Foreign relations of Moldova
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Administrative divisions |
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After achieving independence from the Soviet Union, the Republic of Moldova established relations with other European countries. A course for European Union integration and neutrality define the country's foreign policy guidelines.
In 1995, the country became the first post-Soviet state admitted to the Council of Europe. In addition to its participation in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Francophonie and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
In 2005, Moldova and EU established an action plan that sought to improve the collaboration between the two neighboring structures. After the Transnistria War, Moldova sought a peaceful resolution to the Transnistria conflict by working with Romania, Ukraine, and Russia, calling for international mediation, and cooperating with the OSCE and UN fact-finding and observer missions.[1]
Overview
List of countries which Moldova maintains diplomatic relations with:
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# | Country | Date[2] |
1 | ![]() |
29 August 1991 |
2 | ![]() |
16 January 1992 |
3 | ![]() |
17 January 1992 |
4 | ![]() |
20 January 1992 |
5 | ![]() |
30 January 1992 |
6 | ![]() |
30 January 1992[3] |
7 | ![]() |
30 January 1992 |
8 | ![]() |
31 January 1992 |
9 | ![]() |
31 January 1992 |
10 | ![]() |
3 February 1992 |
11 | ![]() |
4 February 1992 |
12 | ![]() |
5 February 1992 |
13 | ![]() |
13 February 1992 |
14 | ![]() |
16 February 1992 |
15 | ![]() |
16 February 1992 |
16 | ![]() |
18 February 1992 |
17 | ![]() |
20 February 1992 |
18 | ![]() |
21 February 1992[4] |
19 | ![]() |
21 February 1992 |
20 | ![]() |
26 February 1992 |
21 | ![]() |
10 March 1992 |
22 | ![]() |
11 March 1992 |
23 | ![]() |
11 March 1992 |
24 | ![]() |
16 March 1992 |
25 | ![]() |
17 March 1992 |
26 | ![]() |
25 March 1992 |
27 | ![]() |
27 March 1992 |
28 | ![]() |
30 March 1992 |
29 | ![]() |
1 April 1992 |
30 | ![]() |
6 April 1992 |
31 | ![]() |
30 April 1992 |
32 | ![]() |
11 May 1992 |
33 | ![]() |
18 May 1992 |
— | ![]() |
23 May 1992[5] |
34 | ![]() |
1 June 1992 |
35 | ![]() |
3 June 1992 |
36 | ![]() |
11 June 1992 |
37 | ![]() |
12 June 1992 |
38 | ![]() |
12 June 1992 |
39 | ![]() |
15 June 1992 |
40 | ![]() |
16 June 1992 |
41 | ![]() |
22 June 1992 |
42 | ![]() |
25 June 1992 |
43 | ![]() |
25 June 1992 |
44 | ![]() |
8 July 1992 |
45 | ![]() |
14 July 1992 |
46 | ![]() |
18 July 1992 |
47 | ![]() |
28 July 1992 |
48 | ![]() |
5 August 1992 |
49 | ![]() |
28 August 1992 |
50 | ![]() |
1 September 1992 |
51 | ![]() |
2 September 1992 |
52 | ![]() |
11 September 1992 |
53 | ![]() |
16 September 1992 |
54 | ![]() |
8 October 1992[4] |
55 | ![]() |
5 October 1992[6] |
56 | ![]() |
30 October 1992 |
57 | ![]() |
10 November 1992 |
58 | ![]() |
19 November 1992[7] |
59 | ![]() |
27 November 1992 |
60 | ![]() |
9 December 1992 |
61 | ![]() |
11 December 1992 |
62 | ![]() |
23 December 1992 |
63 | ![]() |
11 January 1993 |
64 | ![]() |
15 January 1993 |
65 | ![]() |
20 January 1993 |
66 | ![]() |
10 February 1993 |
67 | ![]() |
12 February 1993 |
68 | ![]() |
15 February 1993[8] |
69 | ![]() |
16 February 1993 |
70 | ![]() |
8 March 1993 |
71 | ![]() |
10 March 1993 |
72 | ![]() |
6 April 1993 |
73 | ![]() |
12 May 1993 |
74 | ![]() |
17 May 1993 |
75 | ![]() |
20 May 1993 |
76 | ![]() |
28 May 1993 |
77 | ![]() |
10 July 1993 |
78 | ![]() |
20 July 1993 |
79 | ![]() |
11 August 1993 |
80 | ![]() |
14 September 1993 |
81 | ![]() |
20 September 1993 |
82 | ![]() |
27 September 1993 |
83 | ![]() |
26 October 1993 |
84 | ![]() |
8 November 1993 |
85 | ![]() |
18 November 1993 |
86 | ![]() |
12 April 1994 |
87 | ![]() |
8 June 1994 |
88 | ![]() |
23 August 1994 |
89 | ![]() |
30 September 1994 |
90 | ![]() |
1 December 1994 |
91 | ![]() |
9 December 1994 |
92 | ![]() |
27 January 1995 |
93 | ![]() |
27 January 1995 |
94 | ![]() |
10 March 1995 |
95 | ![]() |
15 March 1995 |
96 | ![]() |
17 May 1995 |
97 | ![]() |
11 August 1995 |
98 | ![]() |
21 December 1995 |
99 | ![]() |
17 January 1996[4] |
100 | ![]() |
25 April 1996 |
101 | ![]() |
14 May 1996 |
102 | ![]() |
3 July 1996[9] |
103 | ![]() |
8 July 1996 |
104 | ![]() |
9 July 1996[4] |
105 | ![]() |
17 July 1996 |
106 | ![]() |
9 October 1996 |
107 | ![]() |
25 May 1997[10] |
108 | ![]() |
13 June 1997 |
109 | ![]() |
19 June 1997 |
110 | ![]() |
15 October 1997 |
111 | ![]() |
13 July 1999 |
112 | ![]() |
4 May 2000 |
— | ![]() |
27 June 2000[11] |
113 | ![]() |
25 June 2001[4] |
114 | ![]() |
14 August 2001 |
115 | ![]() |
7 April 2004[4] |
116 | ![]() |
2 September 2004[4] |
117 | ![]() |
27 September 2004[4] |
118 | ![]() |
27 September 2004[4] |
119 | ![]() |
28 September 2004[4] |
120 | ![]() |
18 October 2006[4] |
121 | ![]() |
9 March 2007[4] |
122 | ![]() |
7 December 2010[4] |
123 | ![]() |
29 April 2011[4] |
124 | ![]() |
5 May 2011 |
125 | ![]() |
8 September 2011 |
126 | ![]() |
8 November 2011[4] |
127 | ![]() |
18 November 2011[4] |
128 | ![]() |
4 May 2012[4] |
129 | ![]() |
14 May 2012[4] |
130 | ![]() |
17 May 2012[4] |
131 | ![]() |
23 May 2012[4] |
132 | ![]() |
29 May 2012 |
133 | ![]() |
7 June 2012[4] |
134 | ![]() |
12 June 2012[4] |
135 | ![]() |
14 June 2012[4] |
136 | ![]() |
21 March 2013[4] |
137 | ![]() |
5 April 2013[4] |
138 | ![]() |
24 June 2013 |
139 | ![]() |
12 September 2013[4] |
140 | ![]() |
24 September 2013 |
141 | ![]() |
8 September 2017[4] |
142 | ![]() |
24 January 2018[4] |
143 | ![]() |
27 March 2019[4] |
144 | ![]() |
26 June 2019 |
145 | ![]() |
15 November 2019[4] |
146 | ![]() |
10 February 2020[4] |
147 | ![]() |
9 October 2020[4] |
148 | ![]() |
23 October 2020[4] |
149 | ![]() |
3 March 2021[4] |
150 | ![]() |
30 March 2021[4] |
151 | ![]() |
28 April 2021[4] |
152 | ![]() |
6 December 2021[4] |
153 | ![]() |
1 March 2022[4] |
154 | ![]() |
3 August 2022[4] |
155 | ![]() |
19 August 2022[4] |
156 | ![]() |
25 May 2023[4] |
157 | ![]() |
25 January 2024[4] |
Moldova has not yet established diplomatic relations with the following UN countries:
Honduras
Botswana,
Central African Republic,
Chad,
Comoros,
Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Equatorial Guinea,
Eritrea,
Gabon,
Guinea-Bissau,
Ivory Coast,
Lesotho,
Liberia,
Malawi,
Namibia,
Niger,
Nigeria,
Republic of the Congo,
São Tomé and Príncipe,
Seychelles,
Somalia,
South Sudan,
Tanzania,
Togo
Bhutan,
Iraq,
Myanmar,
Timor-Leste
Kiribati,
Marshall Islands,
Micronesia,
Nauru,
Papua New Guinea,
Tonga,
Vanuatu
Relations with the European Union
Moldova aspires to join the European Union[12] and is implementing its first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) of the EU.[13]
As regards energy policy, Moldova was an observer to the treaty establishing Energy Community from the outset (2006). Following its interest in full membership, the European Commission was mandated to carry out negotiations with Moldova in 2007. In December 2009, the Energy Community Ministerial Council decided on the accession, but made it conditional to amendment of Moldova's gas law.[14] Moldova joined the Energy Community as a full-fledged member in March 2010.[15]
Relations with NATO
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Stamp_of_Moldova_302.gif/220px-Stamp_of_Moldova_302.gif)
NATO relations with Moldova date back to 1992, when the country joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Moldova works alongside NATO allies and partner countries in a wide range of areas through the Partnership for Peace and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.
Relations with post-Soviet states
The Moldovan Parliament approved the country's membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States and the CIS charter on economic union in April 1994. Moldova however has never participated in any military aspects of CIS, citing its neutral status.
In 1998, Moldova contributed to the founding of GUAM, a regional cooperation agreement made up of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova. Although the agreement initially included a declaration of mutual defense, Moldova has since declared its disinterest in participating in any GUAM-based mutual defense initiative.
Russia continues to maintain a military presence in the Transnistrian region of Moldova, despite previous agreements with Moldova and within OSCE and CAF to withdraw its troops and ammunition.
Moldova was granted Observer Status in the Russian-led Eurasian Union in April 2017.[16]
Relations with Transnistria
The territory of Moldova includes the separatist Transnistria region. Transnistria had a particularly large non-Moldovan population (about 60%) and broke away from Moldova less than a year after Moldova became independent at the fall of the Soviet Union. The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic controls main part of this region, and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank. The international diplomatic situation with respect to the question of Transnistria determines and is determined by Moldova's relations with Russia. Russia, Ukraine, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, EU, and United States are involved at different degrees in the conflict resolution.
Bilateral relations
Multilateral
Organization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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See Moldova–European Union relations | |
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See Moldova–NATO relations |
Africa
Country | Formal relations began | Notes | |
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9 October 2020 |
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1997 |
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27 September 2004 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2004[17]
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Americas
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
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8 March 1993 |
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1992 |
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12 May 1993 |
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6 April 1993 |
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14 January 1992 | |
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25 December 1991 | See Moldova–United States relations
The United States recognized the independence of Moldova on 25 December 1991, and opened an embassy in its capital, Chișinău, in March 1992. A trade agreement providing reciprocal most-favored-nation tariff treatment became effective in July 1992. An Overseas Private Investment Corporation agreement, which encourages U.S. private investment by providing direct loans and loan guarantees, was signed in June 1992. A bilateral investment treaty was signed in April 1993. A generalized system of preferences status was granted in August 1995, and some Eximbank coverage became available in November 1995. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry made a visit to Moldova in December 2013 to support the former Soviet republic's pro-Western moves in the face of Russian pressure. The United States remains committed to the 5+2 format as a means to resolving the Transnistria conflict. The United States supports a comprehensive settlement that affirms Moldova's sovereignty and territorial integrity, while providing a special status for Transnistria.
See also: Embassy of the United States to Moldova and Embassy of Moldova, Washington, D.C. |
Asia
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
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May 18, 1992 |
|
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May 18, 1992 |
|
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December 27, 1991 | See China–Moldova relations
|
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March 1993 | See India–Moldova relations
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1992 | See Israel–Moldova relations
|
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16 March 1992 |
|
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16 September 1992 |
|
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4 June 1992 |
|
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30 January 1992 |
|
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31 January 1992 | See Moldova-South Korea relations |
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See Moldova–Turkey relations
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October 5, 1992 |
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August 23, 1994 |
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11 June 1992 |
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Europe
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
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See Albania–Moldova relations | |
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25 March 1992 | See Austria–Moldova relations
|
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See Belarus–Moldova relations
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5 February 1992 |
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See Cyprus–Moldova relations | |
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See Czech Republic–Moldova relations
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See Denmark–Moldova relations
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See Finland–Moldova relations
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25 June 1992 | See Georgia–Moldova relations
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See Germany–Moldova relations
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27 March 1992 | See Greece–Moldova relations
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1995 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 May 1995.[35] |
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1992 |
|
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See Italy–Moldova relations
| |
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1 September 1992 |
|
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8 July 1992 |
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6 September 2013 | See Moldova–Netherlands relations
|
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See Moldova–North Macedonia relations | |
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See Moldova–Poland relations
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See Moldova–Portugal relations
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See Moldova–Romania relations
Moldova's relations with its western neighbour, Romania, have been stressed since 1994. Today's Moldova (without Transnistria) and parts of the old Bassarabia Governorate currently in Ukraine, were part of Romania during the interwar period (1918–40). Linguists generally agree that the Moldovan language is in fact identical with Romanian.[citation needed] However, Moldovans have been ambivalent about whether they consider themselves Romanians or Moldovans. Early signs that Romania and Moldova might unite after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule quickly faded. Romania remains interested in Moldovan affairs, especially that country's civil conflict with the breakaway republic of Transnistria. However, the two countries have been unable to reach agreement on a basic bilateral treaty; Romania is insistent (against determined Moldovan resistance) that such a treaty would have to refer to Romania and Moldova's 'special relationship'. Beginning in 1994, the two countries enjoyed a visa-free arrangement that ended on 1 January 2007, with Romania's entry into the European Union. This prompted many Moldovan citizens to apply for Romanian citizenship.[36] | |
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See Moldova–Russia relations
Relations between Moldova and Russia deteriorated in November 2003 over a Russian proposal for the solution of the Transnistria conflict, which Moldovan authorities refused to accept. In the following election, held in 2005, the Communist party made a formal 180-degree turn and was re-elected on a pro-Western platform,[citation needed] with Voronin being re-elected to a second term as president.
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1995 | |
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27 October 1993 | See Moldova–Slovenia relations
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See Moldova–Spain relations
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See Moldova–Sweden relations
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1992 | See Moldova–Switzerland relations
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See Moldova–Ukraine relations | |
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Oceania
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
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See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Moldova
- List of diplomatic missions of Moldova
- List of Ambassadors to Moldova
Gallery
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Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the United Nations
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Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the OSCE
References
- ^ Ejova, Cristina, and Anastasia Eșanu. "Public diplomacy of the European Union and its reflection in the Republic of Moldova." Moldoscopie 92.1 (2021): 43-53.
- ^ "Bilateral relations". MFA Moldova. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ "States with Diplomatic Relations". Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap "Diplomatic relations between Republic of Moldova and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ "Belarus and Moldova". Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- ^ "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
- ^ "Relaţii politico-diplomatice" (in Romanian). Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Laos. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
- ^ "Lista tratelor bilaterale încheiate de catre Republica Moldova" (PDF) (in Romanian). pp. 138–139. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ Moldova will prove that it can and has chances to become EU member Archived 30 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Moldpress News Agency, 19 June 2007
- ^ Moldova-EU Action Plan Approved by European Commission Archived 4 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, 14 December 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2007
- ^ Energy Community Ministerial Council Conclusions, Dec 2009[permanent dead link].
- ^ "Accession Protocol of Republic of Moldova to the Energy Community" (PDF). Retrieved 20 February 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Moldova granted observer status in Eurasian Union". 19 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Tunisia and Republic of Moldova as of 27 Sept. 2004". digitallibrary.un.org. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ "Informativo de Visas Diplomáticas y Oficiales" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala". Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
- ^ Bilateral relations between Mexico and Moldova (in Spanish)
- ^ "Embassy of Moldova in the United States". Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
- ^ "| Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the Republic of Moldova". Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
- ^ Dodon Denounces Romania Reunification Idea In Rare Visit To Gagauzia Archived 16 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine rferl.org 20 August 2017
- ^ "Alexander Lukashenka visited Chisinau in August 1995 and received his Moldovan counterpart Petru Lucinschi in Minsk in June 2000". 17 July 2017. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
- ^ "President Nicolae Timofti participated in the Summit of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) held in Minsk, capital city of Belarus — Presidency of the Republic of Moldova". Archived from the original on 4 May 2018.
- ^ "Nicolae Timofti, Belarusian MPS discuss prospects of Belarus-Moldova cooperation | Belarus News". Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
- ^ "President Timofti decorates Belarus leader Lukashenko with Moldova's Supreme State Award | PUBLIKA .MD - AICI SUNT ȘTIRILE". 6 October 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
- ^ "Пресс-релизы — Пресса". a-tv.md. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ "CV_Dudau". www.coe.int. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
- ^ "Cine ne sunt ambasadorii? (FOTO)". Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ^ "Moldovan Ambassador to Belarus Gheorghe Hioară, recalled from office". Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ^ "Moldova to appoint new ambassador to Belarus". 7 April 2017. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ^ "Bulgarian embassy in Chişinău". Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
- ^ "Error 404". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of the RM". Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ Cetatenia romana, portita spre Europa Archived 15 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine 27 December 2006
- ^ Moldova will not recognise Kosovo's independence, Associated Press, 18 February 2008 Archived 20 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Moldova "will not recognize Kosovo," says minister". B92. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
External links
- Moldovan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived 6 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading
- Baltag, Dorina. "EU external representation post-Lisbon: the performance of EU diplomacy in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine." The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 13.1 (2018): 75-96. online
- Baltag, Dorina. "Practice and performance: EU diplomacy in Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus after the inauguration of the European External Action Service, 2010–2015" (Diss. Loughborough University, 2018.) online
- Cozma, Artur. "The Diplomacy of the Republic of Moldova during 1944-2001." (2007). online Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- Del Medico, Nicola. "A Black Knight in the Eastern Neighbourhood? Russia and EU Democracy Promotion in Armenia and Moldova." (EU Diplomacy Paper No. 7) (2014). online
- Ejova, Cristina, and Anastasia Eșanu. "Public diplomacy of the European Union and its reflection in the Republic of Moldova." Moldoscopie 92.1 (2021): 43-53. online
- Löwenhardt, John. "The OSCE, Moldova and Russian diplomacy in 2003." Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 20.4 (2004): 103-112.