Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke

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Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke
Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke
Parliamentarian Commander Staffordshire and Warwickshire
In office
August 1642 – March 1643
Lord Lieutenant of Warwickshire
In office
April 1642 – March 1643
Member of Parliament
for Warwick
In office
January 1628 – May 1628
Personal details
BornMay 1607
Helpringham, Lincolnshire
Died2 March 1643(1643-03-02) (aged 35)
Lichfield
Resting placeCollegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick [1]
NationalityEnglish
Political partyParliamentarian
SpouseCatherine Russell (1630–his death)
ChildrenFrancis (1637–1658), Robert (1638–after 1680) and Fulke (1643–1710)
Alma materCambridge University
OccupationPuritan activist, author and politician
Military service
Allegiance England
RankColonel
Battles/warsFirst English Civil War
Relief of Warwick Castle; Brentford; First Siege of Lichfield  

Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke (May 1607 – 4 March 1643) was a radical Puritan activist and leading member of the opposition to Charles I of England prior to the outbreak of the First English Civil War in August 1642. Appointed Parliamentarian commander in Staffordshire and Warwickshire, he was killed by a Royalist sniper at Lichfield on 2 March 1643.

The son of a minor member of the Lincolnshire gentry, Greville was adopted at the age of four by his childless distant cousin Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, and inherited his title and Warwick Castle in 1628. A devout Calvinist, he was closely associated with Puritan activists and opponents of the 1629 to 1640 period of Personal Rule, including John Pym, John Hampden and Arthur Haselrig. From 1640 to 1642, he and Lord Saye were central to securing support in the House of Lords for legislation passed by the Commons.

Although less well remembered than other leaders like Pym and Hampden, Greville's early death was viewed as a significant loss at the time. His energy and conviction Charles must be defeated militarily meant many preferred him as commander to the Earl of Essex. His conviction "true religion" required belief in God, rather than a specific form of worship prefigured later divisions between Presbyterian moderates and religious Independents like Oliver Cromwell.

Personal details

Robert Greville was born May 1607 near Helpringham, only surviving son of Fulke Greville (1575–1632), an "obscure Lincolnshire squire", and his wife Mary Copley.[1] His sister Dorothy (1605–1650) married Arthur Haselrig, who was one of the Five Members in January 1642, while Godfrey Bosvile (1596–1658), a half-brother from his mother's first marriage, became a close friend and political associate.[2] Greville's prospects were transformed in 1611 when he was adopted by his childless distant cousin Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, and inherited his title and Warwick Castle in 1628.[3]

In 1630 he married Catharine (died 1676), daughter of Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford; they had three sons who survived into adulthood, Francis (1637–1658), Robert (1638–after 1680) and Fulke (1643–1710).[2]

Education and political opposition

Greville received what was then considered a comprehensive education, attending Cambridge University before travelling through Europe from 1624 to 1627. He visited Paris, Venice and Turin but the time spent in the Calvinist centres of Leiden and Geneva seems to have been decisive in instilling his Puritan views. While in Leiden, he is thought to have met John Robinson, an advocate of Puritan colonisation of North America who organised the Mayflower voyage. This may account for his subsequent involvement in the Saybrook Colony and Providence Island Company, of which he became a founder member.[1]

Greville inherited Warwick Castle in 1628

In early 1628, he was elected MP for Warwick, a session dominated by the struggle over the Petition of Right. His election was challenged and voided on 31 May but before a by-election could take place, his adoptive father died on 30 September. Greville inherited his titles and thereafter sat in the House of Lords. Many contemporaries resented his alleged low social origins, while his religious radicalism also set him apart.[2]

Combined with the suspension of Parliament during the 1629 to 1640 period of Personal Rule, the result was minimal involvement in local politics. Instead, he became part of a national network of Puritan activists, whose projects included establishment of the Providence Company in 1630. He reportedly declared his willingness to fund the entire project in return for control, an offer rejected by John Pym, the company treasurer.[4] Although the Providence Island colony never prospered and was captured by the Spanish in May 1641, company meetings provided cover for co-ordinating political opposition. Many members were prominent in the Parliamentary opposition in 1640, including Pym, John Hampden, Francis Rous, Lord Saye and Sir William Waller.[5]

Despair at the political situation of the 1630s led Greville to contemplate emigration along with many others, including Oliver Cromwell. To provide a vehicle for this, he and Lord Saye founded the SayeBrooke colony in 1635, an amalgamation of Lord Saye and Lord Brooke.[2] They dropped the idea when their proposed political constitution was rejected by John Winthrop of Massachusetts, who insisted only full church members be allowed to vote. Concern over the potential for religious tyranny led Saye and Brooke to reject clerical involvement in civil affairs, the origin of the subsequent split between Presbyterians such as Pym and religious Independents like Cromwell.[2]

Wars of the Three Kingdoms

Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke is located in Southern England
WarwickCastle
WarwickCastle
London
London
Oxford
Oxford
Lichfield
Lichfield
Brentford
Brentford
Helpringham
Helpringham
Edgehill
Edgehill
Stratford
Stratford
Greville's England; key locations 1642 to 1643

At the outbreak of the Bishops' Wars in 1639, Greville and Lord Saye were briefly imprisoned at York for refusing to support the war. Greville was suspected of being in secret contact with the Covenanters and there may have been some truth to this; he was appointed by Parliament to negotiate with the victorious Scots, which resulted in the Treaty of Ripon and elections for the Long Parliament in November.[6] He organised support in the Lords for legislation passed by Pym in the Commons, including the impeachment of Archbishop William Laud and execution of Strafford in May 1641.[7]

Political tensions came to a head with the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641; Charles and Parliament both supported raising an army to suppress it but feared it would be used against them first.[8] Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Warwickshire in April 1642, Greville began recruiting men and securing weapons at Warwick Castle; in June, Parliament made him commander of troops recruited for Ireland but the First English Civil War began in August.[9] He used his contacts in the City of London to raise the funding which proved crucial in enabling Parliament to survive the first months of the war.[10]

Appointed Parliamentarian commander in Staffordshire and Warwickshire, on 23 August Greville repulsed an attempt by the Earl of Northampton to capture Warwick Castle. He raised a regiment which fought at Edgehill in October; although absent on that occasion, he helped repulse the Royalist advance on London at Brentford in November.[11] After he and Sir John Gell secured Stratford-upon-Avon in February 1643, they moved onto Lichfield; on 2 March, Greville was killed by a sniper.[12] He was buried in the Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick.[1]

Greville's death was a serious blow, not least because his energy and commitment to defeating Charles militarily meant many viewed him as a better choice than the Earl of Essex, the current Parliamentarian commander.[13] In addition, his successor in the East Midlands was Sir John Gell, a man whose propensity for feuding and aggressiveness made him unpopular even among his own supporters. According to Puritan diarist Lucy Hutchinson, Gell "had not understanding to judge the equity of the cause, nor piety, nor holiness", while his men were "the most licentious, ungovernable wretches that belonged to the Parliament".[14]

Political and religious views

Plaque in Dam St, Lichfield commemorating Greville's death

Despite a well-deserved reputation for religious radicalism, Brooke supported ministers with a wide range of views, including mainstream members of the Church of England. His writings advocated educational reform and tolerance for different religious views, so long as they were Protestant.[15] In The Nature of Truth published in 1640, Greville argued while truth required a belief in God, it could take a variety of forms and no one should be compelled to worship against their conscience or reason. This was the derivation of his opposition to the concept of an established church.[2]

In a speech made in February 1643, Greville anticipated Cromwell in urging Parliament to resist hiring mercenaries or professionals in favour of those who "fought for the sake of the cause". Those recruited into his own regiment included Levellers like John Lilburne and Alex Tulidah, as well as radical republican and regicide John Okey.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Hunneyball 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Hughes 2004.
  3. ^ Burke 1938, p. 2519.
  4. ^ Kupperman 1993, p. 299].
  5. ^ Duinen 2007, p. 531.
  6. ^ Hibbert 1993, p. 23.
  7. ^ Hibbert 1993, p. 26.
  8. ^ Hutton 2003, p. 4.
  9. ^ Wedgwood 1958, p. 105.
  10. ^ Hibbert 1993, p. 49.
  11. ^ Wedgwood 1958, p. 143.
  12. ^ Wedgwood 1958, p. 183.
  13. ^ Wedgwood 1958, p. 198.
  14. ^ Hibbert 1993, p. 107.
  15. ^ Milton 1644, p. 35.

Sources

  • Burke, Sir Bernard (1938). Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage. Shaw.
  • Duinen, Jared, van (2007). The Nature of Puritan Opposition in 1630s England in "Prosopography Approaches" and Applications: A Handbook. University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research. ISBN 978-1900934121.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Hibbert, Christopher (1993). Cavaliers and Roundheads; the English at war 1642-1649 (1994 ed.). Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0586090084.
  • Hughes, Ann (2004). "Greville, Robert, second Baron Brooke of Beauchamps Court". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11518. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Hunneyball, Paul (2010). GREVILLE, Robert (1607-1643), of Beauchamp's Court, Alcester, Warwickshire in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629. CUP.
  • Hutton, Ronald (2003). The Royalist War Effort 1642-1646. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415305402.
  • Kupperman, Karen Ordahl (1993). Providence Island 1630-1641: The Other Puritan Colony. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521558358.
  • Milton, John (1644). Areopagitica, A Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing to the Parliament of England.
  • Wedgwood, C.V. (1958). The King's War, 1641–1647 (1983 ed.). Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-006991-4.
Parliament of England
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Warwick
1628
With: Francis Lucy
Succeeded by
Peerage of England
Preceded by Baron Brooke
1628–1643
Succeeded by