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Albert Günther Hess (1909-1993) was a German music theorist, legal advisor, criminologist, and served in the American military as a translator and investigator during the Second World War.^[1][2] Hess was a well-known artist in his time, having published several sheet music editions before being drafted.^[1] Whilst drafted Hess' unit was involved in the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp, with photos of the incident taken by Hess having a place in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.^[2] After his military service he focused on educational writings, making notable works on both musicology and criminology.^[1]

His most notable contributions were those in the field of criminology as his foundational work regarding opioid addiction and labeling theory has become relevant in recent findings and exploration of the social realities of opioid addiction.

Hess was born on March 1, 1909 in the town of Pirna Germany as the youngest sibling of three.^[2]

His father, Gustav Hess owned a chemical factory that produced black enamel and oil paints, which were important to the manufacturing of cameras, phones, and even the Iron Cross.^[2]

Albert's father died when Albert was 14, and his older brother took over the family business.^[2]

Music was a consistent source of passion for Hess as he studied the piano for ten years, and could play the organ, flute, oboe, clarinet, and recorder as well.^[2]

He also liked to produce homemade travel and family films using 9.5mm stock.^[2]

Hess passed his Abitur at the Dresden König-Georg-Gymnasium, and then traveled throughout Europe to study law which included Hamburg, London, Bonn, Berlin, and Leipzig until he passed his legal exam on January 11. 1932.^[1][2]

In 1934, Hess earned a doctorate of criminology from the University of Leipzig under Franz Exner graduating magna cum laude.^[1][2][3]

Hess had started work at a legal traineeship but was removed in July of 1933 due to the rise of the German National Socialist Party enacting laws limiting certain work positions from being available to those of Jewish origin.^[1][2]

In December of 1937, Hess emigrated to Belgium where he served as the legal representative of his families chemical factory in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands until the company was taken over by the Germans due to Aryanization.^[1][2]

After German troops had invaded Belgium, Hess was arrested by the Belgian police on May 10, 1940 and was taken to St. Cyprien internment camp in the south of France near Perpignan. In October of the same year he was transferred to the Gurs camp, and was transferred yet again in January, 1941 to the Les Milles internment camp near Aix-en-Provence.^[1][2]

After a brief stint in the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, Hess emigrated to the continental United States in New York City.^[1][2]

Hess initially worked in a paint factory and gave music lessons on the side. He later was able to find employment in 1942 as a music teacher at Goddard College in Plainfield Vermont, where he published editions of sheet music.^[1][2]

In 1943, Hess was drafted by the United States Army as an investigator and translator for a military intelligence unit for the 44th Infantry Division.^[1][2]

Hess' unit was involved in the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp, and Hess' photos made their way to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum photo archive. Hess also was involved in the interrogation of several NAZI prisoners including Hermann Goering.^[1][2]

On December 4, 1945 Hess was honorably discharged as a Staff Sergeant.^[2]

Hess worked as a music teacher for Mohawk College from July 1946- June 1947 and Junior College from September 1947- June 1949.^[1]

Held the position of Assistant Professor of Ancient Music at the University of Minnesota from 1951-1955.^[1]

Received a doctorate of musicology and art history from Cornell in 1950.^[1]

• "800 Years of Music for Recorders" (1945) which contained four parts.^[4]

• "Observations on 'The Lamenting Voice of Hidden Love'" (1952).^[5]
• "In The Transition from Harpsichord to Piano" (1953).^[6]
• "The Cataloging of Music in the Visual Arts" (1954).^[7]
• "Italian Renaissance Paintings with Musical Subjects" (1955).^[8]

In 1956 Hess switched his focus from music and art back to criminology.^[1]

This focus caused Hess to travel around the world including stays in Hong Kong, Japan, and Australia.

Hess is one of the first criminologists to study opiate addicts with his works on "Chasing the Dragon" in 1965 and "Deviance Theory and the History of Opiates" in 1971. Especially considering the last work, his work was a foundational piece to the modern literature as Deviance Theory and its relation to opioid addiction is currently a theory that is gaining much intellectual traction.

Served as a Social Affairs Officer for the Social Defense Section (1956-1958)^[1][3]

Served as the Secretary of the Committee of Experts on crime prevention (1958-1960)^[1][3]

Served as the Director of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency (1960-1969)^[1][3]

Held a position as a professor of sociology and criminology at The State University of New York (1970)^[1][3]

• "Chasing the Dragon. A Report on Drug Addiction in Hong Kong" (1965).^[9]
• "The Young Adult Offender" (1967).^[10]
• "Aspects of the Use of Volunteers in Corrections in the United States" (1969).^[11]
• "The Volunteer Probation Officers of Japan" (1970).^[12]
• "Deviance Theory and the History of Opiates" (1971).^[13]
• "Reports of the Prison Discipline Society of Boston: (1972) which contained six volumes.^[14]
• "Everyday Law in Japanese Folk Art" (1980).^[15]
• "The "Memoirs" of Li Hung-chang" (1981).^[16]
• "Hunting Witches. A Survey of Some Recent Literature" (1982).^[17]
• "History of Juvenile Delinquency: A collection of essays on crime committed by young offenders, in history and selected countries" (1990).^[18]

Received the Gold Beccaria Medal from the German Criminological Society (1986).^[1]

Albert G. Hess passed away on September 19, 1993.^[1]