Shaxian dialect
Shaxian dialect | |
---|---|
沙縣事 | |
Pronunciation | [sa˦˦ sɪ̃˦˦ sai˨˦] |
Native to | Southern China |
Region | Sha County, Sanming, Fujian |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early forms | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | None |
Linguasphere | 79-AAA-hba |
Shaxian dialect (Central Min: 沙縣事, Mandarin Chinese: 沙縣話) is a dialect of Central Min Chinese spoken in Sha County, Sanming in Western Fujian Province of China.
Phonology
Shaxian dialect has 17 initials, 36 rimes and 6 tones.
Initials
Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | ||
Nasal | (m) 罵慢 |
(n) 鈴南 |
(ŋ) 雅眼 | ||||||
Stop | Tenuis | p 布婆 |
b 母毛 |
t 東大 |
k 哥間 |
g 蟻額 | |||
Aspirated | pʰ 普抱 |
tʰ 通頭 |
kʰ 溪欠 |
||||||
Affricate | Tenuis | ʦ 酒曹 |
ʧ 朱足 |
||||||
Aspirated | ʦʰ 秋春 |
ʧʰ 出穿 |
|||||||
Fricative | s 心沙 |
ʃ 水船 |
x 好興 |
||||||
Lateral | l 納力 |
||||||||
Zero consonant | zero consonant 影黃 |
Notes:
- /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/, /ʃ/ only connected with round mouth rimes (撮口呼韻母);
- /b/, /l/, /g/ cannot be connected with nasal vowel rimes;
- /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ only connected with nasal vowel rimes.
Rimes
ɯ / ɤ 資 / 子 |
i / e 西 / 死 |
u / o 故 / 古 |
y / ø 居 / 舉 |
iu / io 抽 / 丑 |
ui / ue 追 / 嘴 |
yɯ / yɤ 威 / 偉 |
o / ɔ 波 / 保 |
io / iɔ 腰 / 約 |
e / ɛ 排/八 |
ye / yɛ 吹 / 血 |
a 家 |
ia 遮 |
ua 瓜 |
ya 蟻 |
ai 猜 |
uai 乖 |
au 交 |
iau 曉 |
ŋ̍ 光 |
aŋ 講 |
uaŋ 望 |
ɛiŋ 心 |
iɛiŋ 英 |
yɛiŋ 永 |
ɔuŋ 風 |
œyŋ 鍾 |
iŋ 廠 |
ĩ / ẽ 仙 / 險 |
uĩ / uẽ 翻/粉 |
yĩ / yẽ 根 / 卷 |
ɔ̃ 爭 |
iɔ̃ 驚 |
ɔ̃i 燈 |
Some rimes come in pairs in the above table, and they are closely related with the tones: the one to the left only exist in dark level (陰平), light level (陽平), light rising (陽上) and departing (去聲); while the other only exist in dark rising (陰上) and entering (入聲). It can be compared with close and open rimes of Fuzhou dialect, Eastern Min.
Tones
No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tone name | dark level 陰平 |
light level 陽平 |
dark rising 陰上 |
light rising 陽上 |
departing 去聲 |
entering 入聲 |
Tone contour | ˧ 33 | ˧˩ 31 | ˨˩˨ 21 | ˥˧ 53 | ˨˦ 24 | ˨˩˨ 212 |
Example Hanzi | 詩 | 南 | 始 | 是 | 四 | 失 |
The entering tones in Sanming dialect don't have any entering tone coda (入聲韻尾) such as /-ʔ/, /-p̚/, /-t̚/ and /-k̚/. It's quite different from many other Chinese dialects.
Tone sandhi
Shaxian dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.
The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):
dark level 33 |
light level 31 |
dark rising 21 |
light rising 53 |
departing 24 |
entering 212 | |
dark level 33 |
44 | |||||
light level 31 |
33 | |||||
dark rising 21 |
55 | |||||
light rising 53 |
dark rising (21) | |||||
departing 24 |
dark rising (21) | 44 | dark rising (21) | |||
entering 212 |
4 |
Some rimes may change their pronunciation because they are closely related with the tones (see above).
Notes
References
- ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- Compilation Commission of Chorography of Sha County 沙县地方志编纂委员会 (1992). Sha xian zhi 沙县志 ["Chorography of Sha County"]. Vol. 32. Beijing: Zhongguo kexue jishu chubanshe 中国科学技术出版社 ["China Science and Technology Press"]. ISBN 7-110-02307-9.