Safi of Persia

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Persian. (March 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Persian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Persian Wikipedia article at [[:fa:شاه صفی]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fa|شاه صفی}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Safi
Safi on horseback carrying a mace
Shah of Iran
Reign	28 January 1629 – 12 May 1642
Coronation	29 January 1629
Predecessor	Abbas I
Successor	Abbas II
Born	1611
Died	12 May 1642 (aged 30/31) Kashan, Iran
Burial	Fatima Masumeh Shrine, Qom, Iran
Spouse	Anna Khanum Princess Tinatin
House	Safavi
Father	Mohammad Baqer Mirza
Mother	Dilaram Khanum

Sam Mirza (Persian: سام میرزا) (1611 – 12 May 1642), known by his dynastic name of Shah Safi (Persian: شاه صفی), was the sixth shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1629 to 1642. Abbas the Great was succeeded by his grandson, Safi.^[1] A reclusive and passive character, Safi was unable to fill the power vacuum which his grandfather had left behind. His officials undermined his authority and revolts constantly broke out across the realm. The continuing war with the Ottoman Empire, started with initial success during Abbas the Great's reign, but ended with the defeat of Iran and the Treaty of Zuhab, which returned much of Iran's conquests in Mesopotamia to the Ottomans.^[2]

In order to assert his authority, Safi purged every potential claimant to his throne, including the sons of the Safavid princesses, and the sons of Abbas the Great, who were blinded and thus were unqualified to rule. The purge also saw the deaths of the leading figures of the realm.^[3] An example of Safi's cruelty occurred on the night of 20 February 1632, also known as the bloody Ma'bas, in which he had forty females of the harem put to death. The last act of his bloodshed was the killing of his grand vizier, Mirza Taleb Khan, who was replaced with a ghulam (military slave) named Mirza Mohammad Taqi Khan, more famously known as Saru Taqi.^[4]

As a eunuch, Saru Taqi had access to the royal harem, and used this ability to forge relations with the shah's concubines. He influenced Safi, persuading him to increase the royal domains by passing the Fars province to the crown demesne.^[5] He imposed heavy taxes throughout the realm, especially on Isfahan's Armenian population, and investigated the revenue flows of the previous governor of Gilan.^[6] He was described as greedy and was accused by Western observers of accepting bribes.^[5] In 1634, Saru Taqi appointed his brother, Mohammad Saleh Beg, as the governor of Mazandaran to counteract the Mar'ashi Sayyid line. Saru Taqi's family held the province's governorship until the end of Safi's reign.^[7]

Safi died from excessive drinking on 12 May 1642, leaving behind a country smaller than it was when he inherited it. A weak-minded man lacking charisma, Safi manifested many problems that later plagued the Safavid empire during its decline, one of them being not preparing the crown prince for rule. He excluded the Qizilbash influence in Safavid bureaucracy,^[8] and instead allowed a coalition of concubines, eunuchs and ghulams to hold power during the last decade of his reign.^[9]

Safi was given the name Sam Mirza when he was born. He was the son of Mohammad Baqer Mirza, the eldest son of Shah Abbas I, and Dilaram Khanum, a Georgian wife.^[10] In 1615, Abbas had Mohammed Baqer killed, fearing he was plotting against his life. Over the next few years, the suspicious Abbas killed or blinded his other sons, leaving his grandson Safi heir to the throne.^{[citation needed]}

Safi was crowned on 28 January 1629 at the age of eighteen.^{[citation needed]} He ruthlessly eliminated anyone he regarded as a threat to his power, executing almost all the Safavid royal princes as well as leading courtiers and generals. He paid little attention to the business of government and had no cultural or intellectual interests (he had never learned to read or write properly), preferring to spend his time drinking wine or indulging in his addiction to opium. Supposedly, however, he abhorred tobacco smoke as much as his grandfather did, going as far as to have those caught smoking tobacco in public killed by pouring molten lead in their mouths.^{[citation needed]}

The dominant political figure of Safi's reign was Saru Taqi, appointed grand vizier in 1634. Saru Taqi was incorruptible and highly efficient at raising revenues for the state, but he could also be autocratic and arrogant.

Iran's foreign enemies took the opportunity to exploit Safi's perceived weakness. Despite firm initial Safavid successes and humiliating defeats in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639) by Safi's grandfather and predecessor Shah Abbas the Great, the Ottomans, having had their economy stabilized and military reorganized under the fiercely capable Sultan Murad IV, started making incursions in the west within a year of Safi's ascension to the throne. In 1634 they briefly occupied Yerevan and Tabriz and in 1638 they finally succeeded in recapturing Baghdad and other parts of Mesopotamia (Iraq) which, despite being taken again several times later on in history by the Persians and most notably by Nader Shah, it would all remain in their hands until the aftermath of World War I. Nevertheless, the Treaty of Zuhab which ensued in 1639 put an end to all further wars between the Safavids and the Ottomans. Apart from the Ottoman wars, Iran was troubled by the Uzbeks and Turkmens in the east and briefly lost Kandahar in their easternmost territories to the Mughals in 1638, due to what seems as an act of revenge by their own governor over the region, Ali Mardan Khan, after being dismissed from office.^[11]

In 1636 he received a trade delegation from Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, which included Adam Olearius. Olearius wrote a book about this visit in 1647, which was widely published in Europe. In 1639, Safi sent a return delegation to Holstein-Gottorp, bestowing gifts on the Duke.^[12] However, the Duke did not succeed in his ultimate aim - starting a regular trading relationship with Iran (and Russia) and making the Duke's newly founded town of Friedrichstadt into a European trade terminus.

Safi died on 12 May 1642 and was buried in Qom. He was succeeded by his son Abbas II. His death was related to heavy drinking. According to one account, found in Archangelo Lamberti's Relation de la Colchide ou Mengrellie (1654), Safi died in a drinking contest with a certain Shedan Chiladze, a renowned Georgian drinking champion invited to Isfahan from Mingrelia.^[13]

Consorts

Safi had three wives:

• Anna Khanum (died 9 September 1647), a Circassian, and daughter of Urgurlu Beg, his former slave;^[14]
• Princess Tinatin (m. 1634),^[15] daughter of Teimuraz I of Kakheti,^[16] by his second wife, Queen Khoreshan-Darejan, daughter of Giorgi X, King of Kartli;
• A daughter of Bika (m. 1637), a Circassian, and sister of Prince Mussal;^[17]

Sons

Safi had five sons:^[18]

• Sultan Mohammad Mirza, succeeded regnally as Abbas II;
• Tahmasp Mirza (blinded 1642);
• Bahram Mirza (blinded 1642);
• Sultan Haidar Mirza (blinded 1642);
• Ismail Haidar Mirza (blinded 1642);

Daughters

Safi had two daughters:

• Maryam Begum,^[19] married sadr, a grandson of Khalifeh Soltan;^[20]
• Pari Rukhsar Khanum, married brother of her sister's husband, the sadr;^[18]

• Newman, Andrew J. (2008). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–281. ISBN 9780857716613.
• Babaie, Sussan; Babayan, Kathryn; McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz; Farhad, Massumeh (2004). Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. pp. 1–218. ISBN 1-86064-721-9. LCCN 2005272298.
• Babaie, Sussan (2004). Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–218. ISBN 9781860647215.
• Roemer, H.R. (1986). "The Safavid period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Timurid and Safavid periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–351. ISBN 9780521200943.
• Granlund, Lis (2004). "Queen Hedwig Eleonora of Sweden: Dowager, Builder, and Collector". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.). Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–76. ISBN 0-521-81422-7.
• Roemer, H. R. (2008). "THE SAFAVID PERIOD". The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–350. ISBN 9781139054980. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
• Matthee, Rudolph P. (2005). The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500-1900. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691118550.
• Matthee, Rudi (2021). The Safavid World. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000392876. OCLC 1274244049.
• Matthee, Rudi (1999). The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600-1730. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781838607074. OCLC 875467518.
• Matthee, Rudi (2019). Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000392876. OCLC 1274244049.

• Quinn, Sholeh A. (2019). "In the Shadow of Shah ʿAbbas: The Succession of Shah Safi (r. 1629–1642)". In Khafipour, Hani (ed.). The Empires of the Near East and India: Source Studies of the Safavid, Ottoman, and Mughal Literate Communities. Columbia University Press. pp. 221–227.
• Rybar, Lukas; Andreev, Artem A. (2023). "The Russian-Iranian Silk Trade during the Reign of Shāh Ṣafī I (1629–1642)". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 66 (3–4): 394–421. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341598.