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{{Short description|Small tectonic plate in the northern Andes}}
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{{Article for deletion/dated|page=North Andes Plate|timestamp=20211202011037|year=2021|month=December|day=2|substed=yes}}
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{{short description|Small tectonic plate in the northern Andes}}
{{Infobox tectonic plate
{{Infobox tectonic plate
| image = NorthAndesPlate.png
| image = NorthAndesPlate.png
| caption = North Andes Plate (''note'': [[North Andes Plate#Boundaries|outdated Nazca Plate]])
| caption = North Andes Plate (''note'': [[North Andes Plate#Boundaries|outdated Nazca Plate]])
| type = [[List of tectonic plates#Minor plates|Minor]]
| type = [[List of tectonic plates#Microplates|Micro]]
| move_direction = north-west
| move_direction = North-west
| move_speed = 23mm/year
| move_speed = 23mm/year
| geo_features = {{COL}}<br>{{ECU}}<br>{{VEN}}
| geo_features = {{COL}}<br />{{ECU}}<br />{{VEN}}
}}
}}

The '''North Andes Plate''' or '''North Andes Block''' is a small [[tectonic plate]] ([[microplate]]) located in the northern [[Andes]]. It is squeezed between the faster moving [[South American Plate]] and the [[Nazca Plate]] to the southwest. Due to the [[subduction]] of the [[Malpelo Plate|Malpelo]] and [[Coiba Plate]]s, this area is very prone to [[List of volcanoes in Colombia|volcanic]] and [[seismic]] activity, with many [[List of earthquakes in Colombia|historic earthquakes]].
The '''North Andes Plate''' or '''North Andes Block''' is a small [[plate tectonics|tectonic plate]] ([[List of tectonic plates#Microplates|microplate]]) located in the northern [[Andes]]. It is squeezed between the faster moving [[South American Plate]] and the [[Nazca Plate]] to the southwest. Due to the [[subduction]] of the [[Coiba Plate|Coiba]] and [[Malpelo Plate|Malpelo]] plates, this area is very prone to [[list of volcanoes in Colombia|volcanic]] and [[seismology|seismic]] activity, with many [[list of earthquakes in Colombia|historical earthquakes]].


== Boundaries ==
== Boundaries ==
The North Andes Plate is bound by (clockwise from north):
The North Andes Plate is bound by (clockwise from north):

# [[Caribbean Plate]]
# [[Caribbean Plate]]
# [[South American Plate]]
# [[South American Plate]]
# [[Malpelo Plate]] (before 2017 considered part of [[Nazca Plate]])<ref name=Zhang>Zhang et al., 2017</ref>
# [[Malpelo Plate]] — considered a part of the [[Nazca Plate]] before 2017<ref name=Zhang>Zhang et al., 2017</ref>
# [[Coiba Plate]] (before 2016 considered part of Nazca Plate)<ref name=Coiba>Chiarabba et al., 2016, p.22</ref>
# [[Coiba Plate]] — considered a part of the Nazca Plate before 2016<ref name=Coiba>Chiarabba et al., 2016, p.22</ref>
# [[Panama Plate]]
# [[Panama Plate]]


== Terranes ==
== Terranes ==
[[File:Coiba & Malpelo Plates and major seismic faults of Colombia.jpg|right|300px|thumb|• '''[[Chibcha Terrane]]''' is enclosed by the [[Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault]] (BSF, orange), northernmost [[Oca-Ancón Fault System|Oca Fault]] (Oca, white), [[Eastern Frontal Fault System]] (EFFS, yellow) and [[Romeral Fault System]] (RFS, violet)<br>• '''[[Tahamí Terrane]]''' is enclosed by BSF, OCA and RFS<br>• Anacona, Arqúia and Quebradagrande Terranes are emplaced by RFS<br>• '''[[La Guajira Terrane]]''' is enclosed by BSF and northernmost by Oca<br>• '''[[Caribe Terrane]]''' is enclosed by BSF, RFS and plate boundaries with [[Coiba Plate|Coiba]] (red) and [[Malpelo Plate]]s (purple)]]
[[File:Coiba & Malpelo Plates and major seismic faults of Colombia.jpg|right|300px|thumb|• '''[[Chibcha Terrane]]''' is enclosed by the [[Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault]] (BSF, orange), northernmost [[Oca-Ancón Fault System|Oca Fault]] (Oca, white), [[Eastern Frontal Fault System]] (EFFS, yellow) and [[Romeral Fault System]] (RFS, violet)<br>• '''[[Tahamí Terrane]]''' is enclosed by BSF, OCA and RFS<br>• Anacona, Arqúia and Quebradagrande Terranes are emplaced by RFS<br>• '''[[La Guajira Terrane]]''' is enclosed by BSF and northernmost by Oca<br>• '''[[Caribe Terrane]]''' is enclosed by BSF, RFS and plate boundaries with [[Coiba Plate|Coiba]] (red) and [[Malpelo Plate|Malpelo]] plates (purple)
[[File:Geological_Map_of_Colombia.jpg|thumb|Geological Terranes Map of Colombia]]]]


The Colombian part of the North Andes Plate is subdivided into several [[terrane]]s:<ref name=GeoMap2015_p209>Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209</ref>
The Colombian part of the North Andes Plate is subdivided into several [[terrane]]s:<ref name=GeoMap2015_p209>Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209</ref>
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! Abbr !! Name !! Age range !! Paleomap !! width=100px | [[:Category:Sedimentary basins of Colombia|Basins]] !! [[Igneous rock|Complexes]] !! Ranges !! [[Departments of Colombia|Departments]] !! Comments !! Notes
! Abbr !! Name !! Age range !! Paleomap !! width=100px | [[:Category:Sedimentary basins of Colombia|Basins]] !! [[Igneous rock|Complexes]] !! Ranges !! [[Departments of Colombia|Departments]] !! Comments !! Notes
|-
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | CHT || rowspan=2 | '''[[Chibcha Terrane|Chibcha]]''' || style="background-color: {{period color|mesoproterozoic}};" | [[Mesoproterozoic]] || rowspan=2 | [[File:Paleoglobe NO 1260 mya.gif|center|150px]] || rowspan=2 | • [[Catatumbo Basin|Catatumbo]]<br>• [[Cesar-Ranchería Basin|Cesar-Ranchería]]<br>• [[Eastern Cordillera Basin|Eastern Cordillera]] {{small|([[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]] - [[Bogotá savanna|Bogotá]])}}<br>• [[Middle Magdalena Valley|VMM]]<br>• [[Upper Magdalena Valley|VSM]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ariarí Metagabbro|Ariarí]], [[Garzón Complex|Garzón]], [[Floresta Massif|Floresta]], [[Quetame Massif|Quetame]], [[Santander Massif|Santander]]<!--Complexes--> || rowspan=2 | [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central]], [[Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)|Eastern]], [[Serranía del Perijá|Perijá]], [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta|SNSM]], [[Serranía de San Lucas|San Lucas]], [[Serranía de la Macarena|La Macarena]]<!--Ranges--> || rowspan=2 | [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Arauca Department|Arauca]], [[Bogotá]], [[Bolívar Department|Bolívar]], [[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]], [[Caquetá Department|Caquetá]], [[Casanare Department|Casanare]], [[Cesar Department|Cesar]], [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]], [[Huila Department|Huila]], [[Magdalena Department|Magdalena]], [[Meta Department|Meta]], [[Putumayo Department|Putumayo]], [[Norte de Santander]], [[Santander Department|Santander]], [[Tolima Department|Tolima]]<!--Departments--> || rowspan=2 | Largest terrane, [[List of Muisca toponyms|named after Chibcha]]<!--Comments--> || align=center rowspan=2 | <ref name=Manosalva2017_p84>Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84</ref><ref name=Figueroa2015_p42>Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42</ref><ref name=Toro2014_p22>Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22</ref>
| align=center rowspan=2 | CHT || rowspan=2 | '''[[Chibcha Terrane|Chibcha]]''' || style="background-color: {{period color|mesoproterozoic}};" | [[Mesoproterozoic]] || rowspan=2 | [[File:Paleoglobe NO 1260 mya.gif|center|150px]] || rowspan=2 | • [[Catatumbo Basin|Catatumbo]]<br>• [[Cesar-Ranchería Basin|Cesar-Ranchería]]<br>• [[Eastern Cordillera Basin|Eastern Cordillera]] {{small|([[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]] - [[Bogotá savanna|Bogotá]])}}<br>• [[Middle Magdalena Valley|VMM]]<br>• [[Upper Magdalena Valley|VSM]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Ariarí Metagabbro|Ariarí]], [[Garzón Complex|Garzón]], [[Floresta Massif|Floresta]], [[Quetame Massif|Quetame]], [[Santander Massif|Santander]]<!--Complexes-->|| rowspan="2" | [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central]], [[Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)|Eastern]], [[Serranía del Perijá|Perijá]], [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta|SNSM]], [[Serranía de San Lucas|San Lucas]], [[Serranía de la Macarena|La Macarena]]<!--Ranges--> || rowspan=2 | [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Arauca Department|Arauca]], [[Bogotá]], [[Bolívar Department|Bolívar]], [[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]], [[Caquetá Department|Caquetá]], [[Casanare Department|Casanare]], [[Cesar Department|Cesar]], [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]], [[Huila Department|Huila]], [[Magdalena Department|Magdalena]], [[Meta Department|Meta]], [[Putumayo Department|Putumayo]], [[Norte de Santander]], [[Santander Department|Santander]], [[Tolima Department|Tolima]]<!--Departments--> || rowspan=2 | Largest terrane, [[List of Muisca toponyms|named after Chibcha]]<!--Comments--> || align=center rowspan=2 | <ref name=Manosalva2017_p84>Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84</ref><ref name=Figueroa2015_p42>Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42</ref><ref name=Toro2014_p22>Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22</ref>
|-
|-
| style="background-color: {{period color|neoproterozoic}};" | [[Neoproterozoic]]
| style="background-color: {{period color|neoproterozoic}};" | [[Neoproterozoic]]
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center | TA || rowspan=2 | {{small|[[Anacona Terrane|Anacona]]}} || style="background-color: {{period color|devonian}};" | [[Devonian]] || rowspan=2 | [[File:380 Ma plate tectonic reconstruction.png|center|150px]] || rowspan=2 | ''none'' || rowspan=2 | [[Anacona Complex|Anacona]]<!--Complexes--> || rowspan=2 | [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central]] || rowspan=2 | [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]] || rowspan=2 | Tiny terrane<!--Comments--> || align=center rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 align=center | TA || rowspan=2 | {{small|[[Anacona Terrane|Anacona]]}} || style="background-color: {{period color|devonian}};" | [[Devonian]] || rowspan=2 | [[File:380 Ma plate tectonic reconstruction.png|center|150px]] || rowspan=2 | ''none'' || rowspan=2 | [[Anacona Complex|Anacona]]<!--Complexes-->|| rowspan="2" | [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central]] || rowspan=2 | [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]] || rowspan=2 | Tiny terrane<!--Comments--> || align=center rowspan=2 |
|-
|-
| style="background-color: {{period color|carboniferous}};" | [[Carboniferous]]
| style="background-color: {{period color|carboniferous}};" | [[Carboniferous]]
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center | TT || rowspan=2 | '''[[Tahamí Terrane|Tahamí]]''' || style="background-color: {{period color|wordian}};" | [[Permian]] || rowspan=2 | <!-- [[File:Late Permian geography.jpg|center|150px]] --> || rowspan=2 | • [[Amagá Basin|Amagá]]<br>• [[Cocinetas Basin|Cocinetas]]<br>• [[Lower Magdalena Valley|VIM]] || rowspan=2 | [[Antioquia Batholith|Antioquia]]<!--Complexes--> || rowspan=2 | [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central]], [[Serranía de Macuira|Macuira]], [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta|SNSM]]<!--Ranges--> || rowspan=2 | [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Bolívar Department|Bolívar]], [[Caldas Department|Caldas]], [[Cauca Department|Cauca]], [[La Guajira Department|La Guajira]], [[Magdalena Department|Magdalena]], [[Nariño Department|Nariño]], [[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]], [[Sucre Department|Sucre]], [[Valle del Cauca Department|Valle del Cauca]] || rowspan=2 | Most extensive terrane<!--Comments--> || align=center rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 align=center | TT || rowspan=2 | '''[[Tahamí Terrane|Tahamí]]''' || style="background-color: {{period color|wordian}};" | [[Permian]] || rowspan=2 | <!-- [[File:Late Permian geography.jpg|center|150px]] --> || rowspan=2 | • [[Amagá Basin|Amagá]]<br>• [[Cocinetas Basin|Cocinetas]]<br>• [[Lower Magdalena Valley|VIM]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Antioquia Batholith|Antioquia]]<!--Complexes--> || rowspan=2 | [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central]], [[Serranía de Macuira|Macuira]], [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta|SNSM]]<!--Ranges--> || rowspan=2 | [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Bolívar Department|Bolívar]], [[Caldas Department|Caldas]], [[Cauca Department|Cauca]], [[La Guajira Department|La Guajira]], [[Magdalena Department|Magdalena]], [[Nariño Department|Nariño]], [[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]], [[Sucre Department|Sucre]], [[Valle del Cauca Department|Valle del Cauca]] || rowspan=2 | Most extensive terrane<!--Comments--> || align=center rowspan=2 |
|-
|-
| style="background-color: {{period color|norian}};" | [[Triassic]]
| style="background-color: {{period color|norian}};" | [[Triassic]]
|-
|-
| align=center | TAR || [[Arquía Terrane|Arquía]] || rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{period color|hauterivian}};" | [[Early Cretaceous]] || rowspan=2 | [[File:Blakey 120Ma - COL.jpg|center|150px]] || ''none'' || [[Arquía Complex|Arquía]]<!--Complexes--> || [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central]] || [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Caldas Department|Caldas]], [[Cauca Department|Cauca]], [[Nariño Department|Nariño]], [[Quindío Department|Quindío]], [[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]], [[Valle del Cauca Department|Valle del Cauca]] || Thinly banded terrane<!--Comments--> || align=center | <ref name=Plancha364>Plancha 364</ref><ref name=Plancha365>Plancha 365</ref><ref name=Plancha387>Plancha 387</ref>
| align=center | TAR || [[Arquía Terrane|Arquía]]|| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{period color|hauterivian}};" | [[Early Cretaceous]] || rowspan=2 | [[File:Blakey 120Ma - COL.jpg|center|150px]] || ''none'' || [[Arquía Complex|Arquía]]<!--Complexes-->|| [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central]] || [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Caldas Department|Caldas]], [[Cauca Department|Cauca]], [[Nariño Department|Nariño]], [[Quindío Department|Quindío]], [[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]], [[Valle del Cauca Department|Valle del Cauca]] || Thinly banded terrane<!--Comments--> || align=center | <ref name=Plancha364>Plancha 364</ref><ref name=Plancha365>Plancha 365</ref><ref name=Plancha387>Plancha 387</ref>
|-
|-
| align=center | TQ || [[Quebradagrande Terrane|Quebradagrande]] || ''none'' || <!--Complexes-->[[Quebradagrande Complex|Quebradagrande]] || [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central]] || [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Caldas Department|Caldas]], [[Cauca Department|Cauca]], [[Nariño Department|Nariño]], [[Quindío Department|Quindío]], [[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]], [[Valle del Cauca Department|Valle del Cauca]] || Thinly banded terrane<!--Comments--> || align=center | <ref name=Plancha364/><ref name=Plancha387/><ref name=Plancha410>Plancha 410</ref><br><ref name=Plancha411>Plancha 411</ref><ref name=Plancha429>Plancha 429</ref><ref name=Plancha430>Plancha 430</ref>
| align=center | TQ || [[Quebradagrande Terrane|Quebradagrande]]|| ''none'' ||<!--Complexes-->[[Quebradagrande Complex|Quebradagrande]]|| [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central]] || [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Caldas Department|Caldas]], [[Cauca Department|Cauca]], [[Nariño Department|Nariño]], [[Quindío Department|Quindío]], [[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]], [[Valle del Cauca Department|Valle del Cauca]] || Thinly banded terrane<!--Comments--> || align=center | <ref name=Plancha364/><ref name=Plancha387/><ref name=Plancha410>Plancha 410</ref><br><ref name=Plancha411>Plancha 411</ref><ref name=Plancha429>Plancha 429</ref><ref name=Plancha430>Plancha 430</ref>
|-
|-
| align=center | TC || '''[[Caribe Terrane|Caribe]]''' || rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{period color|coniacian}};" | [[Late Cretaceous]] || rowspan=2 | [[File:Blakey 065Ma - COL.jpg|center|150px]] || • [[Cauca-Patía Basin|Cauca-Patía]]<br>• [[Chocó Basin|Chocó]]<br>• [[Sinú-San Jacinto Basin|Sinú-San Jacinto]]<br>• [[Tumaco Basin|Tumaco]]<br>• [[Urabá Basin|Urabá]] || [[Santa Cecilia-La Equis Complex|Santa Cecilia-La Equis]]<!--Complexes--> || [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central]], [[Cordillera Occidental (Colombia)|Western]], [[Serranía del Darién|Darién]], [[Serranía del Baudó|Baudó]], [[Montes de María]] || [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Atlántico Department|Atlántico]], [[Caldas Department|Caldas]], [[Cauca Department|Cauca]], [[Chocó Department|Chocó]], [[Córdoba Department|Córdoba]], [[Nariño Department|Nariño]], [[Quindío Department|Quindío]], [[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]], [[Sucre Department|Sucre]], [[Valle del Cauca Department|Valle del Cauca]] || [[El Totumo]]<!--Comments--> || align=center |
| align=center | TC || '''[[Caribe Terrane|Caribe]]''' || rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{period color|coniacian}};" | [[Late Cretaceous]] || rowspan=2 | [[File:Blakey 065Ma - COL.jpg|center|150px]] || • [[Cauca-Patía Basin|Cauca-Patía]]<br>• [[Chocó Basin|Chocó]]<br>• [[Sinú-San Jacinto Basin|Sinú-San Jacinto]]<br>• [[Tumaco Basin|Tumaco]]<br>• [[Urabá Basin|Urabá]]|| [[Santa Cecilia-La Equis Complex|Santa Cecilia-La Equis]]<!--Complexes-->|| [[Cordillera Central (Colombia)|Central]], [[Cordillera Occidental (Colombia)|Western]], [[Serranía del Darién|Darién]], [[Serranía del Baudó|Baudó]], [[Montes de María]] || [[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]], [[Atlántico Department|Atlántico]], [[Caldas Department|Caldas]], [[Cauca Department|Cauca]], [[Chocó Department|Chocó]], [[Córdoba Department|Córdoba]], [[Nariño Department|Nariño]], [[Quindío Department|Quindío]], [[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]], [[Sucre Department|Sucre]], [[Valle del Cauca Department|Valle del Cauca]] || [[El Totumo]]<!--Comments--> || align=center |
|-
|-
| align=center | TLG || [[La Guajira Terrane|La Guajira]] || • [[La Guajira Basin|La Guajira]] || [[Etpana Metamorphic Complex|Etpana]], [[Macuira Gneiss|Macuira]]<!--Complexes--> || [[Serranía de Macuira|Macuira]], [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta|SNSM]] || [[La Guajira Department|La Guajira]], [[Magdalena Department|Magdalena]] || [[Tayrona National Natural Park|Tayrona]], [[Cabo de la Vela]]<!--Comments--> || align=center |
| align=center | TLG || [[La Guajira Terrane|La Guajira]] || • [[La Guajira Basin|La Guajira]]|| [[Etpana Metamorphic Complex|Etpana]], [[Macuira Gneiss|Macuira]]<!--Complexes-->|| [[Serranía de Macuira|Macuira]], [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta|SNSM]] || [[La Guajira Department|La Guajira]], [[Magdalena Department|Magdalena]] || [[Tayrona National Natural Park|Tayrona]], [[Cabo de la Vela]]<!--Comments--> || align=center |
|-
|-
|}
|}
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! Abbr !! Name !! Age range !! width=100px | [[:Category:Sedimentary basins of Colombia|Basins]] !! [[Igneous rock|Complexes]] !! Ranges !! [[Departments of Colombia|Departments]] !! Comments !! Notes
! Abbr !! Name !! Age range !! width=100px | [[:Category:Sedimentary basins of Colombia|Basins]] !! [[Igneous rock|Complexes]] !! Ranges !! [[Departments of Colombia|Departments]] !! Comments !! Notes
|-
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | PRNJ || [[Río Negro-Juruena Province]] || style="background-color: {{period color|paleoproterozoic}};" | [[Paleoproterozoic]] || • [[Llanos Basin|Llanos]]<br>• [[Caguán-Putumayo Basin|Putumayo]]<br>• [[Vaupés-Amazonas Basin|Amazonas]] || [[Mitú Complex|Mitú]], [[Parguaza Complex|Parguaza]], [[San José del Guaviare Nepheline-Syenite|Guaviare]]<!--Complexes--> || [[Serranía de Chiribiquete|Chiribiquete]], [[Cerros de Mavecure|Mavecure]] || [[Arauca Department|Arauca]], [[Caquetá Department|Caquetá]], [[Casanare Department|Casanare]], [[Guainía Department|Guainía]], [[Guaviare Department|Guaviare]], [[Meta Department|Meta]], [[Putumayo Department|Putumayo]], [[Vaupés Department|Vaupés]], [[Vichada Department|Vichada]] || rowspan=2 | Part of [[Amazonian Craton]]<!--Comments--> || align=center rowspan=2 | <ref name=Bonilla2016_p19>Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19</ref><ref name=Arango2012_p25>Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25</ref>
| align=center rowspan=2 | PRNJ || [[Río Negro-Juruena Province]]|| style="background-color: {{period color|paleoproterozoic}};" | [[Paleoproterozoic]] || • [[Llanos Basin|Llanos]]<br>• [[Caguán-Putumayo Basin|Putumayo]]<br>• [[Vaupés-Amazonas Basin|Amazonas]]|| [[Mitú Complex|Mitú]], [[Parguaza Complex|Parguaza]], [[San José del Guaviare Nepheline-Syenite|Guaviare]]<!--Complexes-->|| [[Serranía de Chiribiquete|Chiribiquete]], [[Cerros de Mavecure|Mavecure]] || [[Arauca Department|Arauca]], [[Caquetá Department|Caquetá]], [[Casanare Department|Casanare]], [[Guainía Department|Guainía]], [[Guaviare Department|Guaviare]], [[Meta Department|Meta]], [[Putumayo Department|Putumayo]], [[Vaupés Department|Vaupés]], [[Vichada Department|Vichada]] || rowspan=2 | Part of [[Amazonian Craton]]<!--Comments--> || align=center rowspan=2 | <ref name=Bonilla2016_p19>Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19</ref><ref name=Arango2012_p25>Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25</ref>
|-
|-
|}
|}
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=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===
<!--Most recent publications first-->
<!--Most recent publications first-->
* {{cite LSA |last=Manosalva Sánchez |first=Sandra Rocío |last2=Naranjo Merchán |first2=Wilson Enario |last3=Ríos Reyes |first3=Carlos Alberto |last4=Amorocho Parra |first4=Ricardo |last5=Castellanos Alarcón |first5=Oscar Mauricio |year=2017 |title=Estudio petrogenetico de las rocas metamorficas del Macizo de Floresta, Cordillera Oriental, Andes Colombianos |url=https://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistaboletindegeologia/article/view/6159 |journal=[[Boletín de Geología]] |volume=39 |pages=83–103 |accessdate=2019-10-26}}
* {{citation |last1=Manosalva Sánchez |first1=Sandra Rocío |last2=Naranjo Merchán |first2=Wilson Enario |last3=Ríos Reyes |first3=Carlos Alberto |last4=Amorocho Parra |first4=Ricardo |last5=Castellanos Alarcón |first5=Oscar Mauricio |year=2017 |title=Estudio petrogenetico de las rocas metamorficas del Macizo de Floresta, Cordillera Oriental, Andes Colombianos |url=https://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistaboletindegeologia/article/view/6159 |journal=[[Boletín de Geología]] |volume=39 |pages=83–103 |doi=10.18273/revbol.v39n1-2017004 |accessdate=2019-10-26}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Zhang |first=Tuo |last2=Gordon |first2=Richard G. |last3=Mishra |first3=Jay K. |last4=Wang |first4=Chengzu |year=2017 |title=The Malpelo Plate Hypothesis and implications for nonclosure of the Cocos-Nazca-Pacific plate motion circuit |url=https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm17/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/222118 |publisher=AGU Fall Meeting, New Orleans |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-06-06}}
* {{citation |last1=Zhang |first1=Tuo |last2=Gordon |first2=Richard G. |last3=Mishra |first3=Jay K. |last4=Wang |first4=Chengzu |year=2017 |title=The Malpelo Plate Hypothesis and implications for nonclosure of the Cocos-Nazca-Pacific plate motion circuit |url=https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm17/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/222118 |publisher=AGU Fall Meeting, New Orleans |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-06-06}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Bonilla |first=Amed |last2=Frantz |first2=José Carlos |last3=Charão Marques |first3=Juliana |last4=Cramer |first4=Thomas |last5=Franco |first5=José Alejandro |last6=Amaya |first6=Zeze |year=2016 |title=Magmatismo rapakivi en la cuenca media del río Inírida, departamento de Guainía, Colombia |url=https://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistaboletindegeologia/article/view/5269 |journal=[[Boletín de Geología]] |volume=38 |pages=17–32 |accessdate=2019-10-26}}
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==== Maps ====
==== Maps ====
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* {{cite LSA |last=González |first=Humberto |year=2001 |title=Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Antioquia - 1:400,000 - Memoria explicativa |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–120}}
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* {{cite LSA |last=Montoya Arenas |first=Diana María |last2=Reyes Torres |first2=Germán Alfonso |year=2005 |title=Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–104}}
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* {{citation |last1=Royero Gutiérrez |first1=Jose María |last2=Clavijo Torres |first2=Jairo |year=2000 |title=Mapa geológico generalizado del Departamento de Bolívar - 1:400,000 - Memoria explicativa |url=ftp://190.107.20.102/informacion%20APP/1.%20Cuarto%20de%20datos/1ra%20Entrega%20Cuarto%20de%20Datos/3.%20INFORMACI%D3N%20GENERAL/Geolog%EDa/planchas%20y%20%20%20memorias%20departamentales/memoria%20bolivar.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–99 |accessdate=2017-08-31}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Rodríguez Parra |first=Antonio José |last2=Solano Silva |first2=Orlando |year=2000 |title=Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Boyacá - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa |url=http://recordcenter.sgc.gov.co/B4/13010040020044/documento/pdf/0101200441101000.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–120 |accessdate=2019-03-10}}
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* {{cite LSA |last=Acosta |first=Jorge E. |last2=Ulloa |first2=Carlos E. |year=2002 |title=Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–108}}
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* {{cite LSA |last=Rodríguez |first=Gabriel |last2=Londoño |first2=Ana Cristina |year=2002 |title=Mapa geológico del Departamento de La Guajira - 1:250,000 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270882602_MAPA_GEOLOGICO_DEL_DEPARTAMENTO_DE_LA_GUAJIRA |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–259 |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
* {{citation |last1=Rodríguez |first1=Gabriel |last2=Londoño |first2=Ana Cristina |year=2002 |title=Mapa geológico del Departamento de La Guajira - 1:250,000 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270882602 |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–259 |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Royero Gutiérrez |first=José María |last2=Clavijo |first2=Jairo |year=2001 |title=Mapa geológico del Departamento de Santander 1:400,000 - Memoria Explicativa |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–92}}
* {{citation |last1=Royero Gutiérrez |first1=José María |last2=Clavijo |first2=Jairo |year=2001 |title=Mapa geológico del Departamento de Santander 1:400,000 - Memoria Explicativa |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–92}}


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* {{cite LSA |last=Acosta Garay |first=Jorge |last2=Ulloa Melo |first2=Carlos E. |year=2001 |title=Geología de la Plancha 208 Villeta - 1:100,000 |url=http://aplicaciones1.sgc.gov.co/Bodega/i_vector/130/10/0100/20136/documento/pdf/0101201361101000.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–84 |accessdate=2017-03-16}}
* {{citation |last1=Acosta Garay |first1=Jorge |last2=Ulloa Melo |first2=Carlos E. |year=2001 |title=Geología de la Plancha 208 Villeta - 1:100,000 |url=http://aplicaciones1.sgc.gov.co/Bodega/i_vector/130/10/0100/20136/documento/pdf/0101201361101000.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–84 |accessdate=2017-03-16}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Terraza |first=Roberto |last2=Montoya |first2=Diana |last3=Reyes |first3=Germán |last4=Moreno |first4=Giovanni |last5=Fúquen |first5=Jaime |last6=Torres Jaimes |first6=Eliana |last7=López Cardona |first7=Myriam |last8=Nivia Guevara |first8=Álvaro |last9=[[Fernando Etayo|Etayo Serna]] |first9=Fernando |year=2013 |title=Geología de la Plancha 229 - Gachalá - 1:100,000 |url=http://aplicaciones1.sgc.gov.co/Bodega/i_vector/230/08/0100/24664/documento/pdf/2105246641101000.pdf |publisher=[[Servicio Geológico Colombiano]] |pages=1–296 |accessdate=2017-08-04}}
* {{citation |last1=Terraza |first1=Roberto |last2=Montoya |first2=Diana |last3=Reyes |first3=Germán |last4=Moreno |first4=Giovanni |last5=Fúquen |first5=Jaime |last6=Torres Jaimes |first6=Eliana |last7=López Cardona |first7=Myriam |last8=Nivia Guevara |first8=Álvaro |author9-link=Fernando Etayo |last9=Etayo Serna |first9=Fernando |year=2013 |title=Geología de la Plancha 229 - Gachalá - 1:100,000 |url=http://aplicaciones1.sgc.gov.co/Bodega/i_vector/230/08/0100/24664/documento/pdf/2105246641101000.pdf |publisher=[[Servicio Geológico Colombiano]] |pages=1–296 |accessdate=2017-08-04}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Patiño |first=Alejandro |last2=Fuquen |first2=Jaime |last3=Ramos |first3=Julián |last4=Pedraza |first4=Andrea |last5=Ceballos |first5=Leonardo |last6=Pinzón |first6=Lyda |last7=Jerónimo |first7=Yadira |last8=Álvarez |first8=Leidy |last9=Torres |first9=Andrea |year=2011 |title=Cartografía geológica de la Plancha 247 - Cáqueza - 1:100,000 |url=http://aplicaciones1.sgc.gov.co/Bodega/i_vector/230/08/0100/24462/documento/pdf/2105244621101000.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages= |accessdate=2017-08-04}}
* {{citation |last1=Patiño |first1=Alejandro |last2=Fuquen |first2=Jaime |last3=Ramos |first3=Julián |last4=Pedraza |first4=Andrea |last5=Ceballos |first5=Leonardo |last6=Pinzón |first6=Lyda |last7=Jerónimo |first7=Yadira |last8=Álvarez |first8=Leidy |last9=Torres |first9=Andrea |year=2011 |title=Cartografía geológica de la Plancha 247 - Cáqueza - 1:100,000 |url=http://aplicaciones1.sgc.gov.co/Bodega/i_vector/230/08/0100/24462/documento/pdf/2105244621101000.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages= |accessdate=2017-08-04}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Guerrero Uscátegui |first=Alberto Lobo |year=1992 |title=Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana |publisher=Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros |pages=1–20}}
* {{citation |last=Guerrero Uscátegui |first=Alberto Lobo |year=1992 |title=Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana |publisher=Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros |pages=1–20}}


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* {{cite LSA |last=Orrego |first=Abigail |last2=León |first2=Luis |last3=Padilla |first3=Luis Eduardo |last4=Acevedo |first4=Álvaro Pablo |last5=Marulanda |first5=Nelson |year=1999 |title=Plancha 364 - Timbío - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QTktINE1jbmZVUVE |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
* {{citation |last1=Orrego |first1=Abigail |last2=León |first2=Luis |last3=Padilla |first3=Luis Eduardo |last4=Acevedo |first4=Álvaro Pablo |last5=Marulanda |first5=Nelson |year=1999 |title=Plancha 364 - Timbío - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QTktINE1jbmZVUVE |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Marquínez |first=Germán |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Yohana |last3=Terraza |first3=Roberto |last4=Martínez |first4=Mario |year=2003 |title=Plancha 365 - Coconuco - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QX2w2MnpuNGtHdVU |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
* {{citation |last1=Marquínez |first1=Germán |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Yohana |last3=Terraza |first3=Roberto |last4=Martínez |first4=Mario |year=2003 |title=Plancha 365 - Coconuco - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QX2w2MnpuNGtHdVU |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Orrego |first=Abigail |last2=Paris |first2=Gabriel |last3=Ibañez |first3=Diego |last4=Vásquez |first4=Edgar |year=1999 |title=Plancha 387 - Bolívar - 1:100,000 |url=ftp://ftp.ani.gov.co/Tercera%20Ola/Pasto%20Mojarras/1.2/1.2.9/CH-MO/DWG/RASTER/GEOL%C3%93GICO/Pl%20387%20Bolivar.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-06-01}}
* {{citation |last1=Orrego |first1=Abigail |last2=Paris |first2=Gabriel |last3=Ibañez |first3=Diego |last4=Vásquez |first4=Edgar |year=1999 |title=Plancha 387 - Bolívar - 1:100,000 |url=ftp://ftp.ani.gov.co/Tercera%20Ola/Pasto%20Mojarras/1.2/1.2.9/CH-MO/DWG/RASTER/GEOL%C3%93GICO/Pl%20387%20Bolivar.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-06-01}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Murcia L. |first=Armando |last2=Cepeda V |first2=Hector |year=1991 |title=Plancha 410 - La Unión - 1:100,000 |url=ftp://ftp.ani.gov.co/Tercera%20Ola/Pasto%20Mojarras/1.1/1.1.7a/Anexos/04_DD/Anx/01_Corr/02_Rec/SGC/PastoChacha-2015-261-002145-2/1-410_La_Union/Mapa_Bogota/Pdf/Ant/Geologia_PL_410.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-06-01}}
* {{citation |last1=Murcia L. |first1=Armando |last2=Cepeda V |first2=Hector |year=1991 |title=Plancha 410 - La Unión - 1:100,000 |url=ftp://ftp.ani.gov.co/Tercera%20Ola/Pasto%20Mojarras/1.1/1.1.7a/Anexos/04_DD/Anx/01_Corr/02_Rec/SGC/PastoChacha-2015-261-002145-2/1-410_La_Union/Mapa_Bogota/Pdf/Ant/Geologia_PL_410.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-06-01}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Núñez |first=Alberto |last2=Gómez |first2=Jorge |year=2002 |title=Plancha 411 - La Cruz - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QM2U5Z2xUS0RGRVU |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
* {{citation |last1=Núñez |first1=Alberto |last2=Gómez |first2=Jorge |year=2002 |title=Plancha 411 - La Cruz - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QM2U5Z2xUS0RGRVU |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Murcia L. |first=Armando |last2=Cepeda V |first2=Hector |year=1991 |title=Plancha 429 - Pasto - 1:100,000 |url=ftp://ftp.ani.gov.co/Tercera%20Ola/Pasto%20Mojarras/1.1/1.1.7a/Anexos/04_DD/Anx/01_Corr/02_Rec/SGC/PastoChacha-2015-261-002145-2/1-429_Pasto_A/Mapa_Bogota/Pdf/Ant/Geologia_PL_429.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-06-01}}
* {{citation |last1=Murcia L. |first1=Armando |last2=Cepeda V |first2=Hector |year=1991 |title=Plancha 429 - Pasto - 1:100,000 |url=ftp://ftp.ani.gov.co/Tercera%20Ola/Pasto%20Mojarras/1.1/1.1.7a/Anexos/04_DD/Anx/01_Corr/02_Rec/SGC/PastoChacha-2015-261-002145-2/1-429_Pasto_A/Mapa_Bogota/Pdf/Ant/Geologia_PL_429.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-06-01}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Núñez |first=Alberto |last2=Gómez |first2=Jorge |year=2002 |title=Plancha 430 - Mocoa - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QSzVkay1pQzB4Rlk |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}
* {{citation |last1=Núñez |first1=Alberto |last2=Gómez |first2=Jorge |year=2002 |title=Plancha 430 - Mocoa - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QSzVkay1pQzB4Rlk |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2017-06-06}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* Bird, P. (2003) An updated digital model of plate boundaries, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4(3), 1027, {{doi|10.1029/2001GC000252}}. [http://peterbird.name/publications/2003_PB2002/2003_PB2002.htm]
* {{cite journal | last=Bird | first=Peter | title=An updated digital model of plate boundaries | journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems | volume=4 | issue=3 | date=2003 | page=1027 | issn=1525-2027 | doi=10.1029/2001GC000252 | bibcode=2003GGG.....4.1027B |url=http://peterbird.name/publications/2003_PB2002/2003_PB2002.htm}}


{{Tectonic plates}}
{{Tectonic plates}}

Latest revision as of 20:07, 2 July 2024

North Andes Plate
North Andes Plate (note: outdated Nazca Plate)
TypeMicro
Movement1North-west
Speed123mm/year
Features Colombia
 Ecuador
 Venezuela
1Relative to the African Plate

The North Andes Plate or North Andes Block is a small tectonic plate (microplate) located in the northern Andes. It is squeezed between the faster moving South American Plate and the Nazca Plate to the southwest. Due to the subduction of the Coiba and Malpelo plates, this area is very prone to volcanic and seismic activity, with many historical earthquakes.

Boundaries

The North Andes Plate is bound by (clockwise from north):

  1. Caribbean Plate
  2. South American Plate
  3. Malpelo Plate — considered a part of the Nazca Plate before 2017[1]
  4. Coiba Plate — considered a part of the Nazca Plate before 2016[2]
  5. Panama Plate

Terranes

• Chibcha Terrane is enclosed by the Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault (BSF, orange), northernmost Oca Fault (Oca, white), Eastern Frontal Fault System (EFFS, yellow) and Romeral Fault System (RFS, violet)
• Tahamí Terrane is enclosed by BSF, OCA and RFS
• Anacona, Arqúia and Quebradagrande Terranes are emplaced by RFS
• La Guajira Terrane is enclosed by BSF and northernmost by Oca
• Caribe Terrane is enclosed by BSF, RFS and plate boundaries with Coiba (red) and Malpelo plates (purple)
Geological Terranes Map of Colombia

The Colombian part of the North Andes Plate is subdivided into several terranes:[3]

Terranes belonging to the Colombian part of the North Andes Plate
Abbr Name Age range Paleomap Basins Complexes Ranges Departments Comments Notes
CHT Chibcha Mesoproterozoic
• Catatumbo
• Cesar-Ranchería
• Eastern Cordillera (Altiplano Cundiboyacense - Bogotá)
• VMM
• VSM		 Ariarí, Garzón, Floresta, Quetame, Santander Central, Eastern, Perijá, SNSM, San Lucas, La Macarena Antioquia, Arauca, Bogotá, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caquetá, Casanare, Cesar, Cundinamarca, Huila, Magdalena, Meta, Putumayo, Norte de Santander, Santander, Tolima Largest terrane, named after Chibcha [4][5][6]
Neoproterozoic
TA Anacona Devonian
none Anacona Central Antioquia Tiny terrane
Carboniferous
TT Tahamí Permian • Amagá
• Cocinetas
• VIM		 Antioquia Central, Macuira, SNSM Antioquia, Bolívar, Caldas, Cauca, La Guajira, Magdalena, Nariño, Risaralda, Sucre, Valle del Cauca Most extensive terrane
Triassic
TAR Arquía Early Cretaceous
none Arquía Central Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Nariño, Quindío, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca Thinly banded terrane [7][8][9]
TQ Quebradagrande none Quebradagrande Central Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Nariño, Quindío, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca Thinly banded terrane [7][9][10]
[11][12][13]
TC Caribe Late Cretaceous
• Cauca-Patía
• Chocó
• Sinú-San Jacinto
• Tumaco
• Urabá		 Santa Cecilia-La Equis Central, Western, Darién, Baudó, Montes de María Antioquia, Atlántico, Caldas, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Nariño, Quindío, Risaralda, Sucre, Valle del Cauca El Totumo
TLG La Guajira • La Guajira Etpana, Macuira Macuira, SNSM La Guajira, Magdalena Tayrona, Cabo de la Vela

Tectonics

Subduction of the Coiba Plate underneath the North Andes Plate causes frequent earthquakes in the Bucaramanga Nest, the most seismically active area in the world. The Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault stretches along the plate for more than 600 kilometers from north to south. The plate boundary with the South American Plate is most tectonically active along a more than 900 kilometer long megaregional fault system; the Eastern Frontal Fault System.

This fault system, extending into Ecuador and Venezuela all along the northern Andes, separates the terranes from the North Andes Plate from:[3]

South American Plate features bordering the Chibcha Terrane of the North Andes Plate
Abbr Name Age range Basins Complexes Ranges Departments Comments Notes
PRNJ Río Negro-Juruena Province Paleoproterozoic • Llanos
• Putumayo
• Amazonas		 Mitú, Parguaza, Guaviare Chiribiquete, Mavecure Arauca, Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada Part of Amazonian Craton [14][15]

References

  1. ^ Zhang et al., 2017
  2. ^ Chiarabba et al., 2016, p.22
  3. ^ a b Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  4. ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  5. ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  6. ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  7. ^ a b Plancha 364
  8. ^ Plancha 365
  9. ^ a b Plancha 387
  10. ^ Plancha 410
  11. ^ Plancha 411
  12. ^ Plancha 429
  13. ^ Plancha 430
  14. ^ Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  15. ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25

Bibliography

Maps

Further reading

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