User:IrishSurfer21/Merbok

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Typhoon Merbok
Typhoon Merbok near peak intensity on September 13
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 10, 2022
DissipatedSeptember 15, 2022
Typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds130 km/h (80 mph)
Lowest pressure965 hPa (mbar); 28.50 inHg
Category 1-equivalent typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds130 km/h (80 mph)
Lowest pressure965 hPa (mbar); 28.50 inHg
Overall effects
FatalitiesNone reported
Damage$16.7 million (2022 USD)
Areas affectedAlaska
[1][2]
Part of the 2022 Pacific typhoon season

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) first began monitoring a tropical depression that had formed west of Wake Island, at 00:00 UTC on September 9.[3] However, the agency downgraded the system back to a low-pressure area about six hours later.[4] The disturbance would remain a low-pressure area for around twelve hours before being upgraded back to a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC the following day, while its forward motion was nearly stationary.[5] At 17:00 UTC that day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the system as it displayed deep convection along the southern edge of a low-level circulation center. As the storm was located within a favorable environment consisting of warm sea surface temperatures of 29–30°C (84–86°F), low to moderate vertical wind shear, and strong equatorward outflow, tropical cyclogenesis was expected within the following 24 hours.[6] The JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical depression roughly four hours later, and began issuing advisories on it under the designation 15W.[7] Despite organizing within a favorable environment for development, the depression was difficult to track as its circulation center was obscured.[8] Late on September 11, the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm, as its maximum sustained winds reached 65 km/h (40 mph).[9] Around this time, the storm had robust deep convection, however, its circulation center became exposed and organization was limited due to strong diffluence.[10] At 00:00 UTC on September 12, the JMA upgraded the depression into a tropical storm, as it achieved 10-minute sustained winds of 65 km/h (40 mph), and gave it the name Merbok, which was contributed by Malaysia and refers to a spotted-neck dove.[11][12]

By 12:00 UTC that same day, Merbok attained severe tropical storm status, according to the JMA.[13] Around this time, satellite imagery showed that the storm had significantly deepened and consolidated.[14] At 18:00 UTC on September 13, Merbok was upgraded into a typhoon by the JMA.[15]

Impact

The extratropical remnants of Merbok affected 1,300 miles (2,090 km) of coastline in western Alaska, affecting 35 communities with severe storm surge, resulting in coastal flooding, erosion, and infrastructural damage.[16] Strong winds also affected the western coastline of Alaska. The highest wind gust was observed in Cape Romanzof—measuring at 91 mph (147 km/h).[17] The cyclone produced a 54 ft (16 m) storm surge, which heavily affected the communities of Golovin, Hooper Bay, Newtok, Nome, and Scammon Bay.[18] Golovin recorded a storm surge of 12.5 ft (3.8 m) above mean water level, surpassing the record water level observed in 1913.[19] Nome recorded its highest tide in over 50 years, surpassing levels observed during record-flooding events in 1974 and 2011.[20]

A structure trapped under a bridge after being swept away by flooding in Nome, Alaska.


Wind gusts of up to 81 mph (130 km/h) occurred in the Aleutian Islands, though contact to residents of Adak could not be established during damage surveys.[21] The Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta recorded a maximum gust of 80 mph (129 km/h), however, the majority of the damage in the area was as a result of coastal flooding and erosion.[22] The town of Newtok, located along the Kuskowim Delta, suffered severe coastal flooding. The entirety of Newtok was flooded, inundating 12 houses which left 35 residents homeless. At least 60 people were evacuated to the Newtok School. The Newtok Airport was isolated by floodwaters. About 100 ft (30.5 m) of coastline was eroded, as well as more than 10 ft (3 m) of bank along the Kuskowim River. Waves swept away a 5,000 gallon (18,927 L) fuel tank, alongside several empty fuel tanks and boats. A number of boats also sank.[23] In Chevak, 90% of around 100 boats used for gathering food were damaged or destroyed, resulting in food shortages.[24] Despite the destruction to boats, damage to buildings to Chevak was considered "minimal".[25] Hurricane-force winds affected Hooper Bay, where residents reported the largest tide to ever occur in the village. Several homes in the village were damaged, one of which was swept off its foundation. A sinkhole formed underneath another damaged house, rendering it a total loss.[26] More than 250 residents the village fled to a local school for shelter as water levels rose.[27] The cost to repair roads in Hooper Bay totaled $15.9 million (2024 USD).[28][Note 1]

Aftermath

The Alaska National Guard assisting with debris cleanup in Newtok, Alaska.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ These damages were not calculated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency until a 2024 report.

References

  1. ^ Preliminary Damage Assessment Report: Alaska – Severe Storm, Flooding, and Landslides FEMA-4672-DR (PDF). Federal Emergency Management Agency (Report). September 23, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  2. ^ Davis Hovey (October 10, 2022). "Western Alaska receives millions to repair roads and storm-damaged communities". KNOM Radio. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  3. ^ WWJP27 RJTD 090000. Japan Meteorological Agency (Report). Tokyo, Japan. September 9, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  4. ^ WWJP27 RJTD 091200. Japan Meteorological Agency (Report). September 9, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  5. ^ WWJP27 RJTD 100600. Japan Meteorological Agency (Report). Tokyo, Japan. September 10, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  6. ^ WTPN21 PGTW 101730. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. September 10, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  7. ^ "Tropical depression 15W (Fifteen) Warning #01 Issued 10/2100Z". JTWC. 10 September 2022. Archived from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  8. ^ WTPQ31 RJTD 110600. Japan Meteorological Agency (Report). Tokyo, Japan. September 11, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  9. ^ WTPN31 PGTW 112100. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. September 11, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  10. ^ WDPN31 PGTW 112100. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. September 11, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  11. ^ "Bulletin released of Typhoon Muifa, tropical storm Merbok and tropical depression Issued 12/0300Z". Japan Meteorological Agency. 12 September 2022. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  12. ^ Meaning of Tropical Cyclone Names. Hong Kong Observatory (Report). Kowloon, Hong Kong. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  13. ^ WWJP27 RJTD 121200. Japan Meteorological Agency (Report). Tokyo, Japan. September 12, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  14. ^ WDPN31 PGTW 121500. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. September 12, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  15. ^ WTPQ51 RJTD 131800. Japan Meteorological Agency (Report). Tokyo, Japan. September 13, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  16. ^ USGS aids storm response to Extratropical Typhoon Merbok in Alaska. Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center (Report). United States Geological Survey. December 23, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  17. ^ Scott Sistek; Andrew Wulfeck (September 19, 2022). "Former Typhoon Merbok blasts western Alaska with historic storm surge, 90 mph wind and 50-foot seas". Fox Weather. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  18. ^ "Western Alaskans Remember Typhoon Merbok a Year Later". KNOM Radio. October 31, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  19. ^ Merbok: A Bering Sea storm & coastal flooding event (PDF). Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy (Report). University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  20. ^ Malte Humpert (September 19, 2022). "Historic Storm Causes Widespread Flooding and Damage Along West Alaska Coastline". High North News. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  21. ^ Event: High Wind in Central Aleutians, AK. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). September 16, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  22. ^ Event: High Wind in Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). September 17, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  23. ^ Event: Coastal Flood in Kuskowim Delta, Alaska. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). September 18, 2022. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
  24. ^ Emily Schwing (September 23, 2022). "Chevak stunned by food losses after Western Alaska storm: 'We're gonna have to start over'". Alaska Public Media. KTOO. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  25. ^ Emily Schwing (September 22, 2022). "Chevak subsistence gear 'strewn all over the place' by storm". Alaska Public Media. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  26. ^ Melissa Frey (October 13, 2022). "Dozens in Hooper Bay still without permanent housing after historic storm". Alaska News Source. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  27. ^ ""We've got a house ... floating upstream": Massive storm batters Alaska's west coast". The Associated Press. CBS News. September 18, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  28. ^ Ben Townsend (July 19, 2024). "FEMA announces $108M award to Typhoon Merbok-related projects". KYUK.
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