Portal:Oceans
Selected panorama
– Hover over image and scroll to middle for controls to see more selected panorama images –
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Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean -
A sea anemone in the Pacific Ocean, Baja California, Mexico -
A view of the Southern Ocean from Great Ocean Road, Port Campbell, Princetown, Victoria, Australia -
A view of Myrtos Beach and the Ionian Sea, Cephalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece -
A view of the South China Sea, Bacuit Archipelago, municipality of El Nido, Palawan, Philippines -
Satellite view of the Pacific Ocean and the main windward Hawaiian Islands -
A panorama of Zanzibar, Tanzania, particularly the Stone Town, taken from the Indian Ocean -
Clouds over the Southern Ocean, with continent labels -
A view of Filfla and the Mediterranean Sea. Filfla is a small, mostly barren, uninhabited islet 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles) south of Malta. -
A mother sperm whale and her calf in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Mauritius -
Icebergs broken off from glaciers in northern Baffin Bay, Cape York, Greenland -
Caesio teres in the South Pacific Ocean in Fiji -
A surfer in the Pacific Ocean at the 2010 Mavericks competition, village of Princeton-by-the-Sea, northern California
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Introduction
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| Earth's ocean |
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Main five oceans division: Further subdivision: Marginal seas |
The ocean is the body of salt water that covers ~70.8% of the Earth. In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided. Distinct names are used to identify five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water and is the primary component of the Earth's hydrosphere, thus the ocean is essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir. (Full article...)
A sea is a large body of salty water. There are particular seas and the sea. The sea commonly refers to the ocean, the wider body of seawater. Particular seas are either marginal seas, second-order sections of the oceanic sea (e.g. the Mediterranean Sea), or certain large, nearly landlocked bodies of water. (Full article...)
Oceanography (from Ancient Greek ὠκεανός (ōkeanós) 'ocean', and γραφή (graphḗ) 'writing'), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the oceans. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and seabed geology; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers utilize to glean further knowledge of the world ocean, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. An oceanographer is a person who studies many matters concerned with oceans, including marine geology, physics, chemistry, and biology. (Full article...)
Selected article -
The coast, also known as the coastline, shoreline or seashore, is defined as the area where land meets the ocean, or as a line that forms the boundary between the land and the coastline. Shores are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape, as well as by water induced erosion, such as waves. The geological composition of rock and soil dictates the type of shore which is created. The Earth has around 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coasts are important zones in natural ecosystems, often home to a wide range of biodiversity. On land, they harbor important ecosystems such as freshwater or estuarine wetlands, which are important for bird populations and other terrestrial animals. In wave-protected areas they harbor saltmarshes, mangroves or seagrasses, all of which can provide nursery habitat for finfish, shellfish, and other aquatic species. Rocky shores are usually found along exposed coasts and provide habitat for a wide range of sessile animals (e.g. mussels, starfish, barnacles) and various kinds of seaweeds. In physical oceanography, a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the beach is at the edge of the shore, representing the intertidal zone where there is one. Along tropical coasts with clear, nutrient-poor water, coral reefs can often be found between depths of 1–50 meters (3.3–164.0 feet).
According to an atlas prepared by the United Nations, 44% of all humans live within 150 km (93 mi) of the sea. Due to its importance in society and its high population concentrations, the coast is important for major parts of the global food and economic system, and they provide many ecosystem services to humankind. For example, important human activities happen in port cities. Coastal fisheries (commercial, recreational, and subsistence) and aquaculture are major economic activities and create jobs, livelihoods, and protein for the majority of coastal human populations. Other coastal spaces like beaches and seaside resorts generate large revenues through tourism. Marine coastal ecosystems can also provide protection against sea level rise and tsunamis. In many countries, mangroves are the primary source of wood for fuel (e.g. charcoal) and building material. Coastal ecosystems like mangroves and seagrasses have a much higher capacity for carbon sequestration than many terrestrial ecosystems, and as such can play a critical role in the near-future to help mitigate climate change effects by uptake of atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide. (Full article...)Interesting facts -
- The European Maritime Safety Agency was founded in 2002 to help prevent maritime accidents and marine pollution, in response to the Estonia, Erika and Prestige sea disasters.
- The Oceanography Society gives out the Jerlov Award "in Recognition of Contribution Made to the Advancement of Our Knowledge of the Nature and Consequences of Light in the Ocean".
- The voyages of the Otter crossing the Pacific Ocean from Australia and becoming the first vessel of the United States to enter a Californian port in 1796 were chronicled by French traveler Pierre François Péron.
Selected list articles and Marine habitat topics
| Marine habitats |
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| Coastal habitats |
| Ocean surface |
| Open ocean |
| Sea floor |
- List of oceans
- List of ancient oceans
- List of seas
- List of circumnavigations
- List of cruise lines
- List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System
- List of marine biologists
- List of marine ecoregions
- List of maritime explorers
- List of naval battles
- List of ocean liners
- List of oceanographic institutions and programs
- List of oldest surviving ships
- List of rogue waves
- List of seafood dishes
- List of submarine topographical features
Tasks
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Here are some tasks awaiting attention:
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General images -
The following are images from various ocean-related articles on Wikipedia.
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USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay, Antarctica in early 1840 (from Southern Ocean) -
Emanuel Bowen's 1780s map of the Arctic features a "Northern Ocean". (from Arctic Ocean) -
Walruses on Arctic ice floe (from Arctic Ocean) -
Banks of the northeast Atlantic (from Atlantic Ocean) -
Decrease of old Arctic Sea ice 1982–2007 (from Arctic Ocean) -
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A Chagossian on Diego Garcia in 1971, before the British expelled the islanders. He spoke a French-based creole language and his ancestors were likely brought as slaves in the 19th century. (from Indian Ocean) -
1928 delineation (from Southern Ocean) -
A Ring of Fire; the Pacific is ringed by many volcanoes and oceanic trenches. This map does not show the Cascadia Subduction Zone along part of the west coast of North America, whose trench is completely buried in sediments. (from Pacific Ocean) -
Waves in the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean – areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind – create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes. -
On the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean temporary logistic stations may be installed, Here, a Twin Otter is refueled on the pack ice at 86°N, 76°43‘W. (from Arctic Ocean) -
The Pacific Ocean, photograph taken from space by the GOES-18 spacecraft in September 2023 (from Pacific Ocean) -
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The bathyscaphe Trieste before her record dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, 23 January 1960 (from Pacific Ocean) -
Typhoon Tip at global peak intensity on 12 October 1979 (from Pacific Ocean) -
Admiral von Bellingshausen (from Southern Ocean) -
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Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean (from Atlantic Ocean) -
Based on the medieval Íslendingasögur sagas, including the Grœnlendinga saga, this interpretative map of the "Norse World" shows that Norse knowledge of the Americas and the Atlantic remained limited. (from Atlantic Ocean) -
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An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane by (L to R) USS Burton Island, USS Atka, and USS Glacier near McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 1965 (from Southern Ocean) -
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Sunset over the Pacific Ocean as seen from the International Space Station. Tops of thunderclouds are also visible. (from Pacific Ocean) -
James Weddell's second expedition in 1823, depicting the brig Jane and the cutter Beaufroy (from Southern Ocean) -
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The International Hydrographic Organization's delineation of the "Southern Ocean" has moved steadily southwards since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas. (from Southern Ocean) -
In 2020, Japanese Prime Minister Suga declined to drink the bottle of Fukushima's treated radioactive water that he was holding, which would otherwise be discharged to the Pacific. (from Pacific Ocean) -
The Andaman Negritos are thought to be the first inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, having emigrated from the mainland tens of thousands of years ago. (from Indian Ocean) -
The Arctic region; of note, the region's southerly border on this map is depicted by a red isotherm, with all territory to the north having an average temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F) in July. (from Arctic Ocean) -
During summer, warm continental masses draw moist air from the Indian Ocean hence producing heavy rainfall. The process is reversed during winter, resulting in dry conditions. (from Indian Ocean) -
Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder, such as this young icefish, are mostly restricted to the Antarctic and Subantarctic. (from Southern Ocean) -
1911 South Polar Regions exploration map (from Southern Ocean) -
Path of the thermohaline circulation. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents. -
An exclusive economic zone map of the Pacific which excludes non-tropical islands. (from Pacific Ocean) -
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Pacific Ocean currents have created three islands of debris. (from Pacific Ocean) -
Agulhas Bank (from Atlantic Ocean) -
A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence, sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean) -
Distribution of the major water mass in the Arctic Ocean. The section sketches the different water masses along a vertical section from Bering Strait over the geographic North Pole to Fram Strait. As the stratification is stable, deeper water masses are denser than the layers above. (from Arctic Ocean) -
The Arctic Ocean, with borders as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), including Hudson Bay (some of which is south of 57°N latitude, off the map) and all other marginal seas. (from Arctic Ocean) -
MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg. (from Southern Ocean) -
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The economically important Silk Road was blocked from Europe by the Ottoman Empire in c. 1453 with the fall of the Byzantine Empire. This spurred exploration, and a new sea route around Africa was found, triggering the Age of Discovery. (from Indian Ocean) -
Madagascar's Elephant bird, Mauritius's Dodo bird and ostrich (from left to right) (from Indian Ocean) -
Bahama Banks (from Atlantic Ocean) -
Sea cover in the Arctic Ocean, showing the median, 2005 and 2007 coverage (from Arctic Ocean) -
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Universalis Cosmographia, also known as the Waldseemüller map, dated 1507, was the first map to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans. South America was generally considered the New World and shows the name "America" for the first time, after Amerigo Vespucci (from Pacific Ocean) -
As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 °C (36 °F). -
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False color map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin (from Atlantic Ocean) -
Continents and islands of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean) -
![Image 55"Terres Australes" [sic] label without any charted landmass (from Southern Ocean)](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Geography_world_map.jpeg/120px-Geography_world_map.jpeg)
"Terres Australes" [sic] label without any charted landmass (from Southern Ocean) -
Major ocean trade routes in the world include the northern Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean) -
Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals. (from Southern Ocean) -
The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's Limits of Oceans and Seas (2002) (from Southern Ocean) -
The three major cultural areas of the Pacific Ocean islands: Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia (from Pacific Ocean) -
A map of Australia's official interpretation of the names and limits of oceans and seas around Australia (from Southern Ocean) -
Frank Hurley: As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed (Endurance trapped in pack ice), National Library of Australia. (from Southern Ocean) -
Area inside the black line indicates the area constituting the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002; darker blue areas are its informal current borders following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas. (from Southern Ocean) -
Excavation of the Ertebølle middens in 1880 (from Atlantic Ocean) -
The Kennedy Channel. (from Arctic Ocean) -
"Southern Ocean" as alternative to the Aethiopian Ocean, 18th century (from Southern Ocean) -
The Austronesian maritime trade network was the first trade routes in the Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean) -
Maris Pacifici by Ortelius (1589). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean (from Pacific Ocean) -
Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard. (from Southern Ocean) -
Map showing the migration of the Austronesian peoples (from Pacific Ocean) -
The Atlantic Gyres influenced the Portuguese discoveries and trading port routes, here shown in the India Run ("Carreira da Índia"), which would be developed in subsequent years. (from Atlantic Ocean) -
Thule archaeological site (from Arctic Ocean) -
An adult and sub-adult Minke whale are dragged aboard the Japanese whaling vessel Nisshin Maru. (from Southern Ocean) -
Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1754. (from Pacific Ocean) -
According to the Coastal hypothesis, modern humans spread from Africa along the northern rim of the Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean) -
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Location of the Southern Ocean gyres (from Southern Ocean) -
The island geography of the Pacific Ocean Basin (from Pacific Ocean) -
Manganese nodule (from Southern Ocean) -
The Arctic region showing the Northeast Passage, the Northern Sea Route within it, and the Northwest Passage. (from Arctic Ocean) -
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins. (from Southern Ocean) -
Sunset in Monterey County, California, U.S. (from Pacific Ocean) -
Upwelling in the Southern Ocean(from Southern Ocean) -
Air pollution in South Asia spread over the Bay of Bengal and beyond. (from Indian Ocean) -
Seas that are parts of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean) -
The 1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum, a map by Abraham Ortelius, showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America. (from Southern Ocean) -
Mombasa Port on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast (from Indian Ocean) -
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A female warty squid (Moroteuthis ingens) (from Southern Ocean) -
Marine debris strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic Inaccessible Island (from Atlantic Ocean) -
Cod fishery in Norway (from Atlantic Ocean) -
Malé's population has increased from 20,000 people in 1987 to more than 220,000 people in 2020. (from Indian Ocean) -
Capture of Atlantic northwest cod in million tons (from Atlantic Ocean) -
Embarked and disembarked slaves in the Atlantic slave trade 1525–1863 (first and last slave voyages) (from Atlantic Ocean) -
In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters. In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre. (from Atlantic Ocean) -
Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. "He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it." (from Southern Ocean) -
Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702–1707 (from Pacific Ocean) -
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Model of a Fijian drua, an example of an Austronesian vessel with a double-canoe (catamaran) hull and a crab claw sail (from Pacific Ocean) -
Greco-Roman trade with ancient India according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1st century CE (from Indian Ocean) -
Coral reefs of the Maldives (from Indian Ocean) -
For most of the 16th century, the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean trade. (from Indian Ocean) -
Minke whale (from Arctic Ocean) -
A copepod (from Arctic Ocean) -
Density structure of the upper 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the Arctic Ocean. Profiles of temperature and salinity for the Amundsen Basin, the Canadian Basin and the Greenland Sea are sketched. (from Arctic Ocean) -
Banks of the northwest Atlantic (from Atlantic Ocean) -
Made in 1529, the Diogo Ribeiro map was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size (from Pacific Ocean) -
1937 delineation (from Southern Ocean) -
Regional Working Group zones for SOOS (from Southern Ocean)
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![Image 55"Terres Australes" [sic] label without any charted landmass (from Southern Ocean)](/File:Geography_world_map.jpeg)
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In the news
- 12 April 2024 – Iran–Israel proxy conflict
- Germany tells its citizens to leave Iran immediately, saying that "air, land and sea transport routes" will likely be affected by military action in the region. (Reuters)
- 8 April 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine
- Ukraine claims to have damaged the Russian Navy missile ship Serpukhov in the Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad. (Kyiv Independent)
- 1 April 2024 –
- North Korea fires a ballistic missile into the Sea of Japan near South Korean territory. (AP)
- 31 March 2024 – Visa policy of the Schengen Area
- Bulgaria and Romania partially join the Schengen Area, allowing travel by air and sea without border checks, Austria vetoed travel by land without border checks over fears that non-EU citizens could get easier access to the European Union. (France 24)
- 28 March 2024 – 2023–24 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
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Topics
Ocean currents and gyres | |||||||||||
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| Currents |
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| Gyres |
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