Sarov

Sarov Саров
Town
Bell tower of Sarov Monastery
Coat of arms
Location of Sarov
Sarov Location of Sarov Show map of Russia Sarov Sarov (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast) Show map of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Coordinates: 54°56′N 43°19′E / 54.933°N 43.317°E / 54.933; 43.317
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast[1]
Founded	1691
Town status since	1954
Elevation	160 m (520 ft)
Population
• Estimate  (2018)[2]	95,388
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	town of oblast significance of Sarov[1]
• Capital of	town of oblast significance of Sarov[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Sarov Urban District (closed administrative territorial object)[3]
• Capital of	Sarov Urban Okrug[3]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [4])
Postal code(s)[5]	607188
Dialing code(s)	+7 83130[6]
OKTMO ID	22704000001
Website	www.adm.sarov.ru

Sarov (Russian: Саро́в) is a closed town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It was known as Gorkiy-130 (Горький-130) and Arzamas-16 (Арзама́с-16), after a (somewhat) nearby town of Arzamas,^[8] from 1946 to 1991. Until 1995, it was known as Kremlyov/Kremlev/Kremljov (Кремлёв).^[9] The town is closed as it is the Russian center for nuclear research. Population: 92,047 (2010 Census); 87,652 (2002 Census)^[10]

History

The history of the town can be divided into two different periods. In the earlier history of Russia it was known as one of the holy places of the Russian Orthodox Church, because of its monastery, that gave Russia one of its greatest saints, St. Seraphim. Since the 1940s, it has gradually become the center for research and production of Soviet and later Russian nuclear weapons.

The history of human settlement in the area around Sarov goes back at least to the 12th–13th centuries, when a large Mordvin settlement was founded on its spot. In 1298, the town was taken over by Tatars.

The modern town took its name from being the site of the Sarov Monastery next to the Sarov River. In 1664, an Orthodox monk Theodosius first settled on the Sarov hill. The first Church of Sarov tenement was founded in 1706. Saint Seraphim was living in Sarov from 1778 to 1833. In 1903, the monastery was visited by Tsar Nicholas II and other members of the royal family. At that time the monastery had nine churches, including one underground. Around 320 monks lived in the monastery.

In 1923 the monastery was closed, and the monks were executed by the Bolsheviks. During World War II, the monastery buildings were used as factories for producing rockets for BM-13 "Katyusha" rocket launchers.

In 1946, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics—a nuclear weapons design facility that would become known in the West under the acronym VNIIEF—was built.^[11] Sarov became a closed city. It was removed from all unclassified maps. Initial provisional names included Base 112, Site 550, Yasnogorsk, Kremlyev and Arzamas-75.^[12] Sarov was known as Arzamas-16 until 1995. In 1954, Arzamas-16 was granted town status.^{[citation needed]}

The town is home to the Russian Federation Nuclear Center and "Atomic Bomb" museum which has a number of casings of Soviet-era nuclear weapons and photographs of those involved in their production. The main access is by train, which, after a security stop and inspection, is allowed into the town to disembark passengers. The small Sarov Airport is generally for government aircraft only, and visitors usually fly to Nizhny Novgorod airport and then drive.

The town is surrounded by fences patrolled by the military. Foreigners, and even Russians who do not live in Sarov, are not allowed to enter the town without permission. Foreigners who visit on business must surrender their passports, phones, and cameras to security while they are in the facility, though some documentary filmmakers have shot footage inside the town walls.

A large portion of the town is located on the grounds of the P.G.S. State Park in adjacent Temnikovsky District of the Republic of Mordovia.^{[citation needed]}

In 1993, the town became a sister city to Los Alamos, New Mexico, the home of the U.S. nuclear weapons design laboratory (Los Alamos National Laboratory, or LANL). Scientists from LANL and VNIIEF have cooperated on various arms control and nuclear safeguards programs, under which the Los Alamos scientists learned, to their amusement, that their Russian colleagues paid homage to their American rivals by irreverently calling their own laboratory "Los Arzamas."^[13]

Boris Yeltsin changed the town's name back to Sarov at the request of the residents in August 1995.

On June 17, 1997, a Russian Federal Nuclear Center senior researcher Alexandr Zakharov received a fatal dose of 4850 rem in a criticality accident.^[14][15]

Today the Russian federal nuclear center is responsible for important decisions concerning the development, production, storage, and utilization of nuclear weapons; the recycling of radioactive and other materials; and research in fundamental and applied physics. International foundations have helped to fund some research scientists in Sarov following the downsizing and transitions after the Soviet era. The city's fences and the electrified fences around fissile stores are maintained. In 1998 a resident stated that the perimeter fences also kept the city free from organized crime.^[16]

During the 2010 Russian wildfires the Russian Army took preventive forest fire measures and radioactive material was reported to have been secured elsewhere.^[17]

On Monday August 12, 2019, flags in Sarov were lowered to half-staff during the viewing of five coffins in Sarov's main square.^[18] These were the bodies of five Rosatom workers who were killed during the August 8, 2019, Nyonoksa radiation accident near Severodvinsk at the State Central Navy Testing Range which is the main rocket launching site of the Russian Navy.^[19] Later on August 12, 2019, the bodies of the Rosatom workers, who were involved in the development and testing of the 9M730 Burevestnik (Petrel) also known as by the NATO reporting name SSC-X-9 Skyfall, were buried in Sarov's main cemetery.^[18]

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the town of oblast significance of Sarov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.^[1] As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Sarov is incorporated as Sarov Urban Okrug.^[3]

Notable people

• St. Seraphim of Sarov
• Oleg Taktarov - mixed martial artist and UFC 6 champion
• Yulii Khariton - leading scientist in the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons program
• Tatiana Sorokko - top fashion model

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Sarov is twinned with:

• Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States
• New Athos, Abkhazia (de jure Georgia)

See also

• Soviet atomic bomb project
• Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction

References

Notes

Sources

• Законодательное собрание Нижегородской области. Закон №184-З от 16 ноября 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Нижегородской области», в ред. Закона №58-З от 5 мая 2016 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Нижегородской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Нижегородской области"». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Нижегородские новости", №218(3390), 23 ноября 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Law #184-Z of November 16, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, as amended by the Law #58-Z of May 5, 2016 On Amending the Law of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast". Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
• Законодательное Собрание Нижегородской области. Закон №155-З от 26 декабря 2006 г. «О утверждении границ и состава территории городского округа город Саров Нижегородской области». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Нижегородские новости", №2(3654), 10 января 2007 г. (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Law #155-Z of December 26, 2006 On Establishing the Borders and the Territorial Composition of the Urban Okrug of the Town of Sarov of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
• "Los Alamos and Arzamas-16: The 'Sister Cities' Relationship". Los Alamos Science. 24: 44–47. 1996.
• Yarovitcin, Roman (2012). The City That Does Not Exist. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4716-1437-8.
• Борис Забываев. "Любимый город". Саров в Internet. [1]
• James Risen's State of War

External links

• Official website of Sarov (in Russian)
• Official website of Sarov Town Duma (in Russian)
• Sarov Information from the Nuclear Cities Initiative Website
• More on Sakharov (and some photographs of Sarov), from the Center for History of Physics
• The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program (and more photographs of Sarov, including from the "Atomic Bomb" museum)
• Annotated bibliography for Arzamas-16, Russia from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
• English page on Sarov Monastery web-site