List of state leaders in the 11th century
Appearance
(Redirected from List of state leaders in 1079)
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This is a list of state leaders in the 11th century (1001–1100) AD, except for the many leaders within the Holy Roman Empire.
Africa
Africa: Central
Chad
Africa: East
Ethiopia
- Zagwe dynasty of Ethiopia (complete list) –
- Jan Seyum, Negus (11th century)
- Germa Seyum, Negus (11th century)
- Yemrehana Krestos, Negus (11th century)
- Kedus Harbe, Negus (c.1079–c.1119)
Africa: Northeast
Egypt
- al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, Caliph (996–1021)
- ali az-Zahir, Caliph (1021–1036)
- al-Mustansir Billah, Caliph (1036–1094)
- al-Musta'li, Caliph (1094–1101)
Sudan
- Makuria (complete list) –
- Georgios II, King (969–c.1002)
- Raphael, King (1000–c.1006)
- Stephanos, King (c.1027)
- Solomon, King (1077–1079/80)
- Georgios III, King (c.1079/80)
- Basileios, King (c.1089)
Africa: Northcentral
Ifriqiya
- Badis ibn Mansur, ruler (995–1016)
- al-Muizz ibn Badis, ruler (1016–1062)
- Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz, ruler (1062–1108)
Africa: Northwest
Morocco
- Abu Bakr ibn Umar, chieftain of the Lamtuna tribe (c.1060–1072)
- Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Sultan of Morocco (1072–1106)
Africa: West
Nigeria
- Bagauda, King (999–1063)
- Warisi dan Bagauda, King (1063–1095)
- Gijimasu dan Warisi, King (1095–1134)
- Eri, King (948–1041)
- Eze Nri Ìfikuánim, King (1043–1089)
- Eze Nri Nàmóke, King (1090–1158)
Asia
Asia: Central
Afghanistan
- Mahmud, Emir (998–1002), Sultan (1002–1030)
- Muhammad, Sultan (1030–1030, 1040–1041)
- Mas'ud I, Sultan (1030–1040)
- Maw'dud, Sultan (1041–1048)
- Mas'ud II, Sultan (1048)
- Ali, Sultan (1048–1049)
- Abd al-Rashid, Sultan (1049–1052)
- Toghrul, Sultan (1052–1053)
- Farrukh-Zad, Sultan (1053–1059)
- Ibrahim, Sultan (1059–1099)
- Mas'ud III, Sultan (1099–1115)
Mongolia
- Khaidu, ruler (?–c.1100)
Tibet
- Lha lde, King (996–1024)
- Nagaraja, ruler (?–1023)
- Devaraja, ruler (?–1026)
- 'Od lde btsan, King (1024–1037)
- Byang chub 'Od, King (1037–1057)
- Che chen tsha rTse lde, King (1057–1088)
- Bar lde (dBang lde), King (1088–c.1095)
- bSod nams rtse, King (c.1095–early 12th century)
Uzbekistan
- Isma'il Muntasir, Amir (1000–1004)
Asia: East
Khitan China: Liao dynasty
China: Northern Song
China: Other states and entities
- Duan Suying, Emperor (985–1009)
- Duan Sulian, Emperor (1009–1022)
- Duan Sulong, Emperor (1022–1026)
- Duan Suzhen, Emperor (1026–1041)
- Duan Suxing, Emperor (1041–1044)
- Duan Silian, Emperor (1044–1075)
- Duan Lianyi, Emperor (1075–1080)
- Duan Shouhui, Emperor (1080–1081)
- Duan Zhengming, Emperor (1081–1094)
- Gao Shengtai, Emperor (1094–1096)
- Duan Zhengchun, Emperor (1096–1108)
Japan
- Heian period Japan (complete list) –
Korea
- Goryeo (complete list) –
Asia: Southeast
Cambodia
- Jayavarman V, King (968–1001)
- Udayadityavarman I, King (1002)
- Jayavirahvarman, King (1002–1006)
- Suryavarman I, King (1006–1050)
- Udayadityavarman II, King (1050–1066)
- Harshavarman III, King (1066–1080)
- Jayavarman VI, King (1080–1107)
- Nripatindravarman, King (1080–1113)
Indonesia
- Indonesia: Java
- Dharmawangsa, King (991–1016)
- Prabu Brajawisesa, Maharaja (989–1012)
- Prabu Dewa Sanghyang, Maharaja (1012–1019)
- Prabu Sanghyang Ageng, Maharaja (1019–1030)
- Prabu Detya Maharaja Sri Jayabupati, Maharaja (1030–1042)
- Dharmaraja, Maharaja (1042–1064)
- Prabu Langlangbhumi, Maharaja (1064–1154)
- Airlangga, Raja (1019–1045)
- Indonesia: Sumatra
- Shailendra dynasty
- Sri Maravijayottungga, King (c.1008)
- Sumatrabhumi, King (c.1017)
- Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman, King (c.1025)
- Palembang
- Sri Deva, King (c.1028)
- Kulothunga Chola I, King (c.1078)
- Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands
- Udayana Warmadewa, King (fl.989–1011)
- Śri Ajñadewi, Queen (fl.1016)
- Dharmawangsa Wardhana Marakatapangkaja, King (fl.1022–1025)
- Airlangga, King (c.1025–1042)
- Anak Wungsu, King (fl.1049–1077)
- Śri Maharaja Walaprabhu, King (between 1079–1088)
- Śri Maharaja Sakalendukirana Laksmidhara Wijayottunggadewi, Queen (fl.1088–1101)
Malaysia: Peninsular
- Durbar II, Raja (c.956–1136)[citation needed]
Myanmar / Burma
- Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu, King (early 11th century)
- Kyiso, King (early 11th century)
- Sokkate, King (early 11th century)
- Anawrahta, King (1044–1077)
- Saw Lu, King (1077–1084)
- Kyansittha, King (1084–1112/13)
- Udinna Yaza, King (?–1030s)
- Manuha, King (1030s–1057)
Philippines
- Kiling, Rajah (989–1009)
- Sri Bata Shaja, Rajah (1011–?)
Thailand
- Lao Som, King (early 11th century)
- Lao Kuak, King (mid 11th century)
- Lao Kiu, King (late 11th century)
- Lao Chong, King (11th–12th century)
Vietnam
- Champa (complete list) –
- Yang Pu Ku Vijaya, King (c.998–1007)
- Harivarman III, King (fl. 1010)
- Paramesvaravarman II, King (fl.1018)
- Vikrantavarman IV, King (?–1030)
- Jaya Sinhavarman II, King (1030–1044)
- Jaya Paramesvaravarman I, King (1044–?)
- Bhadravarman III, King (?–1061)
- Rudravarman III, King (1061–1074)
- Harivarman IV, King (1074–1080)
- Jaya Indravarman II, King (1080–1081, 1086–1114)
- Paramabhodhisatva, King (1081–1086)
- Lê Hoàn, Emperor (980–1005)
- Lê Trung Tông, Emperor (1005)
- Lê Long Đĩnh, Emperor (1005–1009)
- Lý Thái Tổ, Emperor (1009–1028)
- Lý Thái Tông, Emperor (1028–1054)
- Lý Thánh Tông, Emperor (1054–1072)
- Lý Nhân Tông, Emperor (1072–1127)
Asia: South
Afghanistan
- Mahmud, Sultan (998–1030)
- Muhammad, Sultan (1030–1031, 1040–1041)
- Masʽud I, Sultan (1030–1040)
- Mawdud, Sultan (1041–1050)
- Masʽud II, Sultan (c.1050)
- Ali, Sultan (c.1050)
- Abd al-Rashid, Sultan (c.1050–1052)
- Toghrul, Sultan (1052–1053)
- Farrukh-Zad, Sultan (1053–1059)
- Ibrahim, Sultan (1059–1099)
- Masʽud III, Sultan (1099–1115)
- Muhammad ibn Suri, Malik (10th century–1011)
- Abu Ali ibn Muhammad, Malik (1011–1035)
- Abbas ibn Shith, Malik (1035–1060)
- Muhammad ibn Abbas, Malik (1060–1080)
- Qutb al-din Hasan, Malik (1080–1100)
- Izz al-Din Husayn, Malik (1100–1146)
Bengal and Northeast India
- Go Pala, King (990–1015)
- Harsha Pala, King (1015–1035)
- Dharma Pala, King (1035–1060)
- Jaya Pala, King (1075–1100)
- Jagat Malla, King (994–1007)
- Prakash Malla, King (1097–1102)
- Loiyumba, King (1074–1112)
- Mahipala I, King (977–1027)
- Nayapala, King (1027–1043)
- Vigrahapala III, King (1043–1070)
- Mahipala II, King (1070–1071)
- Shurapala, King (1071–1072)
- Ramapala, King (1072–1126)
- Go Pala, King (990–1015)
- Harsha Pala, King (1015–1035)
- Dharma Pala, King (1035–1060)
- Jaya Pala, King (1075–1100)
- Hemanta Sena, King (1070–1096)
- Vijaya Sena, King (1096–1159)
India
- Sorha Deva, King (966–1006)
- Dullah Rai, King (1006–1036)
- Kakil, King (1036–1039)
- Hanu, King (1039–1053)
- Janddeo, King (1053–1070)
- Pajjun Rai, King (1070–1094)
- Malayasi, King (1094–1146)
- Mahindra, King (c.994–1015)
- Ashvapala, King (c.1015–1019)
- Ahila, King (c.1019–1024)
- Anahilla, King (c.1024–1055)
- Balaprasada, King (c.1055–1070)
- Jendraraja, King (c.1070–1080)
- Prithvipala, King (c.1080–1090)
- Jojalladeva, King (c.1090–1110)
- Govindaraja III, King (c.1012–1026)
- Vakpatiraja II, King (c.1026–1040)
- Viryarama, King (c.1040)
- Chamundaraja, King (c.1040–1065)
- Durlabharaja III, King (c.1065–1070)
- Vigraharaja III, King (c.1070–1090)
- Prithviraja I, King (c.1090–1110)
- Ganda-Deva, King (c.999–1002)
- Vidyadhara, King (c.1003–1035)
- Vijaya-Pala, King (c.1035–1050)
- Deva-Varman, King (c.1050–1060)
- Kirtti-Varman, King (c.1060–1100)
- Sallakshana-Varman, King (c.1100–1110)[citation needed]
- Chamundaraja, King (996–1008)
- Vallabharaja, King (1008)
- Durlabharaja, King (1008–1022)
- Bhima I, King (1022–1064)
- Karna, King (1064–1092)
- Jayasimha Siddharaja, King (1094–1143)
- Shaktivarman I, King (1000–1011)
- Vimaladitya, King (1011–1018)
- Rajaraja Narendra, King (1019–1061)
- Vijayaditya VII, King (?)
- Satyashraya, King (997–1008)
- Vikramaditya V, King (1008–1015)
- Jayasimha II, King (1015–1042)
- Someshvara I, King (1042–1068)
- Someshvara II, King (1068–1076)
- Vikramaditya VI, King (1076–1126)
- Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya, King (962–1021)
- Ravi Kotha Rajasimha, King (c.1021–c.1036)
- Raja Raja, King (c.1036–1089)
- Ravi Rama Rajadithya, King (c.1036–1089)
- Adithyan Kotha Ranadithya, King (c.1036–1089)
- Rama Varma Kulashekhara, King (1089–1102/22)
- Rajaraja I, King (c.985–1014)
- Rajendra Chola I, King (1012–1044)
- Rajadhiraja Chola, King (1018–1054)
- Rajendra Chola II, King (1051–1063)
- Virarajendra Chola, King (1063–1070)
- Athirajendra Chola, King (1067–1070)
- Kulothunga Chola I, King (1070–1120)
- Chandradeva, King (c.1089–1103)
- Vajrahasta Aniyakabhima, King (980–1015)[4]
- Vajrahasta Anantavarman or Vajrahasta V, King (1038–?)
- Rajaraja Devendravarman or Rajaraja Deva I, King (?–1078)
- Anantavarman Chodaganga, King (1078–1150)[5]
- Agasti Pal, King (995–1014)
- Surati Pal, King (1015–1036)
- Jay Pal, King (1037–1055)
- Anant Pal I, King (1056–1072)
- Anand Pal I, King (1072–1083)
- Vibhog Pal, King (1084–1101)
- Rajapala, King (960–1018)
- Trilochanapala, King (1018–1027)
- Yasahpala, King (1024–1036)
- Nripa Kama II, King (1026–1047)
- Vinayaditya, King (1047–1098)
- Ereyanga, King (1098–1102)
- Kokalla II, King (990–1015)
- Gangeyadeva, King (1015–1041)
- Lakshmikarna, King (1041–1073)
- Yashahkarna, King (1073–1123)[6]
- Raghunath Sai, Raja (1005–1040)
- Katyuri (complete list) –
- Deshat Dev, King (1000–1015)
- Padmata Dev, King (1015–1045)
- Subhiksharaja Dev, King (1045–1060)
- Dham Dev, King (?)
- Bir Dev, King (?)[citation needed]
- Chand (complete list) –
- Vir Chand, King (1065–1080)
- Rup Chand, King (1080–1093)
- Laxmi Chand, King (1093–1113)[7]
- Sangramaraja, King (1003–?)
- Hariraja, King (1028)
- Ananta-deva, King (1028–?)
- Kalasha (Ranaditya II), King (1063–?)
- Utkarsha, King (1089)
- Harsha, King (1089–1101)
- Go Pala, King (990–1015)
- Harsha Pala, King (1015–1035)
- Dharma Pala, King (1035–1060)
- Jaya Pala, King (1075–1100)
- Dhurbhata, King (c.990–1000)
- Mahi-pala, King (c.1000–1020)
- Dhandhuka, King (c.1020–1040)
- Punya-pala or Purna-pala, King (c.1040–1050)
- Danti-varmman, King (c.1050–1060)
- Krishna-deva, or Krishna-raja II, King (c.1060–1090)
- Kakkala-deva, or Kakala-deva, King (c.1090–1115)[citation needed]
- Sindhuraja, King (990s–1010)
- Bhoja, King (1010–1055)
- Jayasimha I, King (1055–1070)
- Udayaditya, King (1070–1086)
- Lakshmadeva, King (1086–1094)
- Naravarman, King (1094–1130)
Pakistan
- Jayapala, King (964–1001)
- Anandapala, King (1001–1010)
- Trilochanapala, King (1010–1021)
- Khafif, King (1011–1026)
- Asimuddin Bhoongar, King (?–1064/65)
- Zainab Tari, Queen (1092–1102)
Sri Lanka
- Vijayabahu I, King (1056–1111)
Asia: West
Mesopotamia
- Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad (complete list) –
- al-Qadir, Caliph (991–1031)
- al-Qa'im, Caliph (1031–1075)
- al-Muqtadi, Caliph (1075–1094)
- al-Mustazhir, Caliph (1094–1118)
- Emirate of Aleppo
- Sa'id al-Dawla, Emir (991–1002)
Persia
- Buyids in Fars
- Baha' al-Dawla, Emir (998–1012)
- Sultan al-Dawla, Emir (1012–1024)
- Abu Kalijar, Emir (1024–1048)
- Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun, Emir (1048–1051)
- Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah, Emir (1051–1054)
- Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun, Emir (1051–1062)
- Buyids in Ray
- Majd al-Dawla, Emir (997–1029)
- Buyids in Iraq
- Baha' al-Dawla, Emir (989–1012)
- Sultan al-Dawla, Emir (1012–1021)
- Musharrif al-Dawla, Emir (1021–1025)
- Jalal al-Dawla, Emir (1025–1044)
- Abu Kalijar, Emir (1044–1048)
- Al-Malik al-Rahim, Emir (1048–1055)
- Khalaf ibn Ahmad, Amir (963–1002)
- Isma'il Muntasir, Amir (1000–1004)
- Qabus, Emir (997–1012)
- Manuchihr, Emir (1012–1031)
- Anushirvan Sharaf al-Ma'ali, Emir (1030–1050)
- Keikavus, Emir (1050–1087)
- Gilanshah, Emir (1087–1090)
Yemen
- al-Mansur al-Qasim al-Iyyani, Imam (999–1002)
- ad-Da'i Yusuf, Imam (1002–1012)
- al-Mahdi al-Husayn, Imam (1003–1013)
- al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad, Imam (1013–1020)
- Abu Talib Yahya, Imam (1020–1033)
- al-Mu’id li-Din Illah, Imam (1027–1030)
- Abu Hashim al-Hasan, Imam (1031–1040)
- Abu'l-Fath an-Nasir ad-Dailami, Imam (1038–1053)
- al-Muhtasib al-Mujahid Hamzah, Imam (1060–1067)
Europe
Europe: Balkans
- Samuil, Emperor (997–1014)
- Gavril Radomir, Emperor (1014–1015)
- Ivan Vladislav, Tsar (1015–1018)
- Basil II, Emperor (976–1025)
- Constantine VIII, Emperor (1025–1028)
- Zoe, Emperor (1028–1034) (first reign) and Romanos III Argyros, Emperor (1028–1034)
- Zoe, Emperor (1034–1041) (first reign) and Michael IV the Paphlagonian, Emperor (1034–1041)
- Michael V Kalaphates, Emperor (1041–1042)
- Zoe, Emperor (1042) (second reign) with Theodora, Emperor (1042)
- Zoe, Emperor (1042–1050) (second reign) and Constantine IX Monomachos, Emperor (1042–1050)
- Constantine IX Monomachos, Emperor (1050–1055) (sole emperor)
- Theodora, Emperor (1055–1056)
- Michael VI Bringas, Emperor (1056–1057)
- Isaac I Komnenos, Emperor (1057–1059)
- Constantine X Doukas, Emperor (1059–1067)
- Romanos IV Diogenes, Emperor (1068–1071)
- Michael VII Doukas, Emperor (1068–1078) with brothers Andronikos, Emperor (1068–1078) and Konstantios, Emperor (1068–1078) and son Constantine, Emperor (1068–1078)
- Nikephoros III Botaneiates, Emperor (1078–1081)
- Alexios I Komnenos, Emperor (1081–1118)
- Svetoslav Suronja, King (997–1000)
- Gojslav, co-King (1000–c.1020)
- Krešimir III, co-King (1000–c.1030)
- Stephen I, King (c.1030–1058)
- Peter Krešimir IV, King (1058–1074)
- Demetrius Zvonimir, King (1075–1089)
- Stephen II, King (1089–1091)
- Ladislaus I of Hungary, King (1091–1095)
- Petar Snačić, claimant King (1093–1097)
- thereafter ruled by kings of Hungary
- Duklja (complete list) –
- Petar, Archon (c.1000)
- Jovan Vladimir, Prince (c.1000–1016)
- Stefan Vojislav, Archon, King (1018–c.1043)
- Mihailo I, King (c.1077–1081)
- Constantine Bodin, King (1081–1101)
Europe: British Isles
Great Britain: Scotland
- Kenneth III, King (997–1005)
- Malcolm II, King (1005–1034)
- Duncan I, King (1034–1040)
- Macbeth, King (1040–1057)
- Lulach, King (1057–1058)
- Malcolm III Canmore, King (1058–1093)
- Donald III, King (1093–1094)
- Duncan II, King (1094)
- Donald III, King (1094–1097)
- Edgar, King (1097–1107)
- Owain Foel, King (c.997–c.1018)
- Máel Coluim II, King (c.1054)
- Ragnall mac Gofraid, King (?–1004/05)[8]
- Lagmann mac Gofraid, possible ruler (c.1005)
- Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, possible ruler (1052–1061)[9][10]
- Murchad mac Diarmata, King (1061–1070)
- Fingal mac Gofraid, King (?–1074)
- Godred Crovan, King (1079–1094)
- Magnus Barefoot, King (1098–1102)
Great Britain: England
- Æthelred the Unready, King (978–1013, 1014–1016)
- Sweyn, King (1013–1014)
- Edmund Ironside, King (1016)
- Cnut the Great, King (1016–1035)
- Harold Harefoot, King (1035–1040)
- Harthacnut, King (1040–1042)
- Edward the Confessor, King (1042–1066)
- Harold Godwinson, King (1066)
- Edgar Ætheling, King (1066)
- William the Conqueror, King (1066–1087)
- William II, King (1087–1100)
- Henry I, King (1100–1135)
Great Britain: Wales
- Rhys ab Owain, King (c.990–c.1000)
- Iestyn ab Owain, King (c.990–c.1015)
- Hywel ab Owain, King (c.990–c.1043)
- Rhydderch ap Iestyn, King (c.1015–1033)
- Gruffydd ap Rhydderch, King (1033–1055)
- Gwrgant ab Ithel the Black, King (1033–1070)
- Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King (1055–1063)
- Caradog ap Gruffydd, King (1063–1081)
- Iestyn ap Gwrgant, King (1081–1091)
- Gwent (complete list) –
- Rhodri ap Elisedd and Gruffydd ap Elisedd, co-Kings (983–c.1015)
- Edwyn ap Gwriad, King (1015–1045)
- Meurig ap Hywel and Cadwgan ap Meurig, co-Kings (1045–1055)
- Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King (1055–1063)
- Cadwgan ap Meurig, King (1063–1074)
- Caradog ap Gruffydd, King (1075–1081)
- Iestyn ap Gwrgant, King (1081–1091)
- Cynan ap Hywel, King (999–1005)
- Aeddan ap Blegywryd, King (1005–1018)
- Llywelyn ap Seisyll, King (1018–1023)
- Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, King (1023–1039)
- Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King (1039–1063)
- Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, King (1063–1075)
- Trahaearn ap Caradog, King (1075–1081)
- Gruffydd ap Cynan, King (1081–1137)
- Llywelyn ap Seisyll, King (999–1023)
- Rhydderch ap Iestyn, King (1023–1033)
- Iago ap Idwal, King (1033–1039)
- Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King (1039–1063)
- Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, King/Prince (1063–1075)
- Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, Prince (1075–1103)
- Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, Prince (1075–1111)
- Cynan ap Hywel, prince of Gwynedd (999–1005)
- Edwin ab Einion, ruler (1005–1018)
- Cadell ab Einion, ruler (1005–1018)
- Llywelyn ap Seisyll, prince of Gwynedd (1018–1023)
- Rhydderch ap Iestyn, prince of Glywysing (1023–1033)
- Hywel ab Edwin, ruler (1033–1044)
- Gruffydd ap Rhydderch, ruler (1047–1055)
- Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, prince of Gwynedd (1055–1063)
- Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin, ruler (1063–1072)
- Rhys ab Owain, ruler (1072–1078)
- Rhys ap Tewdwr, ruler (1078–1093)
- Gruffydd ap Rhys, ruler (1116–1137)
Ireland
- Ireland (complete list) –
- Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, High King (979–1002, 1014–1022)
- Brian Bóruma, High King (1002–1014)
- Donnchad mac Briain, High King (?–1064)
- Diarmait mac Máel na mBó, High King (?–1072)
- Toirdelbach Ua Briain, High King (?–1086)
- Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King (?–1119)
- Áed mac Domnaill Ua Néill, King (989–1004)
- Flaithbertach Ua Néill, King (1004–1031)
- Áed mac Flaithbertaig Ua Néill, King (1031–1033)
- Flaithbertach Ua Néill (again), King (1033–1036)
- Niall mac Máel Sechnaill, King (1036–1061)
- Ardgar mac Lochlainn, King (1061–1064)
- Áed Ua hUalgairg, King (1064–1067)
- Domnall mac Néill, King (1067–1068)
- Áed mac Néill, King (1068–1083)
- Donnchad mac Néill, King (1083–1083)
- Domnall Ua Lochlainn, King (1083–1121)
- Mac Leiginn mac Cerbaill, King (?–1022)
- Cathalan Ua Crichain, King (?–1027)
- Gilla Coluim ua Eichnech, King (?–1048)
- Leathlobair Ua Laidhgnen, King (?–1053)
- Leathlobair Ua Laidhgnen, King (?–1078)
- Aodh Ua Baoigheallain, King (?–1093)
- Ua Ainbhigh, King (?–1094)
- Cu Caishil Ua Cerbaill, King (?–1101)
- Niall Ó Ruairc, heir (1000–1001)
- Aedh Ó Ruairc, King (?–1014/15)
- Art an caileach Ó Ruairc, King (c.1020–c.1030)
- Aedh Ó Ruairc, Lord (1029)
- Art uallach (oirdnidhe) Ó Ruairc, King (c.1030–1046)
- Niall Ó Ruairc, King (1047)
- Domnall Ó Ruairc, Lord (c.1057)
- Cathal Ó Ruairc, Lord (c.1051–1059)
- Aedh in Gilla Braite Ó Ruairc, King (1066)
- Aed Ó Ruairc, King (c.1067–1087)
- Donnchadh cael Ó Ruairc, King (c.1084)
- Ualgharg Ó Ruairc, heir (1085)
- Cathal mac Conchobar mac Taidg, King (973–1010)
- Tadg in Eich Gil, King (?)
- Áed in Gai Bernaig, King (?)
- Ruaidrí na Saide Buide, King (?)
- Dubhchobhlaigh Bean Ua hEaghra, King (?)
- Tadg mac Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King (?)
- Domnall Ua Ruairc, King (1097–1102)
- Sigtrygg Silkbeard, King (989/995–1036)
- Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King (1036–1038, 1046–1052)
- Ímar mac Arailt, King (1038–1046)
- Murchad mac Diarmata, King (1052–1070)
- Diarmait mac Máel na mBó, King (?–1072)
- Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, King (1072–1075)
- Domnall mac Murchada, King (1075)
- Muirchertach Ua Briain, Governor (1075–1086)
- Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair, King (1086–1089)
- Godred Crovan, King (c.1091–1094)
- Donnchad mac Domnall Claen, King (984–1003)
- Máelmórda mac Murchada, King (1003–1014)
- Dúnlaing mac Tuathal, King (1014)
- Donncuan mac Dúnlainge, King (1014–1016)
- Bran mac Máelmórda, King (1016–1018)
- Augaire mac Dúnlainge, King (1018–1024)
- Donnchad mac Dúnlainge, King (1024–1033)
- Donnchad mac Gilla Pátraic, King (1033–1039)
- Murchad mac Dúnlainge, King (1039–1042)
- Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King (1042–1072)
- Murchad mac Diarmata, King (1052–1070)
- Domnall mac Murchada, King (1072–1075)
- Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair, King (1075–1089)
- Énna mac Diarmata, King (1089–1092)
- Diarmait mac Énna, King (1092–1098)
- Donnchadh mac Murchada, King (1098–1115)
- Tadhg mac Muirchertach, King (?)
- Maelruanaidh mac Tadhg, King (fl.1080)
- Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, King (975/976–1022)
- Mael Sechnaill Got mac Mael Sechnaill, King (1022–1025)
- Roen mac Muirchertaig, King (1025–1027)
- Domnall Got, King (1027–1030)
- Conchobar ua Mael Sechlainn, King (1030–1073)
- Murchad mac Flainn Ua Mael Sechlainn, King (1073)
- Mael Sechlainn Ban mac Conchobair Ua Mael Sechlainn, King (1073–1087)
- Domnall mac Flainn Ua Mael Sechlainn, King (1087–1094)
- Donnchad mac Murchada Ua Mael Sechlainn, King (1094–1105)
- Conchobar mac Mael Sechlainn Ua Mael Sechlainn, King (1094–1105)
- Brian Boru, King (978–1014)
- Dúngal Hua Donnchada, King (1014–1025)
- Donnchad mac Briain, King (1025–1064)
- Murchad mac Donnchada, King (1064–1068)
- Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King (1068)
- Muirchertach Ua Briain, King (1086–1114, 1118–1119)
- Cú Connacht mac Dundach, King (1006)
- Madudan mac Gadhra Mór, King (1008)
- Gadhra Mór mac Dundach, King (1008–1027)
- Dogra mac Dúnadach, King (1027)
- Dunadach mac Cú Connacht, King (1027–1032)
- Diarmaid mac Madudan, King (1032–1069)
- Madudan Reamhar Ua Madadhan, King (1069–1096)
- Gillafin Mac Coulahan, King (1096–1101)
- Tadhg Mór Ua Cellaigh, King (?–1014)
- Concobar mac Tadg Ua Cellaigh, King (?–1030)
- Mac Tadhg Ua Cellaigh, King (?–1065)
- Dunchadh Ua Cellaigh, King (?–1074)
- Aed Ua Cellaigh, King (?–1134)
- Eochaid mac Ardgail, King (972–1004)
Europe: Central
Holy Roman Empire in Germany
- Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (996–1002), King (983–1002)
- Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (1014–1024), King (1002–1024)
- Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor (1027–1039), King (1024–1039)
- Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (1046–1056), King (1028–1056)
- Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1084–1105), King (1053–1087)
- Conrad II of Italy, King (1087–1098)
- Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (1111–1125), King (1099–1125)
Hungary
Poland
- Bolesław I, Duke (992–1025), King (1025)
- Mieszko II Lambert, King (1025–1031), Duke (1032–1034)
- Bezprym, Duke (1031–1032)
- Bolesław the Forgotten, Duke (1034–1038/39)
- Casimir I the Restorer, Duke (1040–1058)
- Bolesław II the Generous, Duke (1058–1076), King (1076–1079)
- Władysław I Herman, Duke (1079–1102)
Europe: East
- Wsewolod Mstislawitsch of Volhynien, Duke (1170-1195)
- Abd ar-Rahman bine Mö'min, ruler (980–1006)
- Georgius Tzul, ruler (?–1016)
- Ryurik Rostislavich, Prince (1085–1092)
- Izyaslav, Prince (989–1001)
- Vladimir I the Great, Grand Prince (980–1015)
- Sviatopolk I the Accursed,[11] Grand Prince (1015–1019)
- Yaroslav I the Wise, Grand Prince (1019–1054)
- Iziaslav I of Kiev, Grand Prince (1054–1073)
- Sviatoslav II of Kiev, Grand Prince (1073–1076)
- Iziaslav I of Kiev, Grand Prince (1076–1078)
- Vsevolod I of Kiev, Grand Prince (1078–1093)
- Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Grand Prince (1093–1113)
- Sviatopolk Vladimirovich, Prince (997–1019)
Europe: Nordic
Denmark
- Denmark (complete list) –
- Sweyn Forkbeard, King (986–1014)
- Harald II, King (1014–1018)
- Cnut the Great, King (1018–1035)
- Harthacnut, King (1035–1042)
- Magnus the Good, King (1042–1047)
- Sweyn II, King (1047–1076)
- Harald III, King (1076–1080)
- Canute, King (1080–1086)
- Olaf I, King (1086–1095)
- Eric, King (1095–1103)
- Cnut the Great, King (1013–1035)
- Harthacnut, King (1035–1042)
Norway
- Sweyn Forkbeard, King (c.985–995, 1000–1014)
- Eric Haakonsson & Sweyn Haakonsson, Regents (1000–1015)
- Olaf II of Norway, King (1015–1028)
- Haakon Ericsson, Regent (1012–1015, 1028–1029)
- Cnut the Great, King (1028–1035)
- Svein Knutsson, co-King (1030–1035)
- Magnus I the Good, King (1035–1047)
- Harald Hardrada, King (1046–1066)
- Magnus II, King (1066–1069)
- Olaf III of Norway, King (1067–1093)
- Haakon Magnusson, King (1093–1094)
- Magnus III Barefoot, King (1093–1103)
Sweden
- Olof Skötkonung, King (c.995–1022)
- Anund Jacob, King (1022–1050)
- Emund the Old, King (1050–1060)
- Stenkil, King (1060–1066)
- Eric and Eric, King (c.1066–c.1067)
- Halsten Stenkilsson, King (c.1067–c.1070, c.1079–post-1081)
- Anund Gårdske, King (c.1070)
- Håkan the Red, King (c.1075–c.1079)
- Inge the Elder, King (c.1079–c.1084, c.1087–c.1105/10)
- Blot-Sweyn, King (c.1084–c.1087)
Europe: Southcentral
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Italy_1000_AD.svg/300px-Italy_1000_AD.svg.png)
- Otto III, King (996–1002)
- Arduin of Ivrea, King (1002–1014)
- Henry II, King (1004–1024)
- Conrad II,[12] King (1026–1039)
- Henry III, King (1039–1056)
- Henry IV, King (1056–1105)
- Conrad II of Italy, King (1093–1098)
- Henry V, King (1098–1125)
- William III, ruler (991–pre-1042)
- Otto II, ruler (pre-1042–c.1084)
- Henry, ruler (?–1045)
- William IV, Marquis (c.1084–c.1100)
- Sylvester II, Pope (999–1003)
- John XVII, Pope (1003)
- John XVIII, Pope (1003–1009)
- Sergius IV, Pope (1009–1012)
- Benedict VIII, Pope (1012–1024)
- John XIX, Pope (1024–1032)
- Benedict IX, Pope (1032–1044)
- Sylvester III, Pope (1045)
- Benedict IX, Pope (1045)
- Gregory VI, Pope (1045–1046)
- Clement II, Pope (1046–1047)
- Benedict IX, Pope (1047–1048)
- Damasus II, Pope (1048)
- Leo IX, Pope (1049–1054)
- Victor II, Pope (1055–1057)
- Stephen IX, Pope (1057–1058)
- Nicholas II, Pope (1058–1061)
- Alexander II, Pope (1061–1073)
- Gregory VII, Pope (1073–1085)
- Victor III, Pope (1086–1087)
- Urban II, Pope (1088–1099)
- Paschal II, Pope (1099–1118)
- Romanus, Duke (1003–1010)
- Rainier, Duke (1010–1020)
- Hugh II, Duke (1020–1035)
- Hugh III, Duke (1036–1043)
- Boniface III, Duke (1043–1052)
- Frederick, Duke (1052–1055)
- Beatrice of Lorraine, Regent (1052–1055)
- Godfrey the Bearded, Regent (1053–1055)
- to the papacy (1056–1057)
- Matilda, Duchess (1057–1082)
- Godfrey the Bearded, Duke (1057–1069)
- Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke (1069–1076)
- Rainier II, Duke (1082–1086)
- Matilda, Duke (1086–1093)
- Werner II, Duke (1093–1119)
- Hugh the Great, Margrave (961–1001)
- Boniface, Margrave (1004–1011)
- Rainier, Margrave (1014–1027)
- Boniface III, Margrave (1027–1052)
- Beatrice of Bar, Regent (1052–1054)
- Frederick, Margrave (1052–1055)
- Godfrey III the Bearded, Regent (1055–1069)
- Godfrey IV the Hunchback, Regent (1069–1076)
- Matilda, Margravine (1076–1115)
- Pietro II Orseolo, Doge (991–1009)
- Otto Orseolo, Doge (1009–1026)
- Pietro Barbolano, Doge (1026–1032)
- Domenico Flabanico, Doge (1032–1043)
- Domenico Contarini, Doge (1043–1071)
- Domenico Selvo, Doge (1071–1084)
- Vitale Faliero, Doge (1084–1096)
- Vitale I Michiel, Doge (1096–1102)
Southern Italy
Southern Italy
- Manso I, Duke (966–1004)
- William I Iron Arm, Count (1042–1046)
- Drogo, Count (1046–1051)
- Humphrey, Count (1051–1057)
- Robert Guiscard, Count (1057–1059), Duke (1059–1085)
- Roger I Borsa, Duke (1085–1111)
- Pandulf II, Prince (981–1014)
- Landulf V, co-ruler (987–1014), Prince (1014–1033)
- Pandulf III, co-ruler (1012–1033), Prince (1033–1053)
- Landulf VI, co-ruler (1038–1053), Prince (1059–1077)
- Landulf VII, Prince (999–1007)
- Pandulf II, Prince (1007–1022)
- Pandulf III, Prince (1009–1014)
- Pandulf IV, Prince (1016–1022, 1026–1038, 1047–1050)
- Pandulf V, Prince (1022–1026)
- John, Prince (1023–1026)
- Guaimar, Prince (1038–1047)
- Pandulf VI, Prince (1050–1057)
- Landulf VIII, Prince (1057–1058)
- Landulf VI, Prince (1038–1050)
- Gregory Tarchaneiotes, Catepan (998–1006)
- John III, co-Duke (979–984), Duke (984–1008)
- John IV, co-Duke (991–1008), Duke (1008–1012)
- Emilia, Regent (1012–1027)
- Leo I, Regent (1017–1023)
- John V, Duke (1012–1032)
- Pandulf I, Duke (1032–1038)
- Pandulf II, co–Duke (1032–1038)
- Leo II, Duke (1042)
- Guaimar, Duke (1042–1045)
- Ranulf, Duke (1042–1045)
- Asclettin, Duke (1045)
- Atenulf I, Duke (1045–1062)
- Atenulf II, Duke (1062–1064)
- Maria, Regent (1062–1065)
- William I, Duke (1064)
- Lando, Duke (1064–1065)
- Dannibaldo, Duke (1066–1067)
- Geoffrey, Duke (1068–1086)
- Reginald, Duke (1086–?)
- Gualganus, Duke (?–1091)
- Landulf, Duke (1091–1103)
- Arduin, Margrave (c.990–1015)
- John IV, Duke (997/999–1005)
- Sergius IV, Duke (1005–1038)
- John V, Duke (1033–1050)
- Sergius V, Duke (1038–1076)
- Sergius VI, Duke (1077–1107)
- John VI, Duke (1090–1122)
- Guaimar III, Prince (994–1027)
- Guaimar IV, Prince (1027–1052)
- Gisulf II, Prince (1052–1077)
- Ja'far al-Kalbi, Emir (998–1019)
- al-Akhal, Emir (1019–1037)
- Abdallah, usurper emir (1037–1040)
- Hasan as-Samsam, Emir (1040–1053)
- Ayyub ibn Tamim, Emir (1065–1068)[13]
- Roger I, Count (1071–1101)
- Bohemond I, Count (1085–1088), Prince (1088–1111)
Europe: Southwest
Iberian Peninsula: Christian
Iberian Peninsula: Christian
- Ramiro I, King (1035–1063)
- Sancho Ramírez, King (1063–1094)
- Peter I, King (1094–1104)
- Ferdinand I the Great, King (1037–1065)
- Sancho II the Strong, King (1065–1072)
- Alfonso VI the Brave, King (1072–1109)
- Ramon Borrell, Count (988–1018)
- Berenguer Ramon I, Count (1018/1023–1035)
- Ramon Berenguer I, Count (1035/1039–1076)
- Ramon Berenguer II, Count (1076–1082)
- Berenguer Ramon II, Count (1076–1097)
- Ramon Berenguer III, Count (1082–1131)
- Sancho García, Count (995–1017)
- Alfonso V, King (999–1028)
- Peter I, King (1094–1104)
- Ermengol I, Count (992–1010)
- Suñer I, Count (995–1011)
- García Sánchez II, King (994–1000/1004)
- Mendo II Gonçalves, Count (997–1008)
- Isarn, Count (990–1003)
- Tota, Count (1003–1010)
- William Isarn, Count (1010–1018)
- Mayor García of Castile, Count (1010–1025)
- Raymond III of Pallars (1010–1025)
- Sancho III of Pamplona, Count (1018–1035)
- Gonzalo, Count (1035–1045)
- Peter I of Aragon and Navarre, Count (c.1085)
- Sancho Ramírez, Count (1083–1093)
- Sancho Ramírez, King (c.991–c.1002)
Iberian Peninsula: Muslim
Iberian Peninsula: Muslim
- Hisham II, Caliph (976–1008, 1010–1012)
- Muhammad II, Caliph (1008–1009)
- Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, Caliph (1009–1010, 1012–1017)
- Abd ar-Rahman IV, Caliph (1021–1022)
- Abd ar-Rahman V, Caliph (1022–1023)
- Muhammad III, Caliph (1023–1024)
- Hisham III, Caliph (1027–1031)
- 'Abd Allah I, Emir (c.1009–1030)
- Muhammad I Yumn ad-Dawla, Emir (1030–1042)
- Ahmad b Muhammad 'Izz (o Adud) al-Dawla, Emir (1042–1043)
- Muhammad II, Emir (1043)
- 'Abd Allah II, Emir (1043–c.1106)
Marca Hispanica
Marca Hispanica
- Guisla de Lluça, Count (1035–1054)
- William, Count (1035–1054)
- Jimena, Count (1107–1149)
- Wilfred II, Count (988–1035)
- Raymond, Count (1035–1068)
- William I, Count (1068–1095)
- William II, Count (1095–1109)
- Ermengol I of Córdoba, Count (992–1010)
- Ermengol II the Pilgrim, Count (1010–1038)
- Ermengol III of Barbastro, Count (1038–1065)
- Ermengol IV of Gerp, Count (1065–1092)
- Ermengol V of Mollerussa, Count (1092–1102)
Europe: West
- William IV (Taillefer II), Count (988–1028)[14]
- Alduin (II), Count (1028–1031)[15]
- Geoffrey, Count (1031–1047)[16]
- Fulk, Count (1047–1087)[16]
- William V (Taillefer III), Count (1087–1120)[17]
- Anjou (complete list) –
- Fulk III, Count (987–1040)
- Geoffrey II, Count (1040–1060)
- Geoffrey III, Count (1060–1067)
- William V, Duke (995–1030)
- William VI, Duke (1030–1038)
- Odo, Duke (1038–39)
- William VII, Duke (1039–1058)
- William VIII, Duke (1058–1086)
- William IX, Duke (1086–1127)
- William IV of Auvergne, Count (989–1016)
- Robert I of Auvergne, Count (1016–1032)
- William V of Auvergne, Count (1032–1064)
- Robert II of Auvergne, Count (1064–1096)
- William VI of Auvergne, Count (1096–1136)
- Theodoric I, Count (978–1026/1027)
- Theobald IV, Count (995–1004)
- Baldwin II, Count (990–1025)
- Eustace I, Count (1032–1049)
- Eustace II, Count (1049–1087)
- Eustace III, ruler (1087–1125)
- Archambaud III de Bourbon , Lord (1034–c.1078)
- Archambaud IV de Bourbon , Lord (c.1078–1095)
- Archambaud V de Bourbon , Lord (1095–1096)
- Archambaud VI de Bourbon , Lord (1096–1116)
- Rudolph III, King (993–1032)
- For the succeeding rulers of Burgundy (later called Arles), see List of state leaders in the 11th-century Holy Roman Empire#Burgundian-Low Countries
- Eudes Henry, Duke (965–1002)
- Otto-William, Count (982–1026), Duke (1002–1004)
- Robert, Duke (1004–1016)
- Henry, Duke (1016–1032)
- Robert I, Duke (1032–1076)
- Hugh I, Duke (1076–1079)
- Odo I, Duke (1079–1103)
- Rotbold I, Count (961–1008)
- William II, Count (994–1018)
- Rotbold II, Count (1008–1014)
- Emma, Countess (1037–1062) and William III, Count (1014–1037)
- William IV, Count (1018–1030)
- Fulk Bertrand, Count (1018–1051)
- Geoffrey I, Count (1032–1062)
- William Bertrand, Count (1051–1094)
- Geoffrey II, Count (1063–1067)
- Bertrand II, Count (1063–1093)
- Gerberga, Countess (1093–1112)
- Baldwin IV the Bearded, Count (988–1037)
- Baldwin V of Lille, Count (1037–1067)
- Baldwin VI, Count (1067–1070)
- Arnulf III, Count (1070–1071)
- Robert I the Frisian, Count (1071–1093)
- Robert II, Count (1093–1111)
- Bernat I, Duke (996–1009)
- Sans VI, Duke (1009–1032)
- Odo, Duke (1032–1039)
- Bernat II, Duke (1039–1052)
- William VIII, Duke (1052–1086)
- William IX, Duke (1086–1126)
- Theodoric I, Duke (978–1026/1027)
- Otto, Duke (977–1012)
- Hugh III, Count (992–1015)
- Herbert I Wakedog, Count (1015–1032)
- Hugh IV, Count (1036–1051)
- Herbert II, Count (1058–1062)
- Walter of Mantes, Count (1062–1063)
- Robert Curthose, Count (1063–1069)
- Hugh V, Count (1069–1093)
- Elias I, Count (1093–1110)
- Landri, Count (992–1028)
- Renaud I, Count (1031–1040)
- William I, Count (1040–1083)
- Renaud II, Count (1083–1097)
- William II, Count (1097–1148)
- Richard II, Duke (996–1026)
- William III, Count (969–1030)
- William IV, Count (1030–1038)[citation needed]
- Odo, Count (1038–1039)[citation needed]
- William V, Count (1039–1058)[citation needed]
- William VI, Count (1058–1086)[citation needed]
- William VII, Count (1071–1126)
- William VIII, Count (1099–1137)
- William III Taillefer, Count (978–1037)
- Pons, Count (1037–1061)
- William IV, Count (1061–1094)
- Raymond IV (VI) of St Gilles, Count (1094–1105)
- Philippa & William IX, Countess & Count (1098–1101, 1109–1117)
- Albert II, Count (997–1035)
- Otto, Count (1035–1045)
- Herbert IV, Count (1045–1080)
- Odo I, Count (1080–1085)
- Adelaide, Countess (1085–1101)
Eurasia: Caucasus
- Bagrat III, King (978–1014)
- Bagrat III, King (1008–1014)
- George I, King (1014–1027)
- Bagrat IV, King (1027–1072)
- George II, King (1072–1089)
- David IV, King (1089–1125)
- Gagik I, King (989–1020)
- Hovhannes-Smbat of Ani, King (1020–1040)
- Ashot IV the Valiant, King (1021–1039)
- Gagik II, King (1042–1045)
- Sumbat III, King (992/993–1011)
- Gurgen, King (c.1012)
- Gurgen of Georgia, King (994–1008)
- David, Prince (976–1010)
- Kvirike III, Prince (1014–1029)
- Sumbat III, King (992/993–1011)
- John Abuser, King (1011–1030)
- Abuser I Abuserisdze, King (c.1046/47)
- Grigol Abuserisdze, King (1047–1070)
- Abuser II Abuserisdze, King (11th/12th century)
Oceania
Chile
- Uru Kenu, King (c.1000)
- Te Rurua Tiki Te Hatu, King (?)
- Nau Ta Mahiki, King (?)
- Te Rika Tea, King (?)
- Te Teratera, King (?)
- Te Ria Kautahito (Hirakau-Tehito?), King (?)
Tonga
- Fangaʻoneʻone, King (?)
- Līhau, King (?)
- Kofutu, King (?)
- Kaloa, King (?)
- Maʻuhau, King (?)
See also
- List of political entities in the 11th century
- List of state leaders in the 11th-century Holy Roman Empire
References
- ^ Dates calculated on the basis of Lange, Diwan, 65–77; id., Kingdoms, 552.
- ^ See al-Nuwayri (v.2, App.1) and Ibn Khaldoun, v.2
- ^ L. Petech (1980), 'Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-rang: A new study', The Central Asiatic Journal 24, pp. 85–111; R. Vitali (1996), The kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang. Dharamsala: Tho.ling gtsug.lag.khang.
- ^ Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International, 1999 - India - 668 pages. p. 437. ISBN 9788122411980.
- ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ Rajiv Kumar Verma (2015). "Kalachuri Inscriptions : A Reflection of Dwindling Political Power" (PDF). Veethika. 1 (3).
- ^ Pandey(1993) pg197-332
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 197
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 245
- ^ Duffy (1992) p. 100
- ^ The Old Slavonic is Свѧтопълкъ in the Cyrillic alphabet, the modern Ukrainian is Святополк, Polish is Świętopełk, Czech is Svatopluk, and Slovak is Svätopluk. Reconstructed, his name is Sventopluk. More commonly, his name is given in its Latin and Frankish equivalents: Suentopolcus, Suatopluk, Zventopluk, Zwentibald, Zwentibold, Zuentibold, or Zuentibald.
- ^ enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor
- ^ "Kingdoms of Italy - Sicily". www.historyfiles.co.uk.
- ^ Bourgeois, 387.
- ^ Debord, 171; and Bourgeois, 387.
- ^ a b Debord, 171 and 212; and Bourgeois, 387.
- ^ Debord, 171 and 212.