community center who had allegedly sent the party footage to the murderer,[131][132][133] and in the following day the judge overseeing the case ordered the police to re-do the inquiry taking into account those claims.[134] On 20 July, the prosecutors charged Guaranho with first degree murder for political reasons, and he was bound over for trial.[135][136] On 10 August, following discharge from a hospital, Guaranho was temporarily placed under house arrest and ordered to wear an ankle monitor.[137][138] Two days later he was sent to prison and on 13 August he was denied a release from jail.[139][140]
On 8 September, two farm workers had an argument over politics and their presidential candidates in the 2022 Brazilian elections in a rural property in the city of Confresa in the western Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. Rafael Silva de Oliveira, a 24-year-old Bolsonaro supporter, reportedly stabbed to death his 42-year-old coworker Benedito Cardoso dos Santos, a supporter of former president Lula, after both had been arguing over politics for hours on the same day and the situation escalated to a physical altercation. During the fight, Rafael reportedly took a knife and started stabbing Benedito on his eyes, forehead and neck, after Benedito had punched Rafael on the chin, according to the local police. Following the murder, the suspect tried to behead the victim's body with an axe but eventually gave up and went to a local healthcare center seeking medical assistence, where he was seen by a doctor and subsequentely arrested by the police. The suspect is also under criminal investigations for unrelated crimes such as homicide, rape and fraud, according to the police and a court ruling.[141][142][143][144]
On 13 September, farmer Luiz Carlos Ottoni, a 44-year-old Bolsonaro supporter, attacked city councilwoman Cleres Relevante of the Worker's Party and her aide in Salto do Jacuí, a small city in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Ottoni used his car to hit hers after reportedly following Relevante and her aide on their way back her home. Relevante told the police that right before the car attack, she noticed she and her aide were being followed by a car that occasionally kept doing burnouts, unexpected speed-ups and stops, as if to intimidate them. The car eventually rammed the back of hers and fled the scene. She called the police, who chased the attacker but were later informed that he had fatally suffered an accident while trying to escape the manhunt.[145][146]
On 24 September, Antônio Carlos Silva, a farm worker, was murdered after he answered a question made by Edmilson Freire, a Bolsonaro supporter. According to eye-witnesses, Freire entered a bar and shouted "who supports Lula?", for which Silva said he would vote for Lula, then Freire stabbed him on the rib. Silva was seen by a doctor but did not survive the injury. Freire was arrested, and reportedly had criminal records for unrelated domestic violence.[147]
On 25 September, Paulo Guedes, a federal deputy of the Worker's Party, suffered an assassination attempt during a motorcade rally in Montes Claros in the southeastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Guedes was reportedly at the top of a campaign rally truck when a police officer in plainclothes shot at the rally from the back seat of a car.[148] The Federal Police later arrested and indicted the officer for two counts (election harassment and unlawful discharge of a firearm).[149][150]
Electoral fraud allegations by Bolsonaro
Bolsonaro has claimed that Brazilian electronic ballots are prone to vote rigging since at least 2015, when he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and successfully pushed for a bill requiring voting machines to also print vote records. The Public Prosecutor's Office challenged the law citing secret ballot concerns,[151][152] and the Supreme Federal Court suspended the law in June 2018.[153][154]
During the 2018 elections, several social media platforms were flooded with fake claims that electronic ballots had been set up to favor candidates other than Bolsonaro, and that he had allegedly won the presidential election in the first round.[155] However, after investigating such claims, authorities and even forensic experts ruled out any fraud in the ballots showing that some videos shared online were manipulated and edited to spread those allegations.[156] As president, Bolsonaro has also insisted on voter fraud claims and pushed for an election audit,[157] despite the voting machines already being audited and the vote counts being publicly available for verification.[158]
Since 2018, some social media companies such as YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter have restricted or taken down videos, livestreams, campaign adversting, online groups and channels, online-content monetization, and posts from Bolsonaro, his allies, and supporters linked to election-related disinformation, insurrection, and violence incitement on their own or by a court order for violating Brazilian law or those companies' policies.[159][160][161][162][163][164] Despite signing agreements with the Superior Electoral Court in which they commit to fight disinformation,[165][166] social networks acted slowly or ignored requests to remove it.[167]
In July 2022, Bolsonaro addressed dozens of foreign diplomats, to which he made several claims of vulnerabilities in the country's electronic voting system. Following the presentation, the electoral authority issued a statement debunking several of the claims mentioned by Bolsonaro.[168] Brazilian and international law experts, political analysts, and authorities have warned such allegations undermine democracy and pave the way for an unfounded election result challenge or even a self-coup, such as the 2021 United States Capitol attack. Similarly many experts fear that if Bolsonaro loses the election, the Brazilian military and local police officers, who helped carry out the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état in the past and are heavily present in his government, could play a significant role in either blocking the transition of power or being complicit with possible rioters trying to overthrow a newly elected administration.[6][7][8][9][10]
On 28 September, four days prior to the first round of the elections, Bolsonaro's Liberal Party released a statement claiming a party report found that there were "several flaws" in the election process conducted by the Superior Electoral Court, saying, without providing any evidence, that the court met only "5% of the requirements for a proper election certification". The court dismissed those claims as "false and misleading", suggested that their purpose was to disturb the electoral process, and ordered an investigation into the authors of party's report.[169][170]
Disinformation
Disinformation became a major topic in the 2022 Brazilian elections, since experiences from previous elections, especially in 2018, led to new approaches by individuals, including electoral officials, as well as private and public institutions.[171] In such context, the Superior Electoral Court issued several law-like guidances regarding disinformation, such as further banning political ads on the internet, and tightening penalties for online breaches of the electoral law.
In October 2021, after an investigation by the police and prosecutors, the Superior Electoral Court ruled that Fernando Francischini, a hard-liner lawmaker in the southern Brazilian state of Paraná and ally of Bolsonaro, had violated electoral law by making false claims about the Brazilian electronic voting system in 2018. The court removed him from his seat in the state legislature and banned him from elected offices for the next eight years.[172] Francischini filed an appeal against the ruling but it was later dismissed by the Supreme Federal Court.[173]
On 20 September 2022, the Superior Electoral Court reported that it had received more than 15,500 election-related disinformation complaints over the prior four months.[174]
On 24 September, an incident of bulk messaging occurred in Paraná, which is governed by an ally of Bolsonaro. Several phone users reported that they received a message from the official state alert-messaging service which read:[175] "Bolsonaro is gonna win the elections in the first round! Otherwise, we are going to the streets to protest! We're gonna storm the Supreme Court and the Congress buildings! President Bolsonaro counts on us all!!" The Superior Electoral Court referred the alleged breach to prosecutors so they could investigate if any electoral crime was commited, and if so, to identify its perpetrators.[176]
Reactions to potential coup
On 6 July, it was reported that some United States House of Representatives Democrats called for measures that would suspend American aid to the Brazilian Army if it intervened in the election.[177][178] Nevertheless, the amendment author Tom Malinowski withdrew the requirement with no opposition on the House floor from any Representative but Adam Schiff.[179]
On 26 July, the faculty of law of the University of São Paulo launched a pro-democracy petition as a response to Bolsonaro's attacks on the electronic ballots and the Brazilian voting system in general with over 3,000 signatures, among intellectuals, artists, law experts including retired justices of the Supreme Federal Court, businesspeople, and others.[180] On 30 July, the petition topped 540,000 signatures and four days later, it reached 700,000 endorsements.[181][182]
On 17 August, a report by Brazilian newspaper Metrópoles leaked an online conversation by a group of pro-Bolsonaro businessmen who expressed their preference for a coup d'état rather than a return of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to the presidency. The businessmen claimed that the Supreme Federal Court and Superior Electoral Court were suspected of election fraud, and proposed that a separate commission recount the votes. The messages also showed that business leader José Koury floated the idea of paying a bonus to employees who voted according to their employers' interests, if it were legal; and that malls chain businessman José Isaac Peres ordered "thousands of little flags" to be distributed to shopkeepers and customers in Barra World Shopping, one of his company's malls. In response to the report, the businessmen declared their support for democracy and denied any encouragement of illegal activity.[183][184]
On 23 August, by order of the Supreme Federal Court, the Federal Police carried out search and seizure warrants on the homes, offices and other properties of the businessmen who allegedly supported a potential coup, including Koury, Peres, and billionaire Luciano Hang, among others.[185] The court also ordered a freeze in their bank and social media accounts, their testimonies, and access to their financial records. The businessmen claimed that this order constituted political persecution and an attack on their freedom of speech.[186]
On 3 September, medical journal The Lancet published an editorial calling the stakes in the Brazilian elections "high" and highlighting among other things that Bolsonaro, "who is known for his volatility and indirect incitement of violence, will not go quietly" in case he is defeated as predictions point to and that "he has already criticised Brazil's electronic voting system in the presence of foreign ambassadors". It concluded by saying "there is an unprecedented chance for new beginnings in Latin America; an opportunity to make positive changes to alleviate deep neglect, inequality, and violence. Let us hope that Brazil chooses to seize this opportunity."[187][188]
On 20 September, it was reported that a group of "democratic nations" was planning in private an immediate recognition of the Brazilian election results as soon as they were officially announced in order to "shield the Brazilian democracy" and prevent "a constitutional limbo or a democracy collapse". That strategy was reportedly used in the wake of the 2020 United States presidential election, when some European and other Western countries rushed to "congratulate" then U.S. president-elect Joe Biden and thus isolate Donald Trump's efforts to delegitimize such voting.[189]
International reactions
United Nations – In June 2022, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet, during a speech about human rights in various countries, cited concerns in Brazil, namely threats to environmentalists and indigenous people, police violence, racism, and attacks against politicians, especially those of African ancestry, women and LGBT people, ahead of the elections in October. She also appealed to the Brazilian authorities to ensure respect for fundamental rights and independent institutions.[190]
United States – On 9 June, Brazilian president Bolsonaro and U.S. president Joe Biden met during the Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles. Anonymous sources reported to Bloomberg that Bolsonaro asked for Biden's help with the elections, claiming that a possible administration of former president Lula would be against U.S. interests. Biden changed the subject when approached, but emphasized the importance of keeping the integrity of Brazilian elections.[191] Bolsonaro answered that he respected democracy and would respect the election results. Biden's response echoed the comments made by Elizabeth Bagley, U.S. ambassador to Brazil nominated by Biden. Portuguese/Spanish-language spokesperson of the U.S. Department of State Kristina Rosales argued that the elections needed to be transparent and monitored by international observers. However, Brazilian Minister of Justice Anderson Torres responded that international observers were of little help, and favored the participation of the Federal Police, the Armed Forces and civil society in the elections.[192] On 20 July, spokesman for the U.S. Department of State Ned Price said that U.S. officials had spoken with senior Brazilian officials about the electronic voting system in Brazil, that the U.S. view was that the Brazilian electoral system was successfully tested for many years and was a model for other nations, and that the United States would follow the elections with great interest. His answer was in response to a question about the meeting with foreign diplomats hosted by Bolsonaro on 18 July, when the president made disputed claims about the Brazilian electoral system.[193][194]
Hungary – During the International Ministerial Conference on Freedom of Religion or Belief, in July 2022 in London, Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Péter Szijjártó requested a meeting with Brazilian Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights Cristiane Britto, to learn more about the Brazilian electoral environment. Britto commented about polarization and highlighted the similarities in the views of both countries regarding family issues. Szijjártó asked if there was anything that Hungary could do to help in Bolsonaro's reelection, and highlighted that Brazil had the largest Hungarian community in Latin America and that it mostly supported the incumbent president.[195][196]
Opinion polls
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_Elei%C3%A7%C3%B5es_2022_Brasil_-_Colorido.jpg/220px-Logo_Elei%C3%A7%C3%B5es_2022_Brasil_-_Colorido.jpg)
Presidential election
First round
Second round
The second round took place on 30 October 2022.[197]
Bolsonaro vs. Lula
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Opinion_polling_for_the_2022_Brazilian_presidential_election_%28Second_round%29.svg/1000px-Opinion_polling_for_the_2022_Brazilian_presidential_election_%28Second_round%29.svg.png)
Results
President
Candidate | Running mate | Party | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jair Bolsonaro (incumbent) | Walter Braga Netto | Liberal Party | |||
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | Workers' Party | |||
Luiz Felipe d'Avila | Tiago Mitraud | New Party | |||
José Maria Eymael | João Bravo | Christian Democracy | |||
Ciro Gomes | Ana Paula Matos | Democratic Labour Party | |||
Sofia Manzano | Antonio Alves | Brazilian Communist Party | |||
Leonardo Péricles | Samara Martins | Popular Unity | |||
Vera Lúcia Salgado | Kunã Yporã Tremembé | United Socialist Workers' Party | |||
Kelmon Souza | Luiz Cláudio Gamonal | Brazilian Labour Party | |||
Simone Tebet | Mara Gabrilli (PSDB) | Brazilian Democratic Movement | |||
Soraya Thronicke | Marcos Cintra | Brazil Union | |||
Total | |||||
Registered voters/turnout | 156,454,011 | – |
Chamber of Deputies
Party or alliance | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Act | – | – | ||||||
Always Forward | Brazilian Social Democracy Party | – | – | |||||
Citizenship | – | – | ||||||
Total | – | – | – | |||||
Brazil of Hope | Communist Party of Brazil | – | – | |||||
Green Party | – | – | ||||||
Workers' Party | – | – | ||||||
Total | – | – | – | |||||
Brazil Union | – | – | ||||||
Brazilian Communist Party | – | – | ||||||
Brazilian Democratic Movement | – | – | ||||||
Brazilian Labour Party | – | – | ||||||
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party | – | – | ||||||
Brazilian Socialist Party | – | – | ||||||
Brazilian Woman's Party | – | – | ||||||
Christian Democracy | – | – | ||||||
Democratic Labour Party | – | – | ||||||
Forward | – | – | ||||||
Liberal Party | – | – | ||||||
New Party | – | – | ||||||
Party of National Mobilization | – | – | ||||||
Patriot | – | – | ||||||
Popular Unity | – | – | ||||||
Progressives | – | – | ||||||
PSOL REDE | Socialism and Liberty Party | – | – | |||||
Sustainability Network | – | – | ||||||
Total | – | – | – | |||||
Republican Party of the Social Order | – | – | ||||||
Republicans | – | – | ||||||
Social Christian Party | – | – | ||||||
Social Democratic Party | – | – | ||||||
Solidarity | – | – | ||||||
United Socialist Workers' Party | – | – | ||||||
We Can | – | – | ||||||
Workers' Cause Party | – | – | ||||||
Undetermined | 513 | – | ||||||
Total | 513 | – | ||||||
Registered voters/turnout | 156,454,011 | – |
Federal Senate
Party or alliance | Votes | % | Seats | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elected | Total | +/– | ||||||||
Act | – | – | – | |||||||
Always Forward | Brazilian Social Democracy Party | – | 4 | – | ||||||
Citizenship | – | 1 | – | |||||||
Total | – | – | 5 | – | ||||||
Brazil of Hope | Communist Party of Brazil | – | – | – | ||||||
Green Party | – | – | – | |||||||
Workers' Party | – | 5 | – | |||||||
Total | – | – | 5 | – | ||||||
Brazil Union | – | 7 | – | |||||||
Brazilian Communist Party | – | – | – | |||||||
Brazilian Democratic Movement | – | 9 | – | |||||||
Brazilian Labour Party | – | – | – | |||||||
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party | – | – | – | |||||||
Brazilian Socialist Party | – | – | – | |||||||
Brazilian Woman's Party | – | – | – | |||||||
Christian Democracy | – | – | – | |||||||
Democratic Labour Party | – | 2 | – | |||||||
Forward | – | – | – | |||||||
Liberal Party | – | 5 | – | |||||||
New Party | – | – | – | |||||||
Party of National Mobilization | – | – | – | |||||||
Patriot | – | – | – | |||||||
Popular Unity | – | – | – | |||||||
Progressives | – | 4 | – | |||||||
PSOL REDE | Socialism and Liberty Party | – | – | – | ||||||
Sustainability Network | – | 1 | – | |||||||
Total | – | – | 1 | – | ||||||
Republican Party of the Social Order | – | 1 | – | |||||||
Republicans | – | 1 | – | |||||||
Social Christian Party | – | – | – | |||||||
Social Democratic Party | – | 8 | – | |||||||
Solidarity | – | – | – | |||||||
United Socialist Workers' Party | – | – | – | |||||||
We Can | – | 6 | – | |||||||
Workers' Cause Party | – | – | – | |||||||
Undetermined | 27 | 27 | – | |||||||
Total | 27 | 81 | – | |||||||
Registered voters/turnout | 156,454,011 | – |
See also
- Jair Bolsonaro 2022 presidential campaign
- Lula da Silva 2022 presidential campaign
- Simone Tebet 2022 presidential campaign
Notes
- ^ The coalition Brazil of Hope is composed of the homonymous federation Brazil of Hope (itself composed of parties PT, PCdoB and PV), federation PSOL REDE (itself composed of parties PSOL and REDE), and parties PSB, Solidarity, Forward, Act and PROS.
- ^ Born in Pernambuco, domiciled in São Paulo.
- ^ The coalition For the Good of Brazil is composed of parties PL, PP and Republicans.
- ^ Born in São Paulo, domiciled in Rio de Janeiro.
- ^ Born in São Paulo, domiciled in Ceará.
- ^ The coalition Brazil for Everyone is composed of party MDB, federation Always Forward (itself composed of parties PSDB and Citizenship), and party We Can.
- ^ Born in what was then the southern part of Mato Grosso, which later became the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Domiciled in Mato Grosso do Sul.
- ^ Same party as the presidential candidate, unless mentioned in parentheses.
- ^ a b c PTB initially nominated Roberto Jefferson for president and Kelmon Souza for vice president. On 1 September 2022, the Superior Electoral Court denied Jefferson's candidacy as it ruled him ineligible for public office until 24 December 2023 due to a prior criminal conviction. After this ruling, the party nominated Kelmon Souza for president and Luiz Cláudio Gamonal for vice president.[40]
- ^ On 31 July 2022, under the leadership of Marcus Holanda, PROS nominated Pablo Marçal for president and Fátima Pérola Neggra for vice president, and registered them as candidates in the Superior Electoral Court. On 5 August 2022, under the restored leadership of Eurípedes Júnior, the party withdrew the candidacies and endorsed Lula, but Marçal claimed that his candidacy remained valid.[95] On 15 August 2022, PROS registered as part of the Brazil of Hope coalition.[96] On 6 September 2022, the Superior Electoral Court confirmed the cancellation of Marçal's candidacy.[97]
- ^ Debates broadcast on television or radio were legally required to invite all candidates whose parties or coalitions had at least five members in the National Congress based on the most recent election.[99] The candidates listed in this table satisfied this condition.[100]
- ^ Roberto Jefferson, the candidate of PTB at the time of this debate, was not invited as his eligibility was disputed. He was later ruled ineligible and replaced by Kelmon Souza.[40]
- ^ a b c A deputy from PRB (later renamed Republicanos) and a deputy from PSC were elected in 2018 but were later removed due to irregularities found in their campaigns. They were replaced by two deputies from PT, based on the remaining votes in the same election.[111] This table reflects these replacements, following the practice of the Superior Electoral Court.[100]
- ^ 52 deputies from PSL and 29 deputies from Democrats, whose parties would merge to form Brazil Union in 2021.
- ^ 7 senators from Democrats and 3 senators from PSL, whose parties would merge to form Brazil Union in 2021.
- ^ a b A senator from PSL (later merged into Brazil Union) was elected in 2018 but was later removed due to irregularities found in her campaign. She was replaced by a senator from PSD in a supplementary election in 2020.[109] This table reflects this replacement, following the practice of the Superior Electoral Court.[100]
- ^ Including 6 deputies from PHS, which merged into Podemos after the election in 2018.
- ^ Including 2 senators from PHS, which merged into Podemos after the election in 2018.
- ^ Including 1 deputy from PPL, which merged into PCdoB after the election in 2018.
- ^ Including 4 deputies from PRP, which merged into Patriota after the election in 2018.
- ^ From PRP, which merged into Patriota after the election in 2018.
References
- ^ a b "Current seats" (in Portuguese). Chamber of Deputies of Brazil. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Parliamentary leadership" (in Portuguese). Senate of Brazil. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
- ^ a b c "Resolution no. 23669, of 14 December 2021" (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court.
- ^ "30 days left: more than 156 million voters go to the ballot boxes" (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. 2 September 2022.
- ^ "Brazil: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
- ^ a b Nicas, Jack (12 June 2022). "Bolsonaro's New Ally in Questioning Brazil's Elections: The Military". Archived from the original on 14 June 2022 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ a b "Might Jair Bolsonaro try to steal Brazil's election?". 14 July 2022. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022 – via The Economist.
- ^ a b "Bolsonaro supporters breach police cordon in protest against Brazil judiciary". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022.
- ^ a b "Brazil could face attack like U.S. Capitol assault, top election official says". Reuters. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022.
- ^ a b Stargardter, Gabriel (1 April 2021). "Analysis: Brazil's Bolsonaro seeks police support before elections with reshuffle". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022.
- ^ "The future of Amazon rainforest is on the line in Brazil election". Channel 4 News. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
- ^ Andreoni, Manuela (15 April 2022). "Brazil's climate politics are shifting. That matters for the whole planet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
- ^ "Legal Research Guide: Brazil - The Executive Branch". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
- ^ "Federal Senate electoral system". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
- ^ "Chamber of Deputies electoral system". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
- ^ "How does the proportional system work?" (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021.
- ^ "Arquipélago Fernando de Noronha terá eleição unificada pela 1ª vez". R7.com (in Portuguese). 4 September 2018. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ "Direito/Obrigatoriedade do Voto" [Right/obligation to vote] (in Portuguese). Regional Electoral Court of Rio de Janeiro.
- ^ "Justificativa Eleitoral" (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
- ^ "Perguntas e respostas" [Questions and answers] (in Portuguese). Regional Electoral Court of São Paulo.
- ^ "Electoral fine" (in Portuguese). Regional Electoral Court of Rio de Janeiro. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021.
- ^ "Resolution no. 23.659, of 26 October 2021, articles 127 and 133" (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021.
- ^ "Voter abroad" (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021.
- ^ "Com estatuto de igualdade de direitos políticos, há mais de 26 mil portugueses aptos a votar no Brasil". Ora Pois (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Resolução nº 23.609, de 18 de dezembro de 2019" [Resolution no. 23609, of 18 October 2019] (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court.
- ^ "Entenda as diferenças entre coligações e federações e veja como funcionarão - Notícias". Portal da Câmara dos Deputados (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ "Party federations registered in TSE" (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court.
- ^ Teixeira, Fabio (26 August 2020). "Brazil fights racism with new campaign rules for Black politicians". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
- ^ "Eleitorado da eleição" [Electorate of the election] (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court.
- ^ "Saiba quantas zonas e seções eleitorais há no Brasil" [Know how many electoral zones and sections there are in Brazil] (in Portuguese). Poder 360. 20 September 2022.
- ^ "Magistrados estaduais do Amazonas designados para atuar no processo eleitoral levam a cidadania, por meio do voto, aos locais mais distantes do Estado" [State magistrates of Amazonas designated to act in the electoral process bring citizenship, by means of vote, to the most distant locations of the state] (in Portuguese). Court of Justice of Amazonas. 24 August 2022.
- ^ "Saiba mais sobre as eleições brasileiras no exterior" [Know more about Brazilian elections abroad] (in Portuguese). Regional Electoral Court of the Federal District. 27 September 2022.
- ^ "Auditoria e fiscalização" [Audit and inspection] (in Portuguese). Electoral Justice.
- ^ "Urna eletrônica" [Electronic voting machine] (in Portuguese). Electoral Justice.
- ^ "Votação em todo o país seguirá o horário de Brasília" [Voting in all of the country will follow Brasília time] (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. 27 September 2022.
- ^ "STF nega medida cautelar para reverter horário de votação no Acre" [Supreme Federal Court denies injunction to revert voting time in Acre]. G1. 12 September 2022.
- ^ "Voting start time in the whole country will be standardized by Brasília time, TSE decides" (in Portuguese). Superior Electoral Court. 14 December 2021.
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