Shot at Dawn Memorial
.JPG) The memorial in 2014 | |
 | |
| 52°43′29″N 1°43′28″W / 52.7248°N 1.7244°W | |
| Location | National Memorial Arboretum, Staffordshire, United Kingdom |
|---|---|
| Designer | Andy DeComyn |
| Type | Sculpture |
| Material | Sculpted concrete statue, surrounded by 306 wooden stakes |
| Completion date | 2001 |
| Opening date | 21 June 2001 |
| Dedicated to | The servicemen executed by firing squad during World War I |
The Shot at Dawn Memorial is a monument at the National Memorial Arboretum near Alrewas, in Staffordshire, UK. It commemorates the 306 British Army and Commonwealth soldiers executed after courts-martial for desertion and other capital offences during World War I.[1]
Background
The memorial is to servicemen executed by firing squad during the First World War. It has been argued that soldiers accused of cowardice were often not given fair trials; they were often not properly defended, and some were minors.[2][3] Other sources contend that military law, being based on Roman rather than Common law, appears unfamiliar to civilian eyes but is no less fair.[4][5] It was the court's role to establish facts, for example, not for prosecutors and defenders to argue their cases; and Holmes states "it was the first duty of the court to ensure the prisoner had every advantage to what he was legally entitled".[6] Defendants often chose to speak in their own defence.[7] The usual cause for their offences has been re-attributed in modern times to post-traumatic stress syndrome and combat stress reaction.[2][3] Another perspective is that the decisions to execute were taken in the heat of war when the commander's job was to keep the army together and fighting.[8]
Of the 200,000 or so men court-martialed during the First World War, 20,000 were found guilty of offences carrying the death penalty. Of those, 3080 actually received it, and of those sentences, 346 were carried out.[1]
The others were given lesser sentences, or had death sentences commuted to a lesser punishment, e.g. hard labour, field punishment or a suspended sentence. 91 of the men executed were under a suspended sentence: 41 of those executed were previously subject to commuted death sentences, and one had a death sentence commuted twice before.[9] Of the 346 men who were executed, 309 were pardoned: the remaining 37 were executed for murder, and would have been executed under civilian law.
The families of these victims often carried the stigma of the label of "coward".[1][3] Another side to this form of justice is the lasting emotional pain caused to those who were in the firing squads, shooting those found guilty.[2]
Britain was one of the last countries to withhold pardons for men executed during World War I: in 1993, John Major argued in the House of Commons that pardoning the men would be an insult to those who died honourably on the battlefield and that everyone was tried fairly.[2][10]
However, in August 2006 the then Defence Secretary, Des Browne, reversed this decision. He stated that he did not want "to second guess the decisions made by commanders in the field, who were doing their best to apply the rules and standards of the time", but that "it is better to acknowledge that injustices were clearly done in some cases, even if we cannot say which and to acknowledge that all these men were victims of war".[8] In 2007, the Armed Forces Act 2006 was passed allowing the soldiers to be pardoned posthumously, although section 359(4) of the act states that the pardon "does not affect any conviction or sentence."[11]
Memorial
The memorial was created by the British public artist Andy DeComyn. It was created in 2000 as a gift from the artist to the relatives and was unveiled at the National Memorial Arboretum by Gertrude Harris, daughter of Private Harry Farr, in June 2001. Marina Brewis, the great-niece of Lance Corporal Peter Goggins, also attended the service.[1]
The memorial portrays a young British soldier blindfolded and tied to a stake, ready to be shot by a firing squad. The memorial was modelled on the likeness of 17-year-old Private Herbert Burden, who lied about his age to enlist in the armed forces and was later shot for desertion.
It is surrounded by a semicircle of stakes, on each of which are listed the names of the soldiers executed in this fashion.
Tables
By nationality
| Nationality | Number[12] |
|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 291 |
| Canada | 25 |
| New Zealand | 5 |
| British West Indies | 4 |
| Australia | 0 [13] |
| Civilians subject to military law (inc. Chinese labourers) |
21 |
By theatre of war
| Location | Number[12] |
|---|---|
| France & Belgium | 322 |
| East Africa | 5 |
| Mesopotamia | 4 |
| Constantinople | 4 |
| Gallipoli | 3 |
| Salonika | 3 |
| Egypt | 2 |
| Italy | 1 |
| Palestine | 1 |
| Serbia | 1 |
By charge
| Charge | Number[14] |
|---|---|
| Desertion | 266 |
| Murder | 37 |
| Cowardice | 18 |
| Quitting a post without authority | 7 |
| Striking or using violence to a superior officer | 6 |
| Disobedience to a lawful command | 5 |
| Mutiny | 3 |
| Sleeping at post | 2 |
| Casting away arms | 2 |
See also
References
- ^ a b c d "Tribute to WWI 'cowards'". BBC News. 21 June 2001. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ a b c d Sweeney, John (14 November 1999). "Lest we forget the 306 'cowards' we executed". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ a b c "Shot at dawn: the scared young men who lied to fight in Flanders". The Independent. London. 27 May 1997. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ Corrigan p. 221
- ^ Holmes p. 569
- ^ Holmes p. 562
- ^ Corrigan p. 231
- ^ a b Fenton, Ben (16 August 2006). "Pardoned: the 306 soldiers shot at dawn for 'cowardice'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ Corrigan p. 247
- ^ Bellamy, Christopher (20 February 1993). "Major refuses pardons for executed soldiers". The Independent. London. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ "Soldiers shot at dawn honoured after 90 years". The Guardian. London. 21 February 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ a b Corrigan p. 229
- ^ 129 Australian servicemen were sentenced to death, 119 of them for desertion, but all of these sentences were commuted by the Australian Governor-General.
- ^ Corrigan p. 230
Sources
- Corrigan, Gordon: Mud, Blood and Poppycock (2003) ISBN 0-304-35955-6
- Holmes, Richard: Tommy (2004) ISBN 0-00-713752-4
Further reading
- Entry in UK National Inventory of War Memorials Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- Johnson, David. Executed at Dawn: The British Firing Squads of the First World War. History Press, 2015. ISBN 0750959177
- "Tribute to WWI 'Cowards'", BBC News. 21 June 2001.
- Worth, Robert F. "What if PTSD Is More Physical than Psychological?" The New York Times. 12 June 2016.
External links
- Memorial to German World War II deserters in Ulm, Germany at the Sites of Memory webpage
- Memorial to all deserters in Stuttgart, Germany at the Sites of Memory webpage
- List of cemeteries and memorials containing burials of men executed under the Army Act during the Great War
- List of men executed at webmatters.net
- Comments made later in interview by members of the firing squads