Isaac of Armenia

Saint Isaac of Armenia
Portrait by Stepanos Nersissian
Catholicos of All Armenians
Born	c. 350
Died	c. 438
Venerated in	Oriental Orthodoxy Eastern Orthodoxy Roman Catholicism
Feast	9 September (Roman Catholic Church) [1] Saturday preceding the penultimate Sunday before Lent (Armenian Apostolic Church) 20 November

Isaac or Sahak of Armenia (354–439) was the catholicos (or patriarch) of the Armenian Church from c. 387 until 439. He is sometimes known as Isaac the Great or Sahak the Parthian (Armenian: Սահակ Պարթեւ, Sahak Part῾ew) in reference to his father's Parthian origin. He was the last Armenian patriarch who was directly descended from Gregory the Illuminator, who converted the Kingdom of Armenia to Christianity in the early fourth century and became the first head of the Armenian Church. He supported Mesrop Mashtots in the creation of the Armenian alphabet and personally participated in the translation of the Bible into Armenian.

Early life

Isaac was born c. 350^[2] to the future Catholicos Nerses I (r. c. 353 – c. 373). Through his father he was a descendant of Gregory the Illuminator, who converted the Kingdom of Armenia to Christianity in the early fourth century and became the first head of the Armenian Church. Since that time, the descendants of Gregory had held the office of catholicos of Armenia hereditarily, with some interruptions.^[3] According to the anonymous Vita of St. Nerses, Isaac's mother was a Mamikonian princess called Sandukht, whom Nerses married in Caesarea prior to his consecration as catholicos. The Vita claims that Sandukht died after giving birth to Isaac. Another source, the Buzandaran Patmutʻiwnkʻ, neither names Nerses's wife nor mentions his time in Caesarea, while Movses Khorenatsi writes that Nerses married the daughter of "the great noble Aspion" (who is not known from other sources) in Constantinople.^[4]

During his father's patriarchate, Isaac studied for many years in Caesarea, Alexandria, and Constantinople. He learned Greek, Syriac and Persian. He was later consecrated as a bishop and preached with his sixty students at Etchmiadzin Cathedral.^[5] His father died in c. 373, purportedly poisoned by the Arsacid king of Armenia Pap.^[4] At some point, Isaac had a daughter named Sahakanoysh, who later married Hamazasp Mamikonian.^[6]

Patriarchate

Election and first deposition

Isaac was elected catholicos c. 387^[2] after the death of his predecessor, Aspuraces. He supported King Khosrov of Armenia in his efforts to reunite the Armenian realm,^[5] which had been partitioned into Roman and Sasanian parts in 387.^[7] After Khosrov's imprisonment by the Sasanian king in 389, Isaac was deposed as catholicos, but Khosrov's successor Vramshapuh managed to have him restored to his position.^[5]

Through Isaac's efforts the churches and monasteries destroyed by the Persians were rebuilt, education was cared for in a generous way, Zoroastrianism which Shah Yazdegerd I tried to set up was cast out, and three councils held to re-establish ecclesiastical discipline.^[8] The catholicos was noted for his ascetic lifestyle.^[2]

Creation of the Armenian alphabet

Prior to the invention of the Armenian alphabet, the languages of the Armenian Church were Greek and Syriac.^[9][10] Armenia had been divided into Roman and Sasanian client kingdoms in 387. In the Roman part, however, the Armenians were forbidden the use of the Syriac language and used Greek instead, and the country gradually Hellenized; in the Persian part, on the other hand, Greek was absolutely prohibited, while Syriac was used. In this way the ancient culture of the Armenians was in danger of disappearing and national unity was seriously compromised.^[8]

Isaac encouraged Mesrop Mashtots to invent the Armenian alphabet and himself translated and revised parts of the Bible.^[2] Their translation from the Syriac Peshitta was revised by means of the Septuagint, and even, it seems, from the Hebrew text (between 410 and 430).^[11] The liturgy also, hitherto Syrian, was translated into Armenian, drawing at the same time on the liturgy of Saint Basil of Caesarea, so as to obtain for the new service a national color. Isaac had already established schools for higher education with the aid of disciples whom he had sent to study at Edessa, Melitene, Constantinople, and elsewhere. Through them he now had the principal masterpieces of Greek and Syrian Christian literature translated, e.g., the writings of Athanasius of Alexandria, Cyril of Jerusalem, Basil, Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa, John Chrysostom, Ephrem the Syrian, and others.^[8] The invention of the Armenian alphabet sped up the process of the Christianization of the Armenian population.^[9]

Second deposition and death

In 428, the last Arsacid king of Armenia Artashir was deposed by the Sasanian king with the help of most of the Armenian nobles. Isaac was against this and was himself removed from his position as Catholicos. An Armenian named Surmak was appointed in his place but was soon replaced by the Syrian bishop Brkisho.^[7] Isaac was imprisoned in Ctesiphon until 432, when he was allowed to return to Armenia and occupy certain offices within the church.^[5] Isaac refused to retake the patriarchate after the death of Catholicos Samuel, Brkisho's Syrian successor, in 437.^[7]

Isaac died around 438 in the village of Blur in Bagrevand.^[5] According to Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi, his body was taken to Taron and buried in Ashtishat.^[12] Since Isaac was the last male of the Gregorid line, his house's territories of Taron, Bagrevand and Acilisene passed to the Mamikonians through Isaac's daughter Sahakanoysh, who was married to the Mamikonian prince Hamazasp.^[13]

Works

Isaac's correspondence with Theodosius II and Archbishop Atticus of Constantinople has been preserved. According to Siméon Vailhé, a letter attributed to Isaac to Archbishop Proclus of Constantinople actually dates to the tenth century.^[8] Isaac also corresponded with Acacius, bishop of Melitene.^[7] He is also said to have been the author of liturgical hymns. Four sermons in the Armenian book of hours (zhamagirk) and many hymns (sharakans) are attributed to him. A number of discourses against Nestorianism, Borborites and other sects are also attributed to Isaac.^[14]

References

Citations

Bibliography

• Agathangelos (1976). History of the Armenians. Translation, introduction and commentary by Robert W. Thomson (First ed.). Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-323-1.
• Andrews, Tara (2018). "Sahak I Part'ew". The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191744457. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
• Garsoïan, Nina (1997). "The Aršakuni Dynasty". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Vol. 1. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-10169-4.
• Garsoïan, Nina G. (1989). The Epic Histories Attributed to Pʻawstos Buzand (Buzandaran Patmutʻiwnkʻ). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-25865-7.
• Grousset, René (1973). Histoire de l’Arménie des origines à 1071 (in French). Paris: Payot.
• Katvalyan, Maxim; Arevshatyan, Anna (2002). "Sahak A Partʻev". In Ayvazyan, Hovhannes (ed.). Kʻristonya Hayastan hanragitaran [Christian Armenia encyclopedia] (PDF) (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing House. pp. 876–878.
• Toumanoff, C. (1976). Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour le Caucase chrétien (Arménie, Géorgie, Albanie). Rome: Edizioni Aquila.
• Toumanoff, Cyril (1963). Studies in Christian Caucasian History. Georgetown University Press. OCLC 505712128.
• Vailhé, Siméon (1913). "Isaac of Armenia". In Herbermann, Charles G.; et al. (eds.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Van Lint, Theo (2022). "Isaac the Great, St". In Louth, Andrew (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4th online ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191744396. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
• Yovhannēs Drasxanakertc῾i (1987). History of Armenia. Translated by Maksoudian, Krikor H. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Isaac of Armenia". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.