Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa

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Ki-43 "Hayabusa"
Role Fighter aircraft
National origin Japan
Manufacturer Nakajima Aircraft Company
First flight Early January 1939[1]
Introduction October 1941[2]
Retired
  • 1945 (Japan)
  • 1952 (China)
Primary users Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
Produced 1939–1945
Number built 5,919

The Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa (隼, "Peregrine falcon"), formal Japanese designation Army Type 1 Fighter (一式戦闘機, Ichi-shiki sentōki) is a single-engine land-based tactical fighter used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service in World War II.

The Allied reporting name was "Oscar", but it was often called the "Army Zero" by American pilots because it bore a certain resemblance to the Mitsubishi A6M Zero,[3] the Imperial Japanese Navy's counterpart to the Ki-43. Both aircraft had generally similar layout and lines, and also used essentially the same Nakajima Sakae radial engine, with similar round cowlings and bubble-type canopies (the Oscar's being distinctly smaller and having much less framing than the A6M). While relatively easy for a trained eye to tell apart with the "finer" lines of the Ki-43's fuselage – especially towards the tail – and more tapered wing planform; in the heat of battle, given the brief glimpses and distraction of combat, Allied aviators frequently made mistakes in enemy aircraft identification in the heat of a dogfight, reportedly having fought "Zeros" in areas where there were no Navy fighters.

Like the Zero, the radial-engined Ki-43 was light and easy to fly and became legendary for its combat performance in East Asia in the early years of the war. It could outmaneuver any opponent, but did not initially have armor or self-sealing fuel tanks, and its armament was poor until its final version, which was produced as late as 1945.[4][5] Allied pilots often reported that the nimble Ki-43s were difficult targets but burned easily or broke apart with few hits.[6]

Total production amounted to 5,919 aircraft.[7] Many of these were used during the last months of the war for kamikaze missions against the American fleet.[6]

Design and development

The Ki-43 was designed by Hideo Itokawa, who would later become famous as a pioneer of Japanese rocketry. The Ki-43 prototype was produced in response to a December 1937 specification for an interceptor/escort fighter successor to the popular fixed-gear Nakajima Ki-27 'Nate'. The specification called for a top speed of 500 km/h (310 mph), a climb rate of 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in five minutes and a range of 800 km (500 mi). Maneuverability was to be at least as good as that of Ki-27.[8]

When first flown in early January 1939,[9] the Ki-43 prototype was a disappointment. Japanese test pilots complained that it was less maneuverable than the Ki-27 and not much faster.[10] In order to solve these problems, Nakajima produced a series of progressively modified prototypes through 1939 and 1940. These changes involved a major weight saving program, a slimmer fuselage with the tail surfaces moved further aft and a new canopy. Crucially, the 11th prototype introduced the unique differential "butterfly" maneuvering Fowler flaps, which dramatically improved performance in tight turns. The 13th prototype combined all these changes, and tests of this aircraft resulted in an instruction for Nakajima to place the Ki-43 into production, the Ki-27 jigs being transferred to the Mansyu factory at Harbin in Japanese occupied Manchukuo.[11]

The Ki-43 (Oscar) was initially produced in November 1939, given the designation Ki-43-I. Deliveries from Nakajima's Ota factory commenced in February 1941. In addition to outstanding maneuverability, the Ki-43-I had an impressive rate of climb due to its light weight. Power was provided by the Nakajima Ha-25 engine turning a two-bladed, two-position variable-pitch metal propeller.[12] Top speed was 495 km/h (308 mph) at 4,000 m (13,000 ft)[13] The Ki-43 was equipped with two synchronized cowling machine guns in various configurations, with either two 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Type 89 machine guns, one 12.7 mm (0.50 in) Ho-103 machine gun and one 7.7 mm (0.303 in) gun, or two 12.7 mm (0.50 in) Ho-103 guns; the aircraft was given various sub-designations to reflect these differences. The configuration that appears to have been most prevalent at the outset of the war was the first configuration with two 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Type 89 machine guns, while as the war progressed the heavier combinations gained popularity and the version with the heaviest armament was sometimes given the designation Ki-43-Ic.[14] The Ho-103 was often loaded with explosive ammunition to increase target effect; its penetrative effect against later Allied aircraft armor appears to have been marginal.[14]

A Ki-43-II.

Prototypes for the Ki-43-II flew in February 1942. The Ha-25 engine was upgraded with the 2-stage supercharger, thus becoming the more powerful Nakajima Ha-115 engine, which was installed in a longer-chord cowling. The new engine turned a three-bladed propeller. The wing structure, which had suffered failures in the Ki-43-I, was strengthened and equipped with racks for drop tanks or bombs. The Ki-43-II was also fitted with a 13 mm (0.51 in) armor plate for the pilot's head and back, and the aircraft's fuel tanks were coated in rubber to form a crude self-sealing tank. This was later replaced by a 3-layer rubber bladder, 8mm core construction; with 2mm oil-proof lamination. The bladder proved to be highly resistant against 7.7 mm (0.303 in) bullets, but was not as effective against larger calibers.[15] The pilot also enjoyed a slightly taller canopy and a reflector gunsight in place of the earlier telescopic gunsight.[16] Nakajima commenced production of the Ki-43-II at its Ota factory in November 1942.[17] Production was also started at the Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd (Tachikawa Hikoki KK) and the 1st Army Air Arsenal (Tachikawa Dai-Ichi Rikugun Kokusho), also at Tachikawa. Although Tachikawa Hikoki successfully managed to enter into large-scale production of the Ki-43, the 1st Army Air Arsenal was less successful – hampered by a shortage of skilled workers, it was ordered to stop production after 49 Ki-43s were built.[18] Nakajima eventually ceased production in mid-1944 in favor of the Ki-84 Hayate, but the Tachikawa Hikoki continued to produce the Ki-43.[19]

Tachikawa also produced the Ki-43-III, which utilized the more powerful Nakajima Army Type 1 Ha-115-II engine. Maximum speed increased to 576 km/h (358 mph).[19] Tachikawa produced 2,124 Ki-43-II and -III aircraft between April 1944 and the end of the war.[20] Total production of all versions amounted to 5,919 aircraft.[13]

Operational history

A downed Ki-43 of the 50th Sentai
Schoolgirls wave goodbye to a Ki-43 IIIa, loaded with a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb, on a kamikaze mission, 12 April 1945.

The Ki-43 was the most widely used Army fighter, and equipped 30 sentai FR (flight regiment)[a] and 12 Dokuritsu Dai Shijugo Chutai ("Direct command fighter squadron" - independent squadrons not incorporated into sentais)[b]. The first unit equipped with the Ki 43-I was the 59th FR at Hankow Airfield, during June–August 1941 and began operational sorties over Hengyang on 29 October 1941.[2][21][page needed] The second unit to re-equip with the new Aircraft was the 64th FR, from August to November 1941.[22]

The first version, Ki-43-I, entered service in 1941, the Ki-43-II in December 1942, the Ki-43-II-Kai in June 1943, and the Ki-43-IIIa in summer 1944. The aircraft fought in China, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, the Philippines, South Pacific islands and the Japanese home islands.[7]

Like the Zero, the Ki-43 initially enjoyed air superiority in the skies of Malaya, Dutch East Indies, Burma and New Guinea. This was partly due to the better performance of the Oscar[23] and partly due to the relatively small numbers of combat-ready Allied fighters, mostly the Curtiss P-36 Hawk, Curtiss P-40, Brewster Buffalo, Hawker Hurricane and Curtiss-Wright CW-21 in Asia and the Pacific during the first months of the war. As the war progressed, however, the fighter suffered from the same weaknesses as the slower, fixed-gear Ki-27 "Nate" predecessor to the Oscar, and the more advanced naval A6M Zero; light armor and less-than-effective self-sealing fuel tanks, which caused high casualties in combat. Its armament of two machine guns also proved inadequate against the more heavily armored Allied aircraft. As newer Allied aircraft were introduced, such as the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, Lockheed P-38 Lightning, North American P-51 Mustang, Vought F4U Corsair, Grumman F6F Hellcat, Yakovlev Yak-9, Yakovlev Yak-3U and late-model Supermarine Spitfire/Seafire, the Japanese were forced into a defensive war and most aircraft were flown by inexperienced pilots. However, even near the end, the Oscar's excellent maneuverability could still gain advantage over rash Allied pilots.

A captured Ki-43-IIIa of the 48th Sentai, postwar

From October to December 1944, 17 Ki-43s were shot down in air combat; their pilots claimed seven C-47s, five Consolidated B-24 Liberators, two Spitfires, two Bristol Beaufighters, two de Havilland Mosquitoes, two F4U Corsairs, two Boeing B-29 Superfortresses, one F6F Hellcat, one P-38, and one North American B-25 Mitchell.[24] Like most Japanese combat types, many Hayabusas were at the end expended in kamikaze strikes.

The Ki-43 also served in an air defense role over Formosa, Okinawa and the Japanese home islands. Some examples were supplied to the pro-Japanese regimes of Thailand, Manchukuo and Wang Jingwei Government as well. The Thai units sometimes fought against the USAAF in southern China.[25]

Hayabusas were well liked in the JAAF because of the pleasant flight characteristics and excellent maneuverability, and almost all JAAF fighter aces claimed victories with Hayabusa in some part of their career. At the end of the war, most Hayabusa units received Nakajima Ki-84 Hayate "Frank" and Kawasaki Ki-100 fighters, but some units flew the Hayabusa to the end of the war. The top-scoring Hayabusa pilot was Sergeant Satoshi Anabuki with 39 confirmed victories, almost all scored with the Ki-43.

After the war, some captured examples served in limited numbers in the French Air Force in Indochina against Viet Minh rebels.[26]

Ki-43s abandoned in the Netherlands East Indies were taken over by the newly declared Indonesian government and put into service during the fight against Dutch forces.

Variants

A captured Ki-43-Ib in flight over Brisbane, 1943
Chinese operated Ki-43-I
Ki-43 at Rabaul in 1945 (later restored by the Flying Heritage Collection)
Ki-43
13 Prototypes/pre-production aircraft.[27]
Ki-43-I "Ko" (Mark 1a)
Variant armed with 2 × 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Type 89 machine guns.[28][29]
Ki-43-I "Otsu" (Mark 1b)
Variant armed with one 12.7 mm (0.50 in) Ho-103 machine gun and 1 × 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Type 89.[30][29]
Ki-43-I "Hei" (Mark 1c)
Variant armed with 2 × 12.7 mm (0.50 in) Ho-103, plus ability to mount 2x30kg bombs under wings.[31] All earlier Ki-43-Ia "Ko" and Ki-43-Ib "Otsu" were gradually upgraded to this version as more Ho-103 became available.[citation needed]
Ki-43-II
5 Prototypes, introduced the Ha-115 engine with two stage supercharger, shorter and stronger wings,[32][page needed] self-sealing fuel tanks, 13 mm (0.51 in) of pilot armor, reflector sight, three-bladed fixed pitch propeller, and an improved canopy.[31]
Ki-43-II "Ko" (Mark 2a)
First Ki-43-II production model. Improvements of the 5 prototypes added into the design. Ability to carry up to 500 kg (1,100 lb) of bombs.[33][31]
Ki-43-II "Ko" upgraded
Oil ring cooler changed to honeycomb type mounted under the nose. Improved landing light.[32][page needed]
Ki-43-IIb "Otsu" (Mark 2b)
Fuel cooling system added on some examples. Both exhaust pipes were angled backwards for slightly increased thrust. Universal drop tank racks mounted outboard of landing gear on later examples.[32][page needed] (earlier models sometimes had mounting points slightly inboard of the landing gear or on the centerline)
Ki-43-II-KAI (Mark 2 improved)
Later examples could carry bombs on the drop tank mountings.[32][page needed] This variant was tested with skis for operations from snow in Manchuria.[34] Fitted with ejector exhaust stacks[32][page needed] (adding approximately 30 hp) and additional 540-litre (140 US gal; 120 imp gal) fuel tank in fuselage.[citation needed]
Ki-43-III
Prototypes powered by Nakajima Ha-115-II engine of 920 kW (1,230 hp) Exhaust stack configuration slightly modified. Water-methanol injection added.[32][page needed]
Ki-43-III "Ko" (Mark 3a)
Only produced by Tachikawa plant.[35]
Series production model, some fitted with skis for operations from snow.[citation needed]
Ki-43-III "Otsu" (Mark 3b)
Variant with the Mitsubishi Ha-112-II radial engine and armed with twin 20 mm (0.79 in) Ho-5 cannon. (Prototype – only 2 Built)[36]
Ki-62 Project
Advanced interceptor version of Nakajima Ki-43 with a more-powerful engine and armed with 30 mm (1.18 in) or 40 mm (1.57 in) cannons.

Production

Ki-43 Production: Ota, Nakajima Aircraft Company[37]
Year
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual
1941 3 9 23 5 20 20 5 29 43 157
1942 40 26 47 61 51 57 61 37 56 55 46 79 616
1943 88 77 90 96 102 105 105 120 120 138 140 147 1,347
1944 179 181 167 140 155 125 84 28 11 1,070
Total 3,190

Not included:

  • Ki-43-I's pre-production started with three prototypes completed in December 1938, as well as in February and March 1940. A further ten service trials aircraft were built from November 1939 to September 1940.[13]
  • Ki-43-II's pre-production started with five prototypes completed during February to May 1942. A further three service trials aircraft were built from June to August 1942.[13]
  • Ki-43-III's pre-production started with ten prototypes completed during May 1944 to August 1945.[13]
Ki-43 Production: Tachikawa, Tachikawa Aircraft Company Ltd[38]
Year
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual
1943 5 7 10 15 20 30 45 67 199
1944 10 115 100 140 125 147 148 157 210 75 275 180 1682
1945 105 90 155 70 120 93 80 35 748
Total 2629

A further 49 Ki-43-II's were assembled from October 1943 to November 1944 at Tachikawa Dai-Ichi Rikugun Kokusho arsenal plant.[13]

Total Production:
According to USSBS Report 5,819[37][38] 5,819 Ki-43-I, Ki-43-II and Ki-43-IIIa builds
According to Francillon 5,919 [13] 729 Ki-43-I, 5,188 Ki-43-II and Ki-43-IIIa builds, 2 Ki-43-IIIb prototypes

The number of Ki-43s actually delivered and accepted by August 1945 was 5,751; 3185 from Nakajima, 22 from Rikugun, and 2544 from Tachikawa.[39]

Operators

Wartime

 Japan
 Manchukuo
 Thailand

Postwar

 China
 People's Republic of China
 France
 Indonesia
  • Indonesian Air Force repaired derelict aircraft to fight Dutch colonial rule. In 1947, the Ki-43 currently at the Museum Dirgantara Udara Yogyakarta near Adisucipto International Airport was to bomb Dutch strategic positions however mechanical problems grounded it.
 North Korea

Surviving aircraft

Ki-43 Hayabusa display outside Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots, Minamikyūshū, Kagoshima, Japan
Indonesian Ki-43-II
Ki-43 at the Pima Air and Space Museum

Specifications (Ki-43-IIb)

Nakajima Ki 43-I

Data from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War[62]

General characteristics

  • Crew: One
  • Length: 8.92 m (29 ft 3 in)
  • Wingspan: 10.84 m (35 ft 7 in)
  • Height: 3.27 m (10 ft 9 in)
  • Wing area: 21.4 m2 (230 sq ft)
  • Airfoil: root: NN-12 mod. (18%); tip: NN-12 mod. (8%)[63]
  • Empty weight: 1,910 kg (4,211 lb)
  • Gross weight: 2,590 kg (5,710 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 2,925 kg (6,449 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 550 L (120 imp gal) plus 2 × 200 L (53 US gal; 44 imp gal) drop tanks [39]
  • Powerplant: 1 × Nakajima Ha-115 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 970 kW (1,300 hp) for take-off
890 kW (1,200 hp) at 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
820 kW (1,100 hp) at 6,200 m (20,300 ft)
  • Propellers: 3-bladed metal constant-speed propeller, 2.79 m (9 ft 2 in) diameter

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 530 km/h (330 mph, 290 kn) at 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
  • Cruise speed: 440 km/h (270 mph, 240 kn)
  • Range: 1,760 km (1,090 mi, 950 nmi)
  • Ferry range: 3,200 km (2,000 mi, 1,700 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 11,200 m (36,700 ft)
  • Time to altitude: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 5 minutes, 49 seconds
  • Wing loading: 121 kg/m2 (25 lb/sq ft)
  • Power/mass: 0.33 kW/kg (0.20 hp/lb)

Armament

  • Guns: 2 × 12.7 mm (0.500 in) Ho-103's in the forward fuselage with 270 rpg [c]
  • Bombs: 2 × 30 kg (66 lb) bombs or 2 × 250 kg (550 lb) bombs[d]

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ Usually about 40 aircraft in total, formed into three chutai and an HQ section
  2. ^ Each Chutai was formed from four flights of three aircraft
  3. ^ Ki-43-Ia: 2 × 7.7 mm (0.30 in) Type 89 machine guns, Ki-43-Ib: 1 × 7.7 mm (0.30 in) Type 89 machine gun and 1x 12.7 mm (0.50 in) Ho-103, Ki-43-Ic, IIa, IIb, II Kai and IIIa: 2 × 12.7 mm (0.50 in) Ho-103, Ki-43-IIIb:2 × 20 mm (0.79 in) Ho-5 cannon
  4. ^ also on Ki-43-III, Ki-43-I: 2 × 15 kg (33 lb) bombs
  1. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 207.
  2. ^ a b Green, p. 74
  3. ^ Stanaway 1999, p. 33
  4. ^ Ethell 1995, pp. 98–99
  5. ^ Green, pp. 77, 78
  6. ^ a b Ethell 1995, p. 99
  7. ^ a b Glancey 2006, p. 173
  8. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 206.
  9. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 166.
  10. ^ Air International January 1980, p. 27
  11. ^ Air International January 1980, pp. 27–28
  12. ^ Air International January 1980, p. 28
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Francillon 1979, p. 214.
  14. ^ a b Dunn, Richard L. "Nakajima Ki-43-I Armament: A Reassessment." warbirdforum.com. Retrieved: 18 October 2009.
  15. ^ "Ki-43 "Hayabusa" by Thomas Bush".
  16. ^ Air International January 1980, p. 44
  17. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 210.
  18. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 211.
  19. ^ a b Francillon 1979, p. 214, Air International January 1980, p. 45
  20. ^ Air International January 1980, p. 46
  21. ^ Ikuhiko, Japanese Army Fighter Aces, 1931–45
  22. ^ Izawa, 64th Flying Sentai, p.2
  23. ^ Stanaway 1999, p. 9
  24. ^ Ichimura 2009, p. 50
  25. ^ j-aircraft.com/research "Royal Thai Air Force aircraft." j-aircraft.com. Retrieved: 18 October 2009.
  26. ^ Dorr & Bishop 1996, p. 249
  27. ^ Windrow & Francillon 1965, pp. 3–4
  28. ^ Windrow & Francillon 1965, p. 4
  29. ^ a b Bueschel 1995, p. 6
  30. ^ Windrow & Francillon 1965, pp. 4–5
  31. ^ a b c Windrow & Francillon 1965, p. 5
  32. ^ a b c d e f Nohara, 2000
  33. ^ Bueschel 1995, p. 10
  34. ^ Windrow & Francillon 1965, p. 8
  35. ^ Bueschel 1995, p. 11
  36. ^ Windrow & Francillon 1965, p. 6
  37. ^ a b United States Strategic Bombing Survey (1947). Nakajima Aircraft Company, Ltd. Corporation Report II. Washington, D.C. pp. Appendix M., pp. 40–42.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  38. ^ a b United States Strategic Bombing Survey (1947). Tachikawa Aircraft Company, Ltd. Corporation Report X. Washington, D.C. pp. Appendix J., pp. 29–30.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  39. ^ a b Windrow & Francillon 1965, p. 11.
  40. ^ March & Heathcott 1997, p. 75
  41. ^ "French Counter-Insurgency Aircraft, 1946–1965." worldatwar.net. Retrieved: 18 October 2009.
  42. ^ "NAKAJIMA KI-43 HAYABUSA (OSCAR)". Flying Heritage Collection. Friends of Flying Heritage. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  43. ^ Taylan, Justin. "Ki-43-I Oscar Manufacture Number 750". Pacific Wrecks. Pacific Wrecks Incorporated. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  44. ^ "Nakajima Ki-43-II Hayabusa 'Oscar' : Imperial Japanese Army Air Force". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  45. ^ Taylan, Justin. "Ki-43-II Oscar Manufacture Number 5465". Pacific Wrecks. Pacific Wrecks Incorporated. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  46. ^ "HAYABUSA (OSCAR)". Pima Air & Space Museum. Pimaair.org. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  47. ^ Pluth, Dave. "The Captured Oscars of Hollandia". j-aircraft.com. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  48. ^ "Nakajima Ki-43-IIb Hayabusa (Peregrine Falcon) Oscar". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  49. ^ "Nakajima Ki-43-IIIa Hayabusa "Oscar" Reproduction". The Museum of Flight. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  50. ^ "Nakajima Ki-43 II "Oscar"". GossHawk Unlimited. GossHawk Unlimited, Inc. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  51. ^ "Nakakima Ki-43 Oscar". Erickson Aircraft Collection. Erickson Aircraft Collection. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  52. ^ Taylan, Justin. "Ki-43-IIIa Oscar Manufacture Number 15344 (Replica)". Pacific Wrecks. Pacific Wrecks Incorporated. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  53. ^ a b Taylan, Justin. "Texas Airplane Factory". Pacific Wrecks. Pacific Wrecks Incorporated. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  54. ^ a b "Nakajima Ki-43 II "Oscar"". GossHawk Unlimited. GossHawk Unlimited, Inc. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  55. ^ [1] kamikazeimages.net Retrieved 13 February 2018
  56. ^ "Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots". Kamikaze Images. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  57. ^ News, Vintage Aviation (9 October 2013). "Nobuo Harada To Rebuild The Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa". Vintage Aviation News. Retrieved 19 August 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  58. ^ "H45 | Nakajima Ki-43-II Hayabusa | Indonesia - Air Force | Arjun Sarup". Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  59. ^ Japanese collector restoring rare WWII plane October 8, 2013 Japan Times Retrieved 17 August 2016
  60. ^ "Nobuo Harada To Rebuild The Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa". Warbirds News. Warbirds News. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  61. ^ Thompson, Paul J-HangarSpace – Aviation Museums Retrieved 8 September 2016
  62. ^ Francillon 1979, pp. 213–214.
  63. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography

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  • Bueschel, Richard M (1995). Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa I–III in Japanese Army Air Force ⋅ RTAF ⋅ CAF ⋅ IPSF Service. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Books. ISBN 0-88740-804-4.. revised edition of 1970 book
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  • Francillon, René J. (1979). Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War (2nd ed.). London: Putnam & Company. ISBN 0-370-30251-6.
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  • Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files, Japanese Army Fighters, part 2. London: Macdonald and Janes's, 1977. ISBN 0-354-01068-9.
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  • Pajdosz, Waldemar, Mark T. Wlodarczyk and Adam Jarski. Nakajima Ki 43 Hayabusa "Oscar" (in Polish), Monografie Lotnicze 48. Gdańsk: AJ-Press, 1998. ISBN 83-86208-97-X.
  • Skulski, Przemysław. Nakajima Ki 43 Hayabusa "Oscar", seria Pod Lupa no.11 (Polish/English). Wrocław: Ace Publications, 1999. ISBN 83-86153-98-9.
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Nohara, Shigeru (2000). 中島一式戦闘機「隼」 [Nakajima ichishiki sentōki hayabusa]. Aero Detail Volume 29. Tokyo: Dai Nihon Kaiga. ISBN 4-499-22735-6. OCLC 166435828.

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