Ukrainians in Russia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Ukrainians in Russia
Total population
884 007 (2021)
Languages
Russian (99.8%, 2002), Ukrainian
Religion
Predominantly Christians (55%)[1][2]
Related ethnic groups
Kuban Cossacks, other Slavic peoples (especially East Slavs)

The Russian census identified that there were more than 5,864,000 Ukrainians living in Russia in 2015, representing over 4.01% of the total population of the Russian Federation and comprising the eighth-largest ethnic group. On 2022 February there were roughly 2.8 million Ukrainians who fled to Russia [ru].

In February 2014, there were 2.6 million Ukrainian citizens in the territory of Russia, two-thirds of the labour migrants; however, after Russia annexed Crimea and the start of the war in Donbas, the number was estimated to have risen to 4.5 million.

History

17th and 18th centuries

The Treaty of Pereiaslav of 1654 led to Ukraine becoming a protectorate of the Tsardom of Russia. This resulted in increased Ukrainian immigration to Russia, initially to Sloboda Ukraine but also to the Don lands and the area of the Volga river. There was a significant migration to Moscow, particularly by church activists, priests and monks, scholars and teachers, artists, translators, singers, and merchants. In 1652, twelve singers under the direction of Ternopolsky[who?] moved to Moscow, and thirteen graduates of the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium moved to teach the Moscow gentry. Many priests and church administrators migrated from Ukraine; in particular, Ukrainian clergy established the Andreyevsky Monastery,[3] which influenced the Russian Orthodox Church, in particular the reform policies of Patriarch Nikon which led to the Old Believer Raskol (English: schism). The influence of Ukrainian clergy continued to grow, especially after 1686, when the Metropolia of Kyiv was transferred from the Patriarch of Constantinople to the Patriarch of Moscow.

After the abolishment of the Patriarch's chair by Peter I, Ukrainian Stephen Yavorsky became Metropolitan of Moscow, followed by Feofan Prokopovich. Five Ukrainians were metropolitans, and 70 of 127 bishops in Russia's Orthodox hierarchy were recent emigres from Kyiv.[4] Students of the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium began schools and seminaries in many Russian eparchies. By 1750, over 125 such institutions were opened, and their graduates practically controlled the Russian church, obtaining key posts through to the late 18th century. Under Prokopovich, the Russian Academy of Sciences was opened in 1724, which was chaired from 1746 by Ukrainian Kirill Razumovsky.[4]

The Moscow court had a choir established in 1713 with 21 singers from Ukraine. The conductor for a period of time was A. Vedel. In 1741, 44 men, 33 women, and 55 girls were moved to St. Petersburg from Ukraine to sing and entertain. Composer Maksym Berezovsky also worked in St. Petersburg at the time. A significant Ukrainian presence was also seen in the Academy of Arts.

The Ukrainian presence in the Russian Army also grew significantly. The greatest influx happened after the Battle of Poltava in 1709. Large numbers of Ukrainians settled around St. Petersburg and were employed in the building of the city.

A separate category of emigrants were those deported to Moscow by the Russian government for demonstrating anti-Russian sentiment. The deported were brought to Moscow initially for investigation, then exiled to Siberia, Arkhangelsk or the Solovetsky Islands. Among the deported were Ukrainian cossacks including D. Mhohohrishny, Ivan Samoylovych, and Petro Doroshenko. Others include all the family of hetman Ivan Mazepa, A. Vojnarovsky, and those in Mazepa's Cossack forces that returned to Russia.[citation needed] Some were imprisoned in exile for the rest of their lives, such as hetman Pavlo Polubotok, Pavlo Holovaty, P. Hloba and Petro Kalnyshevsky.

19th century

Ethnic map of European Russia before the First World War

Beginning in the 19th century, there was a continuous migration from Belarus, Ukraine and Northern Russia to settle the distant areas of the Russian Empire. The promise of free fertile land was an important factor for many peasants, who until 1861 lived under serfdom. In the colonization of the new lands, a significant contribution was made by ethnic Ukrainians. Initially Ukrainians colonised border territories in the Caucasus. Most of these settlers came from Left-bank Ukraine and Slobozhanshchyna and mainly settled in the Stavropol and Terek areas. Some compact areas of the Don, Volga, and Urals were also settled.

The Ukrainians created large settlements within Russia, becoming the majority in certain centres. They continued fostering their traditions, their language, and their architecture. Their village structure and administration differed somewhat from the Russian population that surrounded them. Where populations were mixed, Russification often took place.[5] The size and geographical area of the Ukrainian settlements were first seen in the course of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, which noted language but not ethnicity. A total of 22,380,551 Ukrainian speakers were recorded, with 1,020,000 Ukrainians in European Russia and 209,000 in Asian Russia.[note 1]

Formation of Ukrainian borders

Ethnographic map of Ukraine, showing ethnographic boundaries of ethnic Ukrainians in the early 20th century as claimed by Ukrainian émigrés Volodymyr Kubijovyč and Oleksander Kulchytsky

The first Russian Empire Census, conducted in 1897, gave statistics regarding language use in the Russian Empire according to the administrative borders. Extensive use of Little Russian (and in some cases dominance) was noted in the nine south-western Governorates and the Kuban Oblast.[6] When the future borders of the Ukrainian state were marked, the results of the census were taken into consideration. As a result, the ethnographic borders of Ukraine in the 20th century were twice as large as the Cossack Hetmanate that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 18th century.[7]

Certain regions had mixed populations made up of both Ukrainian and Russian ethnicities, and various minorities. These included the territory of Sloboda and the Donbas. These territories were between Ukraine and Russia. This left a large community of ethnic Ukrainians on the Russian side of the border. The borders of the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic were largely preserved by the Ukrainian SSR.

In the course of the mid-1920s administrative reforms, some territory initially under the Ukrainian SSR was ceded to the Russian SFSR, such as the Taganrog and Shakhty cities in the eastern Donbas. At the same time, the Ukrainian SSR gained several territories that were amalgamated into the Sumy Oblast in Sloboda region.

Late 20th century and early 21st century

Number and share of Ukrainians in the population of the regions of the RSFSR (1979 census)

The Ukrainian cultural renaissance in Russia began at the end of the 1980s, with the formation of the Slavutych Society in Moscow and the Ukrainian Cultural Centre named after T. Shevchenko in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg).

In 1991, the Ukraina Society [uk] organized a conference in Kyiv with delegates from the various new Ukrainian community organizations of the Eastern Diaspora. By 1991, over 20 such organizations were in existence. By 1992, 600 organizations were registered in Russia alone. The congress helped to consolidate the efforts of these organizations. From 1992, regional congresses began to take place, organized by the Ukrainian organizations of Prymoria, Tyumen Oblast, Siberia and the Far East. In March 1992, the Union of Ukrainian organizations in Moscow was founded. The Union of Ukrainians in Russia was founded in May 1992.

The term "Eastern Diaspora" has been used since 1992 to describe Ukrainians living in the former USSR, as opposed to the Western Ukrainian Diaspora which was used until then to describe all Ukrainian diaspora outside the Union. The Eastern Diaspora is estimated to number approximately 6.8 million, while the Western Diaspora is estimated to number approximately 5 million.

In February 2009, about 3.5 million Ukrainian citizens were estimated to be working in the Russian Federation, particularly in Moscow and in the construction industry.[8] According to Volodymyr Yelchenko, the Ambassador of Ukraine to the Russian Federation, there were no state schools in Russia with a program for teaching school subjects in the Ukrainian language as of August 2010; he considered "the correction of this situation" as one of his top priorities.[9]

As of 2007, the number of Ukrainian illegal immigrants in Russia has been estimated as being between 3 and 11 million.[citation needed]

In a 2011 poll, 49% of Ukrainians said that they had relatives living in Russia.[10]

Russo-Ukrainian War

During the Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014, some Ukrainians living in Russia have complained of being labelled a "Banderite" (follower of Stepan Bandera), even when they are from parts of Ukraine where Stephan Bandera has no considerable support.[11]

Starting from 2014, a number of Ukrainian activists and organisations were prosecuted in Russia based on political grounds. Some notable examples include the case of Oleg Sentsov, which was described by Amnesty International as a "Stalinist era trial",[12] the closure of a Ukrainian library in Moscow and prosecution of the library staff,[13] and a ban of Ukrainian organisations in Russia, such as Ukrainian World Congress.[13]

As of September 2015, there were 2.6 million Ukrainians living in Russia, more than half of them classified as "guest workers". A million more had arrived in the previous eighteen months[14] (although critics have accused the FMS and media of circulating exaggerated figures[15][16]). About 400,000 had applied for refugee status and almost 300,000 had asked for temporary residence status, with another 600,000 considered to be in breach of migration rules.[14] By November 2017, there were 427,240 applicant asylum-seekers and refugees from Ukraine registered in Russia,[17] over 185,000 of them having received temporary asylum, and fewer than 590 with refugee status.[18] The refugees were from the territories of Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republics taken over by pro-Russian separatists since the Russo-Ukrainian War. Most refugees have headed to rural areas in central Russia. Major destinations for Ukrainian migrants have included Karelia, Vorkuta, Magadan Oblast; oblasts such as Magadan and Yakutia are destinations of a government relocation program since the vast majority avoid big cities like Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[19]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, an estimated 2.8 million Ukrainians had arrived in Russia as of September 2022;[20] the UN Human Rights Office stated: "There have been credible allegations of forced transfers of unaccompanied children to Russian occupied territory, or to the Russian Federation itself."[21][22]

On 22 January 2024 Volodymyr Zelenskyy, the president of Ukraine, has signed a presidential decree "On areas of the Russian Federation historically populated by Ukrainians", urging the Ukrainian government to take measures to "preserve the national identity of Ukrainians in Russia", "counter misinformation regarding the history and present of Ukrainians in Russia" and "develop relations between Ukrainians and other peoples enslaved by Russia".[23]

Ukrainian population centres in Russia

Percentage of Ukrainians in regions of Russia in 2010
Areas in Russia where Ukrainians were the largest minority, 2010

Kuban

The first bandura school in 1913, organised in the Kuban, directed by Vasyl Yemetz (centre)

The original Black Sea Cossacks colonised the Kuban region from 1792. Following the Caucasus War and the subsequent colonisation of the Circaucasus, the Black Sea Cossacks intermixed with other ethnic groups, including the indigenous Circassian population.

According to the 1897 census, 47.3% of the Kuban population (including extensive latter 19th-century non-Cossack migrants from both Ukraine and Russia) referred to their native language as Little Russian (the official term for the Ukrainian language), while 42.6% referred to their native language as Great Russian.[24] Few оf the cultural production in Kuban from the 1890s until 1914, such as plays, stories and music, were written in the Ukrainian language,[25] and one of the first political parties in Kuban was the Ukrainian Revolutionary Party.[25] During the Russian Civil War, the Kuban Cossack Rada formed a military alliance with the Ukrainian People's Republic and declared Ukrainian to be the official language of the Kuban National Republic. This decision was not supported uniformly by the Cossacks themselves, and soon the Rada itself was dissolved by the Russian White Denikin's Volunteer Army.[25]

In the 1920s, a policy of Decossackization was pursued. At the same time, the Bolshevik authorities supported policies that promoted the Ukrainian language and self-identity, opening 700 Ukrainian-language schools and a Ukrainian department in the local university.[26] Russian historians claim that Cossacks were in this way forcibly Ukrainized,[27] while Ukrainian historians claim that Ukrainization in Kuban merely paralleled Ukrainization in Ukraine itself, where people were being taught in their native language. According to the 1926 census, there were nearly a million Ukrainians registered in the Kuban Okrug alone (or 62% of the total population).[28] During this period many Soviet repressions were tested on the Cossack lands, particularly the Black Boards that led to the Soviet famine of 1932–1934 in the Kuban. Yet by the mid-1930s there was an abrupt policy change of Soviet attitude towards Ukrainians in Russia. In the Kuban, the Ukrainization policy was halted and reversed.[29] In 1936 the Kuban Cossack Chorus was re-formed as were individual Cossack regiments in the Red Army. By the end of the 1930s many Cossacks' descendants chose to identify themselves as Russians.[30] From that time onwards, almost all of the self-identified Ukrainians in the Kuban were non-Cossacks; the Soviet Census of 1989 showed that a total of 251,198 people in Krasnodar Kray (including Adyghe Autonomous Oblast) were born in the Ukrainian SSR.[31] In the 2002 census, the number of people who identified as Ukrainians in the Kuban was recorded to be 151,788. Despite the fact that most of the descendants of Kuban Cossacks identify themselves as Russian nationals.[32] Many elements of their culture originate from Ukraine, such as the Kuban Bandurist music, and the Balachka dialect.

Moscow

Moscow has had a significant Ukrainian presence since the 17th century. The original Ukrainian settlement bordered Kitai-gorod. No longer having a Ukrainian character, it is today known as Maroseyka (a corruption of Malorusseyka, or Little Russian). During Soviet times the main street, Maroseyka, was named after the Ukrainian Cossack hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky. After Moscow State University was founded in 1755, many students from Ukraine studied there. Many of these students had commenced their studies at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.

In the first years after the revolution of 1905, Moscow was one of the major centres of the Ukrainian movement for self-awareness. The monthly magazine Zoria (Зоря, English: Star) was edited by A. Krymsky, and from 1912 to 1917 the Ukrainian cultural and literary magazine Ukrainskaya zhizn was also published there (edited by Symon Petliura). Books in the Ukrainian language were published in Moscow from 1912 and Ukrainian theatrical troupes of M. Kropovnytsky and M. Sadovsky were constantly performing in Moscow.

Moscow's Ukrainians played an active role in opposing the attempted coup in August 1991.[33]

According to the 2001 census, there are 253,644 Ukrainians living in the city of Moscow,[34] making them the third-largest ethnic group in that city after Russians and Tatars. A further 147,808 Ukrainians live in the Moscow region. The Ukrainian community in Moscow operates a cultural centre on Arbat Street, whose head is appointed by the Ukrainian government.[35] It publishes two Ukrainian-language newspapers and has organized Ukrainian-language Saturday and Sunday schools.

Saint Petersburg

When Saint Petersburg was the capital during the Russian Empire era, it attracted people from many nations including Ukraine. The Ukrainian poets Taras Shevchenko and Dmytro Bortniansky spent most of their lives in Saint Petersburg. Ivan Mazepa, carrying out the orders of Peter I, was responsible for sending many Ukrainians to help build St Petersburg.[36]

According to the 2001 census, there are 87,119 Ukrainians living in the city of St Petersburg, where they constitute the largest non-Russian ethnic group.[37] The former mayor, Valentina Matviyenko (née Tyutina), was born in Khmelnytskyi Oblast of western Ukraine and is of Ukrainian ethnicity.[verification needed]

Green Ukraine

Green Ukraine is the historical Ukrainian name of the land in the Russian Far East area
Number and share of Ukrainians in the population of the regions of the RSFSR (1926 census)

Green Ukraine is often referred to as Zeleny Klyn. This is an area of land settled by Ukrainians which is a part of Far Eastern Siberia, located on the Amur River and the Pacific Ocean. It was named by Ukrainian settlers. The territory consists of over 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) and had a population of 3.1 million in 1958. Ukrainians made up 26% of the population in 1926.[citation needed] In the last Russian census, 94,058 people in Primorsky Krai claimed Ukrainian ethnicity,[38] making Ukrainians the second-largest ethnic group and largest ethnic minority.

Grey Ukraine

The Ukrainian settlement of Grey Ukraine or Siry Klyn (literally the "grey wedge") developed around the city of Omsk in western Siberia. M. Bondarenko, an emigrant from Poltava province, wrote before World War I: "The city of Omsk looks like a typical Moscovite city, but the bazaar and markets speak Ukrainian". All around the city of Omsk stood Ukrainian villages. The settlement of people beyond the Ural mountains began in the 1860s. There were attempts to form an autonomous Ukrainian region in 1917–1920. Altogether, 1,604,873 emigrants from Ukraine settled the area before 1914. According to the 2010 Russian census, 77,884 people of the Omsk region identified themselves as Ukrainians, making Ukrainians the third-largest ethnic group there after Russians and Kazakhs.[39]

Yellow Ukraine

The settlement of Yellow Ukraine, or Zholty Klyn (the Yellow Wedge) was founded soon after the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1659 as the eastern border of the second Zasechnaya Cherta. Named after the yellow steppes on the middle and lower Volga, the colony co-existed with the Volga Cossacks, and colonists primarily settled around the city of Saratov. In addition to Ukrainians, Volga Germans and Mordovians migrated to Zholty Klyn in large numbers. As of 2014, most of the population is integrated throughout the region, though a few culturally Ukrainian villages remain.[40]

Inter-ethnic relations

Ukrainians in the Russian Federation represent the third-largest ethnic group after Russians and Tatars. In spite of their relatively high numbers, some Ukrainians in Russia reported[when?] unfair treatment and anti-Ukrainian sentiment in the Russian Federation.[41][42] In November 2010, the High Court of Russia cancelled registration of one of the biggest civic communities of the Ukrainian minority, the "Federal nation-cultural autonomy of the Ukrainians in Russia" (FNCAUR).[43]

A survey, conducted by the independent Russian research centre Levada in February 2019, found that 77% of Ukrainians and 82% of Russians think positively of each other as people.[10]

Demographics

Statistics and scholarship

Population size of Ukrainians in regions of Russia (thsd. ppl.), 2021 census

Statistical information about Ukrainians is included in the census materials of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation which were collected in 1897, 1920, 1923, 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2002 and 2010. Of these, the 1937 census was discarded and begun again as the 1939 census.

In the aftermath of the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, attention has been focused on the Eastern Ukrainian diaspora by the Society for relations with Ukrainians outside of Ukraine. Numerous attempts have been made to unite them. The society publishes the journal Zoloti Vorota (Золоті Ворота, named for The Golden Gate of Kyiv) and the magazine Ukrainian Diaspora.

No. Census year[44] Population of Ukrainians in Russia Percentage of total Russian population
1 1926 6,871,194 7.41
2 1939 3,359,184 3.07
3 1959 3,359,083 2.86
4 1970 3,345,885 2.57
5 1979 3,657,647 2.66
6 1989 4,362,872 2.97
7 2002 2,942,961 2.03
8 2010 1,927,988[45] 1.40
9 2015 est. 5,864,000 4.01

Religion

The vast majority of Ukrainians in Russia are adherents of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Ukrainian clergy had an influential role on Russian Orthodoxy in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Recently,[when?] the growing economic migrant population from Galicia have had success in establishing a few Ukrainian Catholic churches, and there are several churches belonging to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchate), where Patriarch Filaret agreed to accept breakaway groups that had been excommunicated by the Russian Orthodox Church for breaches of canon law. In 2002, some asserted that Russian bureaucracy imposed on religion has hampered the expansion of these two groups.[46] According to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, their denomination has only one church building in all of Russia.[47]

Trends

During the 1990s, the Ukrainian population in Russia noticeably decreased due to a number of factors. The most important one was the general population decline in Russia. At the same time, many economic migrants from Ukraine moved to Russia for better paid jobs and careers. It is estimated that there are as many as 300,000[48] legally registered migrants. There is negative sentiment toward the bulk of migrants from the Caucasus and Central Asia, with Ukrainians relatively trusted by the Russian population. Assimilation has also been a factor in the falling number of Ukrainians; many intermarry with Russians, due to cultural similarities, and their children are counted as Russian on the census. Otherwise, the Ukrainian population has mostly remained stable due to immigration from Ukraine.

Notable Ukrainians in Russia

Roman Rudenko
Raisa Titarenko
Vasily Lanovoy
Yury Dud
Georgy Gapon
Academy Award-winning Soviet film director Sergei Bondarchuk
Nikolai Gogol
Taras Shevchenko
Nikolai Ostrovsky
Korney Chukovsky
Leonid Gaidai
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko
Vladimir Korolenko
Mikhail Zoshchenko
Alexander Dovzhenko
Vera Brezhneva
Anna Politkovskaya

Culture

Sports

Vladislav Tretiak
Roman Pavlyuchenko
Vladimir Kramnik
Lyudmila Rudenko
Kateryna Lagno
Anton Babchuk
Nikolay Davydenko
Anatoliy Tymoshchuk
Evgeni Plushenko
Vladimir Kuts
Tatyana Navka
Anna Pogorilaya
Leonid Tkachenko
Ignat Zemchenko
Denis Shvidki
Vera Rebrik
Sergey Shavlo
Tatiana Volosozhar
Anastasia Bliznyuk
Valentina Ivakhnenko

Science

Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay
Vladimir Vernadsky
Valentin Glushko
Anton Makarenko
Trofim Lysenko
Mikhail Ostrogradsky
Igor Shafarevich
Stephen Timoshenko
Leonid Kulik
Nikolay Burdenko
Anatoly Kashpirovsky

University, and ordinary member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences

Politics

Alexander Bezborodko
Dmitry Troshchinsky
Viktor Kochubey
Mikhail Rodzianko
Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko
Pavel Dybenko
Nikolai Semashko
Sergey Kiriyenko
Alexei Navalny

Cosmonauts

Military

Ivan Kozhedub
Ivan Paskevich
Ivan Grigorovich
Vasily Zavoyko
Kirill Razumovsky
Grigory Vakulenchuk
Rodion Malinovsky
Andrey Yeryomenko
Andrei Grechko
Yekaterina Zelenko
Alexander Lebed
Pyotr Braiko
Aleksandr Golovko
  • Petro DoroshenkoHetman of Right-Bank Ukraine (1665–1672) and a Russian voivode
  • Alexander Lebed – late Lieutenant General of Russia, 1996 Presidential candidate (Ukrainian origin)
  • Alexei Razumovsky – Field marshal of Russian Imperial Army
  • Kirill Razumovski – Field marshal of Russian Imperial Army
  • Nikolai Linevich – career military officer, General of Infantry (1903) and Adjutant general in the Imperial Russian Army in the Far East during the latter part of the Russo-Japanese War.
  • Yuri Lysianskyi – officer in the Imperial Russian Navy and explorer
  • Ivan Gudovich – Russian noble and military leader
  • Vasily Zavoyko – an admiral in the Russian Imperial navy. In 1854, during the Crimean War, he led the successful defence against the Siege of Petropavlovsk by the allied British-French troops.
  • Pavel Mishchenko – Imperial Russian career military officer and statesman of the Imperial Russian Army
  • Ivan Grigorovich served as Imperial Russia's last Naval Minister from 1911 until the onset of the 1917 revolution.
  • Roman Kondratenko – general in the Imperial Russian Army famous for his devout defense of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905
  • Alexey Schastny – Russian naval commander during World War I
  • Ivan Kozhedub – Soviet World War II fighter ace, considered to be the highest-scoring Soviet and Allied fighter pilot of World War II
  • Pavel Rybalko – commander of armoured troops in the Red Army during and following World War II.
  • Alexei Berest – Soviet political officer and one of the three Red Army soldiers who hoisted the Victory Banner
  • Fedor Zinchenko – Soviet officer who commanded the 150th Rifle Division's 756th Regiment during the Storming of the Reichstag.
  • Dmitry Lavrinenko – Soviet tank commander and Hero of the Soviet Union. He was the highest scoring tank ace of the Allies during World War II.
  • Alexander MarineskoSoviet naval officer and, during World War II, the captain of the submarine S-13 which sank the German military transport ship Wilhelm Gustloff. The most successful Soviet submarine commander in terms of gross register tonnage (GRT) sunk.
  • Dmitry Lelyushenko, Soviet military commander, his final actions in 1945 involved directing forces during the Red Army's attacks on both Berlin and Prague.
  • Kuzma Derevyanko – general of the Red Army. He was the representative of the Soviet Union at the ceremonial signing of the written agreement that established the armistice ending the Pacific War, and with it World War II
  • Semyon Timoshenko – Marshal of the Soviet Union
  • Andrey Yeryomenko – Soviet general during World War II and, subsequently, a Marshal of the Soviet Union
  • Panteleimon Ponomarenko – a Soviet statesman and politician and one of the leaders of Soviet partisan resistance during WW2
  • Alexander Utvenko – Red Army Lieutenant general.
  • Ivan Sidorovich Lazarenko - Red Army major general and a posthumous Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Fedir Dyachenko – Soviet sniper during World War II, credited with as many as 425 kills.
  • Nikolai Pinchuk (pilot) – Soviet fighter pilot and flying ace during World War II who totaled 20 solo and 2 shared aerial victories
  • Kirill Moskalenko – marshal of the Soviet Union
  • Ivan Taranenko – Soviet fighter pilot, flying ace, and regimental commander in World War II who went on to become a general
  • Sergei Rudenko (general) – Soviet Marshal of the aviation
  • Grigory Panchenko - Soviet Army major general and a Hero of the Soviet Union who held divisional commands during World War II
  • Grigory Kulik – marshal of the Soviet Union
  • Pyotr Koshevoy – Soviet military commander and a Marshal of the Soviet Union
  • Alexei Burdeinei – Soviet general
  • Pavel Batitsky – Soviet military leader awarded the highest honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1965 and promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1968
  • Alexei Radzievsky - professional soldier of the Soviet Union who fought in the Second World War, commanding the 2nd Guards Tank Army during the Lublin–Brest offensive and afterwards
  • Ivan Pavlovsky - Soviet military leader, Commander-in-Chief Ground Forces - Deputy Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union (1967—1980), and a General of the Army (1967)
  • Anatoly Petrakovsky - Soviet Army major general and Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Ivan Moshlyak – Soviet major general who received the highest honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1938 for his heroism during the Battle of Lake Khasan
  • Pyotr Gnido – Soviet fighter pilot during World War II who was credited with 34 solo and 6 shared aerial victories, and recipient of the title of Hero of Soviet Union
  • Nikolay Dyatlenko – Soviet officer, interrogator and translator who was part of a team that attempted to deliver a message of truce (sometimes referred to as an "ultimatum") to the German Sixth Army at the Battle of Stalingrad in January 1943
  • Grigory Kravchenko – test pilot who became a flying ace and twice Hero of the Soviet Union in Asia before the start of Operation Barbarossa
  • Mikhail Grigoryevich Bondarenko - captain-lieutenant in Soviet Navy during World War II who was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for his actions in the Kerch-Eltigen operation
  • Nikita Lebedenko - Soviet Army lieutenant general and a Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Mikhail Ivanovich Bondarenko (1901–1943) - artillerist of the Soviet Army during World War II
  • Mariya Borovichenko - Soviet medical officer
  • Grigory Mitrofanovich Davidenko - Soviet soldier, Hero of the Soviet Union (1944)
  • Vasily Davidenko - Soviet military figure, Hero of the Soviet Union (1943)
  • Aleksandr Gorgolyuk - Soviet fighter pilot in World War II
  • Ivan Dubovoy - Soviet Army major general of tank forces and a Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Aleksey Burdeyny - Soviet colonel general who held corps command during World War II
  • Stepan Borozenets - Soviet Air Force colonel and a Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Ivan Golubets – Soviet sailor with the Black Sea Fleet
  • Vladimir Sudets – Soviet air commander during World War II, commanding the 17th Air Army, and later became Marshal of the aviation after the war
  • Pyotr Vershigora – one of the leaders of the Soviet partisan movement in Ukraine, Belarus and Poland
  • Pyotr Braiko – Soviet soldier during the Second World War who gained the status of Hero of the Soviet Union following the conflict
  • Vasyl Herasymenko – Soviet military leader
  • Anatoly Levchenko - Soviet fighter pilot in the 655th Fighter Aviation Regiment of the 40th Army of the Turkestan Military District during the Soviet–Afghan War
  • Oleg Koshevoy – Soviet partisan and one of the founders of the clandestine organization Young Guard, which fought the Nazi forces in Krasnodon during World War II between 1941 and 1945
  • Mikhail Tsiselsky – Soviet naval pilot during World War II who was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Ivan Turkenich – Soviet partisan, one of the leaders of the underground anti-Nazi organization Young Guard, which operated in Krasnodon district during World War II between 1941 and 1944
  • Dmitry Glinka (aviator) – Soviet flying ace during World War II who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for his achievements, having scored 50 individual aerial victories by the end of the war.
  • Boris Glinka – Soviet flying ace during World War II with over 20 solo shootdowns.
  • Vasily Mykhlik – Ilyushin Il-2 pilot and squadron commander in the 566th Assault Aviation Regiment of the Soviet Air Forces during the Second World War who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
  • Alexey Perelet - Soviet pilot who was the principal test pilot for military aircraft prototypes produced by Tupolev during World War II.
  • Leonid Beda – ground-attack squadron commander in the Soviet Air Forces during the Second World War who went on to become a Lieutenant-General of Aviation.
  • Pavel Dubinda – sergeant in the Red Army during World War II and one of only four people that was both a full bearer of the Order of Glory and Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Nikolai Simoniak – General in the Soviet Army during World War II
  • Yuri Shvets – KGB officer
  • Yepifan Kovtyukh – Soviet corps commander
  • Sergey SheykoHero of the Russian Federation, is a colonel in Russian Naval Infantry
  • Boris Dumenko – Red Army commander during the Russian Civil War
  • Alexander Kravchenko (revolutionary) – revolutionary, agronomist and partisan who fought against Admiral Kolchak's White forces in Siberia in 1919 during the Russian Civil War
  • Grigory Skiruta – WWII Red Army officer
  • Andrey Baklan - Soviet flying ace during World War II
  • Mikhail Badyuk - Soviet aviator in the 9th Guards Mine Torpedo Aviation Regiment of the 5th Mine-Torpedo Air Division in the Northern Fleet’s aviation division during the Second World War
  • Ivan Afanasenko - Red Army Sergeant and a Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Zakhar Slyusarenko – WWII tank officer and brigade commander, twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Bogdan StashinskyKGB officer and spy who assassinated the Ukrainian nationalist leaders in the late 1950s
  • Ivan Stepanenko – Soviet WWII flying ace with over 30 solo victories
  • Vladimir Sudets – Soviet WWII air commander, later marshal of aviation
  • Pavel Sudoplatov – secret police officer, lieutenant general of the MVD
  • Stepan Suprun – Soviet test pilot who tested over 140 aircraft types during his career
  • Pavel Taran – WWII Il-4 pilot, twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Ivan Taranenko – Soviet WWII fighter ace, later a general
  • Sergey TereshchenkoPrime Minister of Kazakhstan (1991–1994)
  • Semyon Timoshenko – Marshal of the Soviet Union
  • Grigory Tkhor – Soviet aviator, Spanish Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War volunteer, and major general of the Soviet Air Force
  • Sergei Trofimenko – Soviet military commander, active in the Russian Civil War and Second World War
  • Andrey Titenko - Soviet soldier who served during World War II and recipient of the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Mikhail Tsiselsky – Soviet WWII naval pilot, awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Ivan Turkenich – Soviet partisan, a leaders of the anti-Nazi Young Guard during WWII
  • Yelena Ubiyvovk – WWII partisan and leader of a Komsomol cell
  • Nina Ulyanenko – navigator, pilot and flight commander in the women's 46th Taman Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment
  • Nikolai Usenko – Red Army soldier, Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Nikolai Semeyko – Soviet Il-2 pilot and navigator during World War II who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
  • Grigory Vakulenchuk – sailor, organizer, and leader of the uprising on the Russian battleship Potemkin
  • Pyotr Vershigora – Soviet partisan leader in Ukraine, Belarus and Poland
  • Andrey Vitruk – Soviet Air Force general
  • Polina Osipenko – Soviet military pilot
  • Alexander Osipenko (pilot) - Soviet military aviator and, according to some accounts, the Soviet Air Forces' top ace in the Spanish Civil War
  • Timofei Strokach – prominent military figure of the Soviet NKVD and KGB
  • Ilya Amvrosievich Strokach – prominent military figure of the Soviet NKVD and KGB
  • Oleg Ostapenko – the former director of Roscosmos, the federal space agency, retired Colonel General in the Russian Military, former Deputy Minister of Defence, and former commander of the Aerospace Defence Forces
  • Fyodor Ostashenko - Soviet Army lieutenant general and a Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Vladimir Sergeyevich Vysotsky – Russian admiral and Commander of the Russian Northern Fleet
  • Viktor Yanukovych – fourth President of Ukraine
  • Viktor Yanukovych Jr – Ukrainian politician and Member of Parliament
  • Nikolai Yegipko – Soviet Navy officer, Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Iosif Apanasenko – Soviet division commander
  • Fyodor Kostenko – Soviet corps and army commander
  • Ivan Drachenko – Soviet Il-2 pilot and the only aviator awarded both the title Hero of the Soviet Union and been a full bearer of the Order of Glory.
  • Andrey Yeryomenko – Soviet general during World War II
  • Vitaly Zakharchenko – Former Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine
  • Yekaterina Zelenko – WWII Soviet Su-2 pilot, flew during Winter War
  • Yakov Cherevichenko – Soviet military leader and colonel general
  • Stepan Artyomenko – the commander of a battalion of the 447th Rifle Regiment in the Red Army during the Second World War, who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Ivan Boyko – the commander of the 69th Guards Tank Regiment and later the 64th Guards Tank Brigade during World War II; he was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for his successful combat leadership
  • Ivan Zaporozhets – Soviet security officer and official of the OGPU-NKVD
  • Nikolai Zhugan - Air Force major general, a pilot during World War II, and Hero of the Soviet Union (1944)
  • Vasily Zavoyko – Russian admiral, successfully defended against the Siege of Petropavlovsk
  • Yevgeniya Zhigulenko – WWII Soviet Air Force pilot and navigator, Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Filipp Zhmachenko – Soviet Army general, Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Nikolai Lyashchenko - Soviet Army general
  • Irina Levchenko – medic turned tank officer in the Red Army during World War II who was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union in 1965; she was also the first Soviet woman awarded the Florence Nightingale Medal
  • Aleksandra Samusenko – Soviet T-34 tank commander and a liaison officer during World War II
  • Aleksandra Boiko – tank commander in the Soviet Army active in the Eastern Front of the Second World War
  • Fedor Zinchenko – Soviet officer who commanded the regiment that placed the Victory Banner during the Storming of the Reichstag.
  • Fyodor Zozulya – admiral of the Soviet Navy
  • Georgy Zozulya – WWII ground-attack pilot in the Soviet Air Force
  • Andrei Girich – Soviet Air Force major general and Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Andrei Paliy – naval officer who served as the deputy commander of the Black Sea Fleet
  • Aleksandr Chaiko – army officer who is currently the commander of the Eastern Military District since 12 November 2021
  • Aleksandr Golovko – colonel general in the Russian military and commander of the Russian Space Forces since 1 August 2015
  • Valery Solodchuk – officer of the Russian Army
  • Sergei Pinchuk – officer of the Russian Navy, currently holds the rank of vice-admiral, and is deputy commander in chief of the Black Sea Fleet
  • Alexander Romanchuk – colonel general in the Russian Armed Forces
  • Anatoly Nedbaylo – Il-2 pilot in the 75th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment of the Soviet Air Forces during the Second World War who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Vasily Mykhlik – Ilyushin Il-2 pilot and squadron commander in the 566th Assault Aviation Regiment of the Soviet Air Forces during the Second World War who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Ilya Mazuruk - Soviet pilot and polar explorer
  • Ivan Moshlyak - major general in the Soviet Army who received the title Hero of the Soviet Union for his heroism in the Battle of Lake Khasan during the Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
  • Alexander Molodchy – Soviet long-range pilot who flew over 300 missions on the B-25, Il-4, and Yer-2 during World War II, WHO was the first person twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union during the war while alive
  • Ivan MikhailichenkoIl-2 pilot in the Soviet Air Forces during the Second World War who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Aleksey Mazurenko – commander of the 7th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment in the Black Sea Fleet during World War II,who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union during the war and remained in the military afterwards, reaching the rank of General-major
  • Grigory Kravchenko – a test pilot who became a flying ace and twice Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Andrey Kravchenko (general) – commander of multiple tank units of the Red Army throughout World War II who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Ivan Yakovlevich Kravchenko - Red Army major and a Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Sergey Kramarenko (pilot) - Soviet Air Force officer who fought in World War II and the Korean War
  • Stepan Naumenko - Soviet MiG-15 pilot during the Korean War, credited as the first Soviet ace in the conflict
  • Alexander Mironenko - Soviet airborne senior sergeant and posthumous Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Dmitry Onuprienko - Soviet Army lieutenant general and Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Nikolai Onoprienko - Red Army colonel and World War II Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Yevdokiya Nosal - junior lieutenant and deputy squadron commander in the 588th Night Bomber Regiment (nicknamed the "Night Witches" by the Germans) during World War II
  • Semyon Kozak – Soviet Army lieutenant general who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for his command of a division during World War II
  • Anatoly Brandys – Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack pilot during World War II who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Mikhail Bondarenko (pilot) – navigator and squadron commander in the 198th Assault Aviation Regiment of the Soviet Air Forces during the Second World War who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for his ground-attack sorties on the Il-2 during the war
  • Ivan Boyko – commander of the 69th Guards Tank Regiment and later the 64th Guards Tank Brigade during World War II; he was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for his successful combat leadership
  • Ivan Sidorenko - Red Army officer and a Hero of the Soviet Union, who served during World War II.
  • Vladimir Aleksenko – ground-attack aviation squadron and regimental commander during World War II who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Stepan Suprun – Soviet test pilot who tested over 140 aircraft types during his career, who was also a fighter pilot and twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Vasily Senko – Soviet Air Force colonel and the only navigator who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union
  • Vasili Yanchenko – World War I flying ace credited with 16 aerial victories
  • Ivan Loiko – World War I flying ace credited with six confirmed aerial victories
  • Pavel TaranIl-4 pilot who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union during World War II
  • Yevgraf Kruten – World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories

Business

  • Oleksiy Alchevsky – industrialist, established the first finance group in Russia.
  • Viktor Bout – arms dealer
  • Leonid Fedun – billionaire businessman
  • Yury Kovalchuk – billionaire businessman and financier who is "reputed to be Vladimir Putin's personal banker"
  • Gennady Timchenko – oligarch and billionaire businessman
  • Alexander Ponomarenko – billionaire businessman who made his fortune in banking, sea ports, commercial real estate and airport construction
  • Andrey Melnichenko – billionaire entrepreneur
  • Serhiy Kurchenko – businessman and founder/owner of the group of companies "Gas Ukraine 2009" specializing in trading of liquefied natural gas. Kurchenko is also the former owner and president of FC Metalist Kharkiv and the Ukrainian Media Holding group.Since 2014 lives in Russia.
  • Dmitry Gerasimenko – businessman, industrialist
  • Vladimir Ivanenko – businessman, founded first private cable and television network in USSR
  • Artur Kirilenko – entrepreneur, property developer
  • Sergei Magnitsky – Ukrainian-born Russian tax advisor and prisoner
  • Viktor Petrik – businessman
  • Petro Prokopovych – founder of commercial beekeeping and the inventor of the first movable frame hive
  • Vladimir Kovalevsky – statesman, scientist and entrepreneur
  • Boris Kamenka – entrepreneur and banker in the Russian Empire. He was one of the richest people in Russia before the Russian Revolution.

Other

Raisa Titarenko

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Asian Russia statistics exclude the Caucasus.

References

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  40. ^ Zhelty Klin website
  41. ^ Открытое письмо Комиссару национальных меньшинств ОБСЕ господину Максу Ван дер Стулу [Open letter to the Commissioner for National Minorities for the OSCE, Mr. Max van der Stoel] (in Russian). Ukrainians of Russia – Kobza. 30 September 2000. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007: Open letter to the OSCE from the Union of Ukrainians in the Urals.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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Bibliography

External links