Surrogate's Courthouse

Coordinates: 40°42′49″N 74°00′16″W / 40.71361°N 74.00444°W / 40.71361; -74.00444
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Surrogate's Court
New York City Landmark No. 0082, 0926
A bird's-eye view of the south and east facades of the Surrogate's Courthouse, with Chambers Street on the left and Centre Street on the right
Map
Location31 Chambers Street, Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates40°42′49″N 74°00′16″W / 40.71361°N 74.00444°W / 40.71361; -74.00444
Built1899–1907
ArchitectJohn R. Thomas; Horgan & Slattery
Architectural styleBeaux Arts
NRHP reference No.72000888
NYSRHP No.06101.000420
NYCL No.0082, 0926
Significant dates
Added to NRHPJanuary 29, 1972[4]
Designated NHLDecember 22, 1977[5]
Designated NYSRHPJune 23, 1980[1]
Designated NYCL
  • February 15, 1966 (exterior)[2]
  • May 11, 1976 (interior)[3]

The Surrogate's Courthouse (also the Hall of Records and 31 Chambers Street) is a historic building at the northwest corner of Chambers and Centre Streets in the Civic Center of Manhattan in New York City. Completed in 1907, it was designed in the Beaux Arts style. John Rochester Thomas created the original plans while Arthur J. Horgan and Vincent J. Slattery oversaw the building's completion. The building faces City Hall Park and the Tweed Courthouse to the south and the Manhattan Municipal Building to the east.

The Surrogate's Courthouse is a seven-story steel-framed structure with a granite facade and elaborate marble interiors. The architects used a fireproof frame so the structure could safely accommodate the city's paper records. The exterior is decorated with 54 sculptures by Philip Martiny and Henry Kirke Bush-Brown, as well as three-story colonnades with Corinthian columns along Chambers and Reade Streets. The basement houses the New York City Municipal Archives. The fifth floor contains the New York Surrogate's Court for New York County, which handles probate and estate proceedings for the New York State Unified Court System.

The Hall of Records building had been planned since the late 19th century to replace an outdated building in City Hall Park; plans for the current building were approved in 1897. Construction took place between 1899 and 1907, having been subject to several delays because of controversies over funding, sculptures, and Horgan and Slattery's involvement after Thomas's death in 1901. Renamed the Surrogate's Courthouse in 1962, the building has undergone few alterations over the years. The Surrogate's Courthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark, and its facade and interior are both New York City designated landmarks.

Site

The Surrogate's Courthouse is in the Civic Center neighborhood of Manhattan, just north of City Hall Park. It occupies an entire city block bounded by Chambers Street to the south, Centre Street to the east, Reade Street to the north, and Elk Street to the west. Other nearby buildings and locations include 49 Chambers and 280 Broadway to the west; the Ted Weiss Federal Building and African Burial Ground National Monument to the northwest; the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse to the northeast; the Manhattan Municipal Building to the east; and the Tweed Courthouse and New York City Hall to the southwest, within City Hall Park.[6]

The ground slopes downward from south to north; the original ground elevation was below Reade Street and close to sea level.[7] The surrounding area contains evidence of the interments of individuals, mostly of African descent, but the foundations of the Surrogate's Courthouse may have destroyed any remnants of corpses on the site.[8][9] In the 18th and early 19th centuries, the Surrogate's Courthouse site was on a hill called "Pot Baker's" or "Potter's Hill", so named because several families in the pottery industry lived or worked nearby.[10][11] The site also included a water reservoir built of stone and maintained by the Manhattan Company from 1799 until 1842, when the Croton Aqueduct opened. In the mid-19th century, the site contained small loft buildings.[10] Before the completion of Elk Street in 1901,[a] the site was part of a larger city block bounded by Broadway and Chambers, Centre, and Reade Streets.[12]

Architecture

The Surrogate's Courthouse was designed in the Beaux-Arts style, John Rochester Thomas being the original architect. After Thomas's death in 1901, Arthur J. Horgan and Vincent J. Slattery oversaw the completion of the plan.[2][13] Their relatively unknown firm had connections to the politically powerful Tammany Hall organization of the time. The final design largely conforms to Thomas's original plans, though Horgan and Slattery were mostly responsible for the sculptural ornamentation.[13] Fay Kellogg, who designed the prominent double staircase in the building's lobby, helped prepare plans for the Hall of Records.[14] The building has undergone relatively few alterations since its completion in 1907.[15]

The Surrogate's Courthouse's seven-story granite facade wraps around the building's structural frame, while the interiors are elaborately designed in marble.[16] The building was designed to be fireproof to house the city's paper records safely.[16] The interior spaces are popular with film and television production companies and have been used in many commercials, TV series, and movies.[15][17] Besides housing the Surrogate's Court for New York County, the building contains the New York City Municipal Archives, the New York City Department of Records and Information Services (DORIS)'s City Hall Library,[18] and the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs.[19]

Facade

South facade as seen from a distance, with some trees in front of the courthouse
South facade as seen in 2012

The facade of the Surrogate's Courthouse consists mostly of granite from Hallowell, Maine, with ashlar masonry.[16][20] It is split vertically into a two-story rusticated base, a three-story midsection, a sixth story and a seventh story in a mansard roof. The northern and southern elevations are split vertically into five bays, with multiple windows on each floor in the center bays, while the western and eastern elevations are split into three bays.[16][20]

The central portion of the southern (Chambers Street) elevation contains three double-height arched doorways, each of which contains a pair of doors and a window with bronze grilles.[16][21] The doorways are flanked by granite columns, each cast from a single granite slab and topped by modified composite capitals.[21][22] This entrance was wainscoted entirely with Siena marble at the building's completion.[22] There are side entrances at the center of the western elevation on Elk Street, from which there is a small flight of steps, as well as at the center of the eastern elevation on Centre Street.[23] The Reade Street elevation contains a wheelchair-accessible entrance.[24]

On the northern and southern elevations, the central five windows of the third through fifth stories are flanked by a projecting Corinthian style colonnade with four single columns between two paired columns at either end. On all four elevations, the outermost bays are designed with window openings on the second, third, fifth, and sixth stories, and sculptures around porthole windows on the fourth story. The remaining six windows on the north and south, and the center nine windows on the west and east, are slightly recessed behind the end bays, with different window designs on each story.[20] An entablature and a cornice runs above the fifth story, and another cornice runs above the sixth story.[16][20] The seventh story contains dormer windows with carved hoods, projecting from the mansard roof in all except the end bays.[20]

Sculptures

Photograph showing the elaborate details of the mansard roof, with carved statues in front
Detail of the mansard roof

The exterior features fifty-four sculptures by Philip Martiny and Henry Kirke Bush-Brown.[15][22] Martiny was hired for the main sculptural groups, while Bush-Brown designed the smaller sculptures.[25] Like the rest of the facade, the statues were carved from Hallowell granite.[26][27]

On Chambers and Centre Streets, Martiny carved 24 standing figures at the sixth floor, under the cornice.[26][28] These sculptures depict eminent figures from the city's past, including Peter Stuyvesant, DeWitt Clinton, David Pietersen De Vries, and mayors Caleb Heathcote, Abram Stevens Hewitt, Philip Hone, Cadwallader David Colden and James Duane.[15][22][27] Martiny also designed the groups of sculptures flanking the Chambers and Centre Street entrances.[26][28] Three sculptures flank the Chambers Street entrance, while two originally flanked the Centre Street entrance.[28] The Centre Street sculptures, depicting Justice and Authority, were removed in 1959;[29] they were relocated to the New York County Courthouse.[30][31]

On all four sides, Bush-Brown designed groups of allegorical figures for the roof.[15][22][32] The figures were arranged in standing, sitting, or reclining postures. Figures depicting Heritage and Maternity are at the base of the central dormer on Chambers Street. Above the central Chambers Street dormer is a clock with a dial measuring 4 feet (1.2 m) across, flanked by figures of Poetry and Philosophy and topped by four cherubs and two caryatids.[26][27][33] A similar dormer at the center of Reade Street has figures depicting Instruction, Study, Law, and History. The central Centre Street dormer has figures of Inscription and Custody and the central dormer on the west side has Industry and Commerce.[26][27][34]

Interior

Entrance vestibules

Ceiling detail at the Surrogate's Courthouse entrance vestibule on Chambers Street
Chambers Street vestibule ceiling, by William de Leftwich Dodge

The rectangular entrance vestibule from Chambers Street contains rusticated yellow marble-clad walls. Just opposite the arched entryways is an arcade with decorative cartouches. Double doors made of mahogany are set within marble doorways at either end of the vestibule.[21] The German sculptor Albert Weinert created two marble sculptural groups, one above each set of doorways; these depict the 1624 purchase of Manhattan Island and the 1898 creation of the City of Greater New York.[21][27][35] The vestibule's elliptical ceiling contains mosaic murals and panels created by William de Leftwich Dodge.[15][36][37] Of the four mosaic murals, three depict the probate process (in reference to the Surrogates' Court) and the other depicts the continuity of records.[36][37] The ceiling's triangular mosaic panels depict Egyptian and Greek motifs along with zodiac signs.[31][37] The mosaic tiles are mostly colored red, green, and blue on dull gold.[15][37] The vestibule also contains a bronze chandelier, ornamental bronze radiators and a patterned marble floor.[37]

Smaller entrance vestibules also exist on the west and east ends of the Surrogate's Courthouse; they are largely similar, except for the steps outside the west vestibule. Decorative bronze-and-glass enclosures frame the doorways, while there are mosaic lunettes over the two side doors from the vestibules.[23] In the elliptical ceiling vaults of these vestibules, Dodge also designed mosaics set in glass. The mosaics are generally blue and gold but have green and rose accent strips.[23][36] The ceiling is divided into several panels with decorative elements like garlands, urns, and acanthus scrolls.[38]

Lobby and lower stories

Photograph of the main lobby showing two staircases leading up to landing and a single staircase leading up to the second floor
View of the main lobby, with a staircase leading to the second floor

The entrance vestibules lead to the main lobby, a triple-story space whose design was inspired by that of the Palais Garnier, the opera house of the Paris Opera.[22][39] Yellow Sienna marble was used throughout the lobby. Surrounding the lobby space on the first floor is an arched gallery with rusticated piers, scrolled keystones, red marble roundels, and garlands linking the roundels and keystones. A decorative frieze runs above the first floor gallery. A marble double staircase with balustrade flanks the western entrance archway on the first floor, ascending two flights to an intermediate landing, where a single flight leads to the second floor. On the second floor is a colonnaded gallery containing engaged columns with Ionic-style capitals. The tops of the lobby walls contain decorative entablatures.[39] The ceiling has a bronze elliptical arched vault reaching the height of the third floor.[31][39] Within the arched vault is a gable-shaped skylight measuring 40 by 60 feet (12 by 18 m).[17]

The hallways on the first floor contain marble walls and multicolored patterned marble floors. The passageways contain groin vaulted ceilings with chandeliers. There are recessed mahogany double-doors leading to the offices, as well as red marble roundels above each doorway. Service functions, such as fuse boxes, are contained within bronze boxes.[40] The second-floor gallery's arches divide the gallery into bays. Within each bay, there are shallow, domed ceilings supported on decorative pendentives, and a cornice runs beneath each dome. On the walls, there are arched openings with mahogany double doors. Above the double staircase in the lobby, a balustraded staircase rises from the second-floor gallery to the third floor, with an intermediate landing above the double stairway.[38]

Upper stories

The third through fifth floors are largely similar in plan and surround an interior light court above the lobby. These floors are connected by a staircase similar in design to the one connecting the second and third floors. The floor surfaces of the third through fifth stories are made of mosaic tile, and the walls consist of gray-veined marble panels. Each story contains different decorative designs on the frames surrounding the doorways and on the openings facing the light court.[38]

The two Surrogates' courtrooms, on the fifth floor,[41] handle probate and estate proceedings for the New York State Unified Court System.[42] Part of the original design, the rooms contain similar layouts with minor differences in decorative detail.[41] The courtrooms have gilded, paneled plaster ceilings with decorative reliefs and ornate chandeliers.[22][31][41] The north courtroom is finished in Santo Domingo mahogany and has four carved panels signifying wisdom, truth, civilization and degradation, as well as six repeating motifs and several portraits of surrogates. The south courtroom is finished in English oak, with French Renaissance style decorative elements.[22][41][15] Overlooking each courtroom is a marble balcony, reached by staircases in the respective courtrooms. There are also ornately carved fireplaces, which contain marble mantelpieces lined with bronze surrounds made by Tiffany & Co.[22][41] The seventh floor and the attic housed the city's records on steel shelves until 2017.[43]

Basement

The vaults of the building's basement extend underneath both Chambers and Reade Streets, descending 40 feet (12 m) under Chambers Street and 30 feet (9.1 m) under Reade Street.[9] The Surrogate's Courthouse had been designed with a small power plant in the basement,[22] which provided power to the building and served neighboring municipally owned buildings.[44]

The basement contains the municipal government's City Hall Library as well as the Municipal Archives.[45] The library consists of two publicly accessible reading rooms, as well as several storerooms beneath the main basement for the Municipal Archives. The collection contains over 400,000 publications, including 66,000 books and 285,000 newspapers, journals, magazines, and periodical clippings.[46] The material in the collection totals over 200,000 cubic feet (5,700 m3).[18][47]

History

In 1831, the original Hall of Records opened northeast of City Hall on the site of the "New Gaol", the old city jail, in present-day City Hall Park.[48][49][b] The New-York Mirror described the original building as a Grecian-style structure with marble-columned porticoes on each side, as well as stucco walls, a copper roof, and masonry floors.[49] In 1870, the original building was expanded by one story and a "fireproof" roof was erected.[48] The first Hall of Records became dilapidated over time and, as early as 1872, lawyers had objected to the rundown condition of the building. Despite its fireproof appearance, the first Hall of Records used wood extensively in its floors and roof.[51] The first Hall of Records was razed in 1903 and an entrance to the New York City Subway's Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall/Chambers Street station was built there.[52]

Planning and construction

Need and plans

Photograph showing a segment of the mosaic tile ceiling by William de Leftwich Dodge (c. 1905)
Segment of the ceiling mosaic by William de Leftwich Dodge

By March 1896, a grand jury had reported the old Hall of Records was "unsafe and susceptible to destruction by fire".[51][53] The New York City Department of Health reportedly "repeatedly condemned" conditions in the old building.[22] In a November 1896 meeting of the New York City Board of Estimate, Ashbel P. Fitch, the New York City Comptroller, offered a resolution to create a committee to select a site for a new Hall of Records building.[54] A coalition of lawyers, businesspeople, real estate developers, and property owners formed the next month to advocate for a new building.[51][53][55] At the time, the city government preferred that new municipal buildings be erected in the area immediately outside City Hall Park, instead of inside the park, as the old Hall of Records had been.[56]

The state legislature authorized the new Hall of Records building in early 1897,[57][58] and the Board of Estimate recommended a site on the west side of Centre Street, between Reade and Chambers Streets.[59] The site was approved in April 1897 despite the objection of Fitch, who believed that a site immediately to the north would be cheaper.[60] The site approval included an extension of Elm (now Elk) Street southward from Reade to Chambers Street,[a] forming the site's western boundary[61][62] completed in 1901.[12]

Thomas was indirectly chosen as the architect through the second of four architectural design competitions for the Manhattan Municipal Building, held between 1892 and 1894.[63] From the 134 plans submitted,[63][64] six finalist designs were chosen in 1894.[65] In February 1896, the Municipal Building Commission of New York City awarded Thomas the first prize in the design competition, which included his employment as the architect of the municipal building.[66] The municipal building for which Thomas had prepared plans had been canceled in 1894.[67] Thomas was selected as the Hall of Records' architect upon the urging of then-mayor William Lafayette Strong.[68][69][70] According to architecture critic Montgomery Schuyler, Strong had reminded the Board of Estimate that Thomas "deserved some consolation for a failure that had occurred by no fault of his own".[69][70] Thomas presented his plans to the Board of Estimate in May 1897 which referred them to a committee composed of Schuyler, architect William Robert Ware and philanthropist Henry Gurdon Marquand.[71] The Board of Estimate approved them and authorized bids for the building's construction in November 1897.[72][73]

Start of construction

Thirteen companies submitted bids for granite in December 1897;[74] John Peirce won the contract to supply white Hallowell granite.[75][76] Difficulties in acquiring the plots for the building's site delayed the start of work.[75] Some of the old buildings on the site were sold in early 1898.[77] Other property owners resisted the seizure of their property through eminent domain.[78] The resistance of one landowner (the Wendel family, which owned a myriad of Manhattan properties and had a policy to "never sell anything") required the state legislature to pass a special act to obtain the small portion of the site owned by the Wendels.[79][80] Lessees also objected to the fact that they would not be compensated for the unexpired terms of their leases.[81] Further complicating the construction process, there were several unsuccessful competing schemes for the site, including proposals for the municipal building[82] and a new county courthouse, both in 1900.[83] As late as 1904, there existed plans to convert the by then nearly complete building into one wing of a new county courthouse.[84]

Work on the foundations began in early 1899, but was halted after about ninety days.[68] The main reason was a lack of funding; several bond authorizations for the building had been delayed.[68][85] Peirce filed a lawsuit in July 1898 to receive payment for the granite he had supplied,[86] and the State Supreme Court issued a mandamus to authorize a bond issue to pay Pierce.[87] The City Council passed a bill to that effect on August 3.[88] The City Council adopted a resolution in a contentious vote the following week authorizing the issuance of $2.1 million in bonds (about$ 63 million in 2023) for the building's construction; the City Council president Randolph Guggenheimer was called to cast the deciding vote.[85]

Meanwhile, the Tammany Hall-affiliated Robert Anderson Van Wyck won the 1897 mayoral election,[13] and soon after his inauguration, accused the Strong Administration of "extravagance" in its design.[89] Ever since the election, Van Wyck had wanted to appoint Horgan and Slattery, who were friendly with the Tammany political machine, as the project's architects.[75] In 1899, the mayor hired the firm to conduct a report on possible ways to reduce the cost of the interior furnishings.[90] The original interior cost was to be $2.5 million (about$ 75 million in 2023). Following Horgan and Slattery's recommendations, the interior appropriation was reduced by $1 million (about$ 30 million in 2023), since the interior surfaces were to be made of cement rather than marble.[91][92] The Board of Estimate received several bids for interior decoration in mid-1900, but it rejected all the bids, since the Comptroller's office had received "a number of complaints" that Thomas had shown favoritism to certain contractors.[93] Guggenheimer laid the building's ceremonial cornerstone at a ceremony on April 13, 1901.[75][94]

Change of architect and completion

Windows on the eastern part of the facade along Chambers Street
Windows on the eastern part of the Chambers Street elevation

Work had progressed slightly when Thomas died on August 28, 1901.[95] Under pressure from Van Wyck, the Board of Estimate appointed Horgan and Slattery as the new architects two weeks later,[96][97] prompting the Thomas estate to sue for damages.[98] The New York Times criticized the change in plans as a "horganizing and slatterifying" of Thomas's original design.[75] Comptroller Bird S. Coler protested against Horgan and Slattery's appointment, and Fitch refused to give Thomas's plans to Horgan and Slattery; the firm could not collect fees unless they had the plans.[99] After Seth Low won the 1901 New York City mayoral election, he attempted unsuccessfully to cancel Horgan and Slattery's contract, but succeeded in limiting the number of changes made to Thomas's plan.[75] By October 1902, a decision had been made to demolish the old Hall of Records,[100] and at the end of the year, records were moved to a temporary site in the Morton Building on Nassau Street.[101][102] Early in 1903, the Board of Estimate moved to approve Thomas's original plans for the interior of the new building.[103]

Controversies arose following Martiny's and Bush-Brown's selection as sculptors for the Hall of Records building. Critics said the two sculptors could not commission the sculptures to the desired specifications in a short enough time period,[75][104] while the city's Municipal Art Commission objected that Horgan and Slattery had never presented them with general plans for the sculptures and decorative marble.[105] Mayor Low upheld the sculptural contracts in June 1903, which The New York Times estimated to be worth $75,000.[25][c] The statues were delivered in mid-1903,[26] but not installed for several years, because the Municipal Art Commission refused to approve them until 1906.[107]

Three city departments were scheduled to move into the new Hall of Records building in May 1904, when the leases on their existing premises expired, but the building was not yet complete despite assurances made the previous year by Jacob A. Cantor, the Manhattan borough president.[108] In an attempt to speed up occupancy of the building, the installation of murals had been delayed.[109] Further delays were announced in 1905, including the plan for Horgan and Slattery to remodel the not-yet-complete interior for $500,000.[110] The contractors made excuses for the delays after an inquiry from the Board of Estimate.[111]

Use

Early to mid-20th century

Photograph of the details of the Chambers Street facade, with dormer windows projecting from the roof
Chambers Street facade detail

The first city-government employees moved into the building in December 1906.[112] Shortly after the building's opening, news outlets reported that some of the building's "marble" was made of plaster, but this was consistent with the construction contract calling for "plaster enrichment". The substitution was not the result of corruption, but of the many changes in plans under the administrations of three mayors.[102][113][114] Upon the building's completion, Horgan and Slattery claimed its final cost was $5.063 million,[d] while other estimates placed the cost as high as $10 million.[22] In any case, despite the Hall of Records building's expense and the $90,000 annual maintenance cost, the New-York Tribune reported in 1907 that the building was already dirty and that some furnishings had been damaged to an extent described as "little short of criminal".[115]

From the beginning, the Hall of Records contained space for New York City's departments of finance, taxes and assessments, and law, as well as the New York County Register, County Clerk, and Surrogate's Court.[116] Other agencies and organizations occupied the building as well. The Vehicular Tunnel Commission was established in the Hall of Records in 1919,[117] as was an employment bureau for soldiers.[118]

The original elevators in the Hall of Records operated for several decades and, over the years, the number of elevators was cut from ten to six.[119] Faults in the Hall of Records' elevator system had resulted in several deaths, while elevator operators were reluctant to operate them.[120] The city government spent several hundred thousand dollars to repair the faulty elevators during the 1930s and 1940s, and new elevators were installed in the building in 1953.[121] Another modification was made to the eastern facade in 1959, when the statues flanking the Centre Street entrance were removed because of street-widening work and the expansion of the underlying subway station.[29]

Late 20th century to present

Detail of the facade, seen from the corner of Reade and Elk Streets
Detail of the facade at the corner of Reade and Elk Streets

The Hall of Records was renamed the Surrogate's Courthouse in 1962. The New York City Council adopted a resolution to rename the structure that October because most of the building's space was used by the court and related offices.[102][122] During the mid-1960s, the government of New York City proposed a new Civic Center municipal building, which entailed destroying several surrounding buildings. The architects of the planned building had proposed the courthouse's eventual demolition because the plans called for the new building and City Hall to be the only structures in an expanded City Hall Park.[123] The redevelopment plans were ultimately scrapped during the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis.[124]

During a renovation of the Municipal Building in the 1970s, the Municipal Reference Center was moved to the Surrogate's Courthouse.[125] The Department of Records and Information Services (DORIS) was founded in 1977, with its headquarters on the first floor of the Surrogate's Courthouse. DORIS combined the functions of the Municipal Reference Center with those of the Municipal Archives and Record Center, a separate agency.[126] Until 2001, the New York City Department of Finance used part of the second floor for registering and storing mortgages and deeds.[127] The New York City Department of Cultural Affairs moved into a 13,000-square-foot (1,200 m2) space on the second floor in 2006, following a $4.1 million renovation designed by Swanke Hayden Connell Architects.[127] The Building Energy Exchange was also established in the Surrogate's Courthouse in 2015, occupying a 5,500-square-foot (510 m2) space once used as a courtroom and as a film set for the television show Law & Order.[128]

By the 21st century, the Surrogate's Courthouse no longer provided sufficient space for the city's records. In 2017, DORIS began moving the records to the New York State Archives, as well as to the Municipal Archives in the building's basement.[43][129] In addition, between 2016 and 2020, Urbahn Architects renovated the lobby's skylight, which involved replacing several parts of the corroded steel frame as well as adding replicas of the original skylight's glass blocks.[17][130] The skylight replacement project received the 2020 Lucy Moses Preservation Award from the New York Landmarks Conservancy.[17]

Reception and landmark designations

Photograph of the Chambers Street entrance showing three double-height arched doorways
Chambers Street entrance

Critical reviews of the Surrogate's Courthouse have largely been positive. Upon the Hall of Records' completion, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle said: "The exterior of the big granite pile on Chambers and Centre streets may appeal to the artistic eye, but the interior is a positive revelation, and there is probably nothing like it in any city of the Union."[22] Montgomery Schuyler, who had been on the committee that approved Thomas's plans, wrote in 1905 that "the Hall of Records comes nearer than any other public building in New York to recalling" what he described as a "Parisian" quality.[131] Schuyler said that the design "has reproduced the effect of monuments designed under so much simpler conditions".[132]

Architecture critic Paul Goldberger stated that the courthouse's interior was one of the city's finest Beaux-Arts interiors. He compared the building favorably to two contemporaries in lower Manhattan, the smaller Chamber of Commerce Building and the larger Custom House.[16] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) described the Hall of Records building as "representative of a period when the Municipality of New York felt itself coming of age".[2]

The LPC designated the exterior of the Surrogate's Courthouse as a New York City landmark in 1966, and the interior was similarly designated in 1976.[3] The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972,[15][4] and it was also designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977 for its architecture.[5][133][134] The Surrogate's Courthouse building is also located within two historic districts. It is part of the African Burial Ground and the Commons Historic District,[135] which was designated a city landmark district in 1993.[136] The building is also part of the African Burial Ground Historic District,[137] a National Historic Landmark District.[138]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Elk Street was named Elm Street prior to 1939.[12]
  2. ^ According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the old Hall of Records was actually housed in the New Gaol building, which was erected in 1757–1759.[50]
  3. ^ According to a Architects' and Builders' Magazine article that month, $120,000 was allocated to the sculptural group, or two percent of the proposed $6 million cost.[106]
  4. ^ Of this, $4 million in contracts was awarded during Strong's mayoral administration, while the other $1 million was used for fireproofing, wooden decorative elements, furnishings, and Hall of Records equipment.[22]

Citations

  1. ^ "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. November 7, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c "Hall of Records" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. February 15, 1966. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  3. ^ a b New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1.
  4. ^ a b "Federal Register: 44 Fed. Reg. 7107 (Feb. 6, 1979)" (PDF). Library of Congress. February 6, 1979. p. 7539. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Surrogate's Court". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 19, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
  6. ^ "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  7. ^ National Park Service 1993, p. 42.
  8. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 39.
  9. ^ a b National Park Service 1993, p. 11.
  10. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 36.
  11. ^ National Park Service 1993, pp. 8–9.
  12. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 37.
  13. ^ a b c Gray, Christopher (December 16, 2007). "The Hall of Records of 1907: Taking Credit Where Little Is Due". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  14. ^ St. Maur 1915, p. 589.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Surrogates' Court, New York County, Historical Information". N.Y. State Courts. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Goldberger, Paul (1979). The City Observed: New York: A Guide to the Architecture of Manhattan. Random House. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-394-50450-6. OCLC 4835328.
  17. ^ a b c d "Property of the Month: Skylight replacement at Manhattan Surrogate's Courthouse wins preservation award from NYLC". New York Real Estate Journal. May 19, 2020. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  18. ^ a b Colangelo, Lisa L. (March 3, 2019). "Municipal Archives offer a glimpse into New York City's history". amNewYork. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  19. ^ "Contact Cultural Affairs". New York City Department of Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  20. ^ a b c d e National Park Service 1977, p. 2.
  21. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 3; National Park Service 1977, p. 2.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Fine Ornamentation in the Hall of Records". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 30, 1906. p. 24. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  23. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 5; National Park Service 1977, pp. 6–7.
  24. ^ "ADA Information for New York County". Surrogate's Court. New York State Unified Court System. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  25. ^ a b "Sculpture Contracts Stand; Committee of Board of Estimate Considers the Decorations of the Hall of Records". The New York Times. June 18, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  26. ^ a b c d e f "On New Hall of Records: Statues Which Will Typify the Purposes of This Costly Structure". New-York Tribune. May 3, 1903. p. 35. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  27. ^ a b c d e Portland Board of Trade (1905). Board of Trade Journal. p. 475. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  28. ^ a b c Battey 1903, p. 402.
  29. ^ a b "2 Heroic-Sized Statues Moved In Widening of Centre street". The New York Times. June 16, 1959. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  30. ^ Harrison, Marina; Rosenfeld, Lucy D. (2004). Artwalks in New York delightful discoveries of public art and gardens in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island. New York: New York University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-8147-7338-3. OCLC 1162233277.
  31. ^ a b c d "The Surrogate's Courthouse". New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  32. ^ Battey 1903, pp. 400–401.
  33. ^ Battey 1903, pp. 404–405.
  34. ^ Battey 1903, pp. 406–407.
  35. ^ Wanamaker, Rodman (1923). Official Book of the Silver Jubilee of Greater New York: May Twenty-sixth to June Twenty-third, Nineteen Hundred and Twenty-three. Under the Auspices of Mayor's Committee on Celebration of the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Greater City of New York. M. B. Brown printing and binding Company. p. 66. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  36. ^ a b c "In Hall of Records: Ideas Set Forth in Mosaics for Ceiling Decoration". New-York Tribune. December 2, 1906. p. 24. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  37. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, pp. 3–4; National Park Service 1977, p. 5.
  38. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 5; National Park Service 1977, p. 7.
  39. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 4; National Park Service 1977, pp. 5–6.
  40. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 4; National Park Service 1977, p. 6.
  41. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, pp. 5–6; National Park Service 1977, pp. 7–8.
  42. ^ "New York City Surrogate's Courts". New York State Unified Court System. Archived from the original on August 23, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  43. ^ a b Rojas, Rick (January 5, 2017). "Centuries of New York History Prepare for a Move". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  44. ^ "Light for City Buildings; Hall of Records Plant to Supply City Hall and Court Houses". The New York Times. March 20, 1911. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  45. ^ "Municipal Library – Records". Government of New York City. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  46. ^ Farrell, Stephen (August 6, 2013). "A Library Where the Hush Is Over Its Very Existence". City Room. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  47. ^ Levine, Alexandra S. (September 10, 2017). "Dry Cleaning the city's Oldest Maps". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  48. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 1; National Park Service 1977, p. 3.
  49. ^ a b "The Hall of Record". The New-York Mirror. American periodical series, 1800–1850. Vol. 9. George P. Morris. 1831. p. 81. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  50. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 32.
  51. ^ a b c "A New Hall of Records". New York Sun. November 29, 1896. p. 17. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  52. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 24.
  53. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 2; National Park Service 1977, p. 10.
  54. ^ "For a New Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. November 24, 1896. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  55. ^ "A New Hall of Records; Big Meeting of Business Men in Its Favor. The Mayor and Sinking Fund Commisson [sic] Asked to Remove Register's Office Records to a Fireproof Building at Once". The New York Times. December 9, 1896. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  56. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 29.
  57. ^ "For a New Hall of Records: the Bill Has Now Passed Both Houses–Senate Proceedings". New-York Tribune. February 18, 1897. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  58. ^ "A Mass of New Bills". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 59, no. 1510. February 20, 1897. p. 288. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020 – via columbia.edu.
  59. ^ "For the Hall of Records; East End of the Block on Centre Street, Between Chambers and Reade, Favored". The New York Times. March 27, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  60. ^ "New Hall of Records Site.; the Chambers Street Property Formally Selected. Controller Fitch Objected, on Grounds of Economy Favoring the Reade Street Site, but Was Outvoted". The New York Times. April 3, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  61. ^ "For the Hall of Records; East End of the Block on Centre Street, Between Chambers and Reade, Favored". The New York Times. March 27, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  62. ^ "News in Brief". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 59, no. 1516. April 3, 1897. p. 554. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020 – via columbia.edu.
  63. ^ a b Landau, Sarah; Condit, Carl W. (1996). Rise of the New York Skyscraper, 1865–1913. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-300-07739-1. OCLC 32819286.
  64. ^ "To Open Municipal Building Plans". The New York Times. September 8, 1893. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  65. ^ "Plans for New Municipal Building.; Six Architects Who Did Best May Be Asked to Compete Again". The New York Times. January 17, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  66. ^ "Thomas, John Rochester". The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. 1899. p. 329. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  67. ^ "All Its Work to Naught; Mayor Gilroy Discusses Effect of City Hall Bill. New Municipal Building Commission In Existence, but May Not Have Power to Take Action". The New York Times. May 10, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  68. ^ a b c "The New Hall of Records: Resumption of the Work Gives Promise of Its Speedy Completion". New-York Tribune. September 27, 1899. p. 29. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  69. ^ a b Schuyler 1905, p. 385.
  70. ^ a b National Park Service 1977, p. 10.
  71. ^ "City Money Appropriated; Board of Estimate and Apportionment Makes Many Allowances for Improvements". The New York Times. May 21, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  72. ^ "The New Hall of Records; Board of Estimate Approves the Plans and Authorizes the Advertising for Bids. Jefferson M. Levy's Protest Objects to the City Paying an Excessive Sum of Money for the Remodeling of the City Hall". The New York Times. November 27, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  73. ^ "Detailed Plans Approved: Hall of Records Design Acceptable to the Board of Estimate". New-York Tribune. November 27, 1897. p. 9. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  74. ^ "The Board of Estimate; Money for Several Institutions, but Medical Schools Are Left Out. New Hall of Records Bids". The New York Times. December 15, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  75. ^ a b c d e f g Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 2; National Park Service 1977, p. 11.
  76. ^ "The New Hall of Records; the Board of Estimate Gives the Contract to John Pierce". The New York Times. December 17, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  77. ^ "Preparing for the Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. March 25, 1898. p. 9. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  78. ^ "Want Two Commissioners Removed: Property-owners Object to Men Appointed to Condemn Buildings on the Hall of Records Site". New-York Tribune. June 4, 1897. p. 4. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  79. ^ Satow, Julie (April 8, 2016). "Before the Trumps, There Were the Wendels". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  80. ^ McClure's Magazine 1912, p. 136.
  81. ^ "Hall of Records Awards and Property Owners Wrongs". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 65, no. 1678. May 12, 1900. p. 812. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020 – via columbia.edu.
  82. ^ "Great Municipal Building Scheme; Space for All Courts and Offices of City and County". The New York Times. March 11, 1900. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  83. ^ "Judges Want New Home; Would Erect Big Structure on Site of New Hall of Records. County Court House Proposed as Substitute for the Latter – Architect Thomas Calls Plan Absurd". The New York Times. December 25, 1900. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  84. ^ "Plans for New County Courthouse". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 73, no. 1869. January 9, 1904. p. 49. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020 – via columbia.edu.
  85. ^ a b "Bond Issue is Passed; Council, by Vote of 22 to 5, Authorizes Hall of Records Money". The New York Times. August 10, 1899. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  86. ^ "Municipal Assembly Sued; Contractor Peirce of New Hall of Records Wants His Money". The New York Times. July 13, 1899. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  87. ^ "Defying the Supreme Court". New-York Tribune. July 26, 1899. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  88. ^ "Pierce's Bill Passed: but Councilmen Balk at Full Hall of Records Issue". New-York Tribune. August 3, 1899. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  89. ^ "Rents for City Offices; The Mayor Charges the Last Administration with Extravagance". The New York Times. January 15, 1898. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  90. ^ "Mazet Committee Back Again". Brooklyn Citizen. August 1, 1899. pp. 1, 11 – via newspapers.com.
  91. ^ "Decorations Too Costly: Plans for the Interior of the New Hall of Records Sent Back to the Architect". New-York Tribune. July 14, 1899. p. 4. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  92. ^ "The New Hall of Records; Board of Estimate Votes to Reduce Interior Cost $1,000,000". The New York Times. July 14, 1899. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  93. ^ "J.D. Rockefeller's Workmen.; Said to Work Ten Hours a Day at Less Than Union Rates". The New York Times. July 20, 1900. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 25, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  94. ^ "Hall of Records Cornerstone Laid; John D. Crimmins Gives a History of the Undertaking. S. Stanwood Menken Speaks of the Agitation Lawyers Began Years Ago for a New Building". The New York Times. April 14, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  95. ^ "John R. Thomas Dead.; He Designed New Hall of Records and Many Other Buildings Here". The New York Times. August 29, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  96. ^ "Horgan & Slattery Succeed J.R. Thomas; Board of Estimate Names Them to Complete Hall of Records". The New York Times. September 12, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  97. ^ "Horgan & Slattery Get It". New-York Tribune. September 12, 1901. p. 6. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  98. ^ "Thomas Estate to Sue City.; Will Ask for Damages Because of the Award of Hall of Records Work to Horgan & Slattery". The New York Times. September 13, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  99. ^ "Horgan & Slattery Now in a Dilemma; Thomas Plans of the Hall of Records Withheld. Mr. Fitch Says They Can Get No Fees Unless Work is Certified as Being Done According to Specifications". The New York Times. November 15, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  100. ^ "Hall of Records Must Go: Justice Leventritt Decides That It is Dangerous to Life and Limb". New-York Tribune. October 11, 1902. p. 7. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  101. ^ "Old Hall of Records Closed: the Register's Office Will Be on Two Floors of the Morton Building". New-York Tribune. October 11, 1902. p. 7. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  102. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1976, p. 3; National Park Service 1977, p. 12.
  103. ^ "Favor Plan Van Wyck Rejected: Board of Estimate Hears Report on New Hall of Records Decorations". New-York Tribune. January 10, 1903. p. 4. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  104. ^ "Hall of Records Protest.; Mayor Hears From Sculpture Society and Morgan & Slattery". The New York Times. June 3, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  105. ^ "Criticise Sculptures: for Hall of Records Friction Because Horgan & Slattery Did Not Present General Plan Trouble Long Brewing General Plan Demanded". New-York Tribune. March 6, 1903. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  106. ^ Battey 1903, p. 398.
  107. ^ "Hall of Records Groups Approved". New-York Tribune. September 19, 1906. p. 6. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  108. ^ "Hall of Records Delay; Several City Departments in Difficulty Over Leases". The New York Times. March 2, 1904. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  109. ^ "Side Track Mural Decorations: to Save Delay in Occupancy of New Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. June 18, 1903. p. 10. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  110. ^ "No Hall of Records for a Year More; Interior to Be Remodeled at a Cost of $500,000". The New York Times. May 31, 1905. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  111. ^ "The Hall of Records Delay; Contractors Make Various Excuses to the Board of Estimate". The New York Times. May 26, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  112. ^ "Register Gass's New Home; He Moves Into Hall of Records and Has a Little Celebration". The New York Times. December 2, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  113. ^ "Plaster for Marble in Hall of Records; Substitute Doesn't Even Look Like the Real Thing". The New York Times. December 16, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  114. ^ "'All is Not Gold.': Nor is It All Marble in the Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. December 16, 1906. p. 9. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  115. ^ "Rats, Dirt, Disorder, Disgrace Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. October 27, 1907. p. 9. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  116. ^ "The New Hall of Record: Three County and Three City Departments Will Be Provided for". New-York Tribune. September 5, 1897. p. 11. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  117. ^ "New Tunnel Staff Named: Offices of Commission To Be In Hall of Records". New-York Tribune. July 9, 1919. p. 11. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
  118. ^ "Jobs for Men of 27th.; Employment Bureau Established in the Hall of Records". The New York Times. April 21, 1919. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  119. ^ "Tired Elevators to Rest; New Bank to Be Installed in Hall of Records Soon". The New York Times. April 29, 1953. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  120. ^ "Hall of Records Becomes Walk-up: Officials of City and Visitors Trudge Stairways as 50-year Elevator System is Repaired". The New York Times. January 31, 1950. p. 21. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 111547390.
  121. ^ "New Lifts for Hall of Records". The New York Times. March 20, 1953. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  122. ^ "Council Asks Renaming Of the Hall of Records". The New York Times. October 3, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  123. ^ "54‐Story Building Planned for Civic Center; New Proposal Urges Single Skyscraper With Plazas; City Will Still Need Land on Broadway and Chambers". The New York Times. April 21, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  124. ^ Perez-Pena, Richard (January 9, 1995). "City Hall to Let Developer Save 2 Landmarks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  125. ^ "Municipal Reference Center To Move to Hall of Records". The New York Times. September 16, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  126. ^ Asbury, Edith Evans (July 29, 1977). "A Brand New Agency Will Keep Old City Records". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  127. ^ a b Dunlap, David W. (August 22, 2006). "Convenience and Elegance Await Agency at New Home". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  128. ^ Kusisto, Laura (January 13, 2015). "New Energy Goes Into Conserving Power Use". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
  129. ^ Cohen, Michelle (January 5, 2017). "NYC documents dating back to 1674 will get a new home after gathering dust for centuries". 6sqft. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  130. ^ "Ornate Surrogate's Courthouse in Manhattan Gets a Facelift". Commercial Observer. May 18, 2020. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  131. ^ Schuyler 1905, p. 383.
  132. ^ Schuyler 1905, p. 386.
  133. ^ "NHL nomination for Surrogate's Courthouse". National Park Service. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
  134. ^ United States. Dept. of the Interior (1985). Catalogue of National Historic Landmarks. U.S. Department of the Interior. p. 157. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  135. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, PDF p. 3.
  136. ^ Dunlap, David W. (February 26, 1993). "African Burial Ground Made Historic Site". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  137. ^ National Park Service 1993, p. 30.
  138. ^ "African Burial Ground". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on October 29, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2020.

Sources

External links