User:Sasha Mendez/sandbox

Hello, I am conducting an article evaluation for my wikipedia course. I wanted to suggest for Colony Life and Development to link more of the sentence's information to their corresponding reference. There is some information linked, but it might be helpful to add more incase people can't tell where the informations from. Adding sources from some of the internal link pages may be helpful if some of the information is from those so readers won't have to go back and forth.

[within 1st paragraph, after sentence on habitat area]

In these areas they can be found roosting in groups within hollow trees, caves, man made homes, or other openings with enough space.^[1][2] While the two species exhibit different social and foraging behaviors both tend to return to a main roosting spot while also visiting other alternative roosting spots.^[1][2]

The species Bombus citrinus belongs to the parasitic Bombus subgenus Psithyrus. A previous classification had Psithyrus listed as its own genus, and so this species used to be identified as Psithyrus citrinus. Members of Psithyrus can be noted for having an abdomen well equipped for defence or attack with thick tergites and a long stinger, enlarged mandibles, loss of corbiculae, no worker castes, and a reduction in wax glands and its production.^{[3] [4]} Of the other species within this subgenera it is most closely related to Bombus insularis and Bombus varibilis and has sometimes been subgrouped with these as Laboriopsithyrus or Citrinopsithyrus.^[5] Psithyrus diverged around 20 million years ago from a clade containing the subgenera of Megabombus, Senexibombus, and Diversobombus.^{[6] [4]} Bombus citrinus is believed to have originated from this line with *(Bombus citrinus; check this typo) around 2 million years ago in the Eastern Neararctic region of the world.^[6] Psithyrus or the Citrinopsithyrus subgroup is well defined by its species being inquiline parasites that replace host queens.^{[7] [6]}This reliance on their specified host strongly links their coevolution.^[7] While they have developed specializations toward their specific host species, some of their modifications were likely to have remained broad enough to enable these Psithyrus species to diversify and disperse following a small range of hosts in their time and area.^[6] Bombus citrinus may coevolved with its host species as they emerged within the same time frame and area; around 13 to 5 million years ago in the Western to Eastern Neararctic for Bombus vagans and around 2 million years ago in the Eastern Neararctic for Bombus impatiens.^[6]

• add to chem ecology (moved from phlogeny:Psithyrus females have Dufour glands which could produce chemicals that allow them to blend in with their host species.^[4] In Bombus citrinus this gland has developed...

(..add more on developments)

Found in parts of the Northeastern area of North America. Their distribution includes eastern to central parts of Canada, Northeastern U.S states and parts of the mid western and southeast regions of the U.S.^[8]

Bombus citrinus is an obligate social parasite of the species Bombus impatiens and Bombus vagans . The cuckoo bee locates a host nest by trailing chemical signatures left by host workers. After locating a host nest the cuckoo will revisit to further observe the nest and will proceed to infiltrate if she determines the nest to be suitable for a successful usurping. The female Bombus citrinus may be noticed and attacked at nest entrance by host workers or sneak past by having blended in with the hosts chemical signatures. The Bombus citrinus will then kill the host species' queen, eggs, and larvae. To assert its dominance over the host workers the cuckoo will engage in mauling behavior. Only a few parasitic bees maul and they do so by rubbing their body against the host workers, grabbing at the hosts dorsal and lateral sides with their mandibles and first pair of legs, and make motions as if to sting. By doing this she further shares chemical signatures with the host and suppresses their ovarian development. Eggs laid by the female Bombus citrinus will be laid and then cared for by the host workers. Host workers may not attack the eggs as the offspring from the cuckoo tend to have a chemical signature that prevents them from doing so.

^{Bombus citrinus is among a few other species in Psithyrus which use mauling behavior as part of their more hostile take over methods. This behavior is when the female parasitic bee takes hold of a member of the host colony and rubs her body against theIrs or makes the motions to sting (not my sentence, used as info)}

^{•they can grasp with their mandible or first pair of legs}

^{•the female will then fight off the queen or workers. In doing so her odor will be shared amongst them and with time less fighting will reoccur as more of her odor is shared and her dominance asserted}

^{•the host queen is not always killed, and the decision may be based on host queen size.}

^{•mauling behavior may also be observed when host workers initially get too close to the parasitic queens newly laid eggs. Over time as the host colony is successfully suppressed the workers will rear the parasites young and the parasitic queen will no longer attempt mauling}

^{• the odor may chemically cause a reaction in workers to make them less aggressive toward the “new” queen, have the colony adopt her odor, and may lead to ovarion suppression of the workers to prevent other eggs from being laid}

^•

(Sources to cite/go over for mauling)

-https://www.apidologie.org/articles/apido/pdf/1981/01/Apidologie_0044-8435_1981_12_1_ART0005.pdf

- https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.2307/1536689

- ^{https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/say031/5115643}

-https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/BA506B598BE390B547B5B944265DF60E/S0008347X00020769a.pdf/morphological_specializations_of_the_bumble_bee_social_parasite_psithyrus_ashtoni_cresson_hymenoptera_apidae.pdf

-https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12592.x

• B. citrinus belong to the subgenus Psithyrus, which includes exclusively social parasite bees
• In order to overcome attack from host workers, P. citrinus acquire the host scent to perform chemical camouflage
• Mauling is possibly performed to transfer the scent of B. impatiens to P. citrinus
• Mauling could also be to “mask colony odor and achieve corporate identity” as opposed to acquiring host odor alone
• Mauling takes place in “primitive species” with smaller colonies
• Colony recognition cues have a function in social bees nestmate recognition
  • Important for cooperation and distinguishing between nestmates and non-nestmates, parasites, and robbers
  • Long chain alkanes and alkenes possibly have a role

add to chem ecology (moved from phlogeny:Psithyrus females have Dufour glands which could produce chemicals that allow them to blend in with their host species.^[4] In Bombus citrinus this gland has developed...

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1. ^ ^{a b} Brooke, Anne (1997). "Social Organization and Foraging Behaviour of the Fishing Bat, Noctilio leporinus (Chiroptera:Noctilionidae)". Ethology. 103 (5). Blackwell Wissenschafts Verlag, Berlin: 421–436. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00157.x.
2. ^ ^{a b} Wohlgenant, T.; Pedersen, S.; Adkins, B.; Syme, D. M.; Pearl, D.; Merriman, C. B.; Long, J.; Dunning, D. C.; Audet, D. (1993-08-20). "Activity Patterns and Roost Selection by Noctilio albiventris (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae) in Costa Rica". Journal of Mammalogy. 74 (3): 607–613. doi:10.2307/1382280. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1382280.
3. ^ Bohart, George E. (1970-04-01). "The Evolution of Parasitism Among Bees". Utah State University Faculty Honor Lectures: 6–10.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Hines, Heather M.; Lhomme, Patrick (4 October 2018). "Ecology and Evolution of Cuckoo Bumble Bees". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 112 (3): 122–140. doi:10.1093/aesa/say031.
5. ^ S.A., Cameron; H.M., Hines; P.H., Williams (1 May 2007). "A comprehensive phylogeny of the bumble bees (Bombus)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 91 (1): 161–188. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00784.x – via Oxford Academic.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e} Hines, Heather M. (2008-02-01). "Historical Biogeography, Divergence Times, and Diversification Patterns of Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus)". Systematic Biology. 57 (1): 58–75. doi:10.1080/10635150801898912. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 18275002.
7. ^ ^{a b} Jukka, Suhonen (11 February 2019). "Brood parasitism in eusocial insects (Hymenoptera): role of host geographical range size and phylogeny". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 374 (1769). doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0203. PMC 6388030. PMID 30967081. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
8. ^ "Bombus citrinus". NatureServe Explorer. March 2018. Archived from the original on 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2019. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)