Mizo language

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Mizo
Mizo ṭawng or Duhlián ṭawng
Native toIndia
RegionNortheast India; Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh; Chin State, and Sagaing Region of Myanmar
EthnicityMizo
Native speakers
1,000,000+[a] (2011–2022)[1][2]
Latin (Mizo alphabet)[3][4]
Bengali-Assamese script[3]
Official status
Official language in
 India

Partially recognized states:
Chinland (as Hualngo language)
Language codes
ISO 639-2lus
ISO 639-3lus
Glottologlush1249
  Regions where Mizo is educational, and official
  Regions where Mizo is educational, but not official
  Regions where Mizo is not official and not educational
  Regions with significant Mizo speakers, and where Mizo is a working language
Mizo is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The Mizo language is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Mizoram, where it is the official language and lingua franca.[5] It is the mother tongue of the Mizo people and some members of the Mizo diaspora. Other than Mizoram, it is also spoken in Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, and Assam states of India, Sagaing Region and Chin State in Myanmar, and Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. It is mainly based on the Lusei dialect but it has also derived many words from its surrounding Mizo clans.[6]

The language is also known as Duhlian and Lushai, a colonial term, as the Duhlian people were the first among the Mizos to be encountered by the British in the course of their colonial expansion.[7]

Writing system

The Mizo alphabet is based on the Roman script and has 25 letters, namely:

Letter a aw b ch d e f g ng h i j k
Name listen listen listen listen listen listen listen listen listen listen listen listen listen
Letter l m n o p r s t u v z
Name listen listen listen listen listen listen listen listen listen listen listen listen

In its current form, it was devised by the first Christian missionaries of Mizoram, Rev. J.H.Lorrain and Rev. F.W.Savidge,[8] based on the Hunterian system of transliteration.

A circumflex ^ was later added to the vowels to indicate long vowels, viz., Â, Ê, Î, Ô, Û, which were insufficient to fully express Mizo tone. Recently,[when?] a leading newspaper in Mizoram, Vanglaini, the magazine Kristian Ṭhalai, and other publishers began using Á, À, Ä, É, È, Ë, Í, Ì, Ï, Ó, Ò, Ö, Ú, Ù, Ü to indicate the long intonations and tones. However, this does not differentiate the different intonations that short tones can have.[9][10]

Relation with other languages

The Mizo language is related to the other languages of the Sino-Tibetan family.[11] The Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages (which native Mizo speakers call Zohnahthlâk ṭawngho/Mizo ṭawngho) have a substantial number of words in common.[12]

Mizo and Sino-Tibetan languages

The following table illustrates the similarity between Mizo and other members of the Sino-Tibetan family.[13] The words given are cognates, whose origins could be traced back to the proto-language Proto-Sino-Tibetan (given in the first column of the table).

Proto-Sino-Tibetan Mizo/Duhlian/Lusei language Khawsak-Hmar language Zote-Hmar language Thado Standard Chinese character (Pīnyīn) Early Middle Chinese Old Chinese Written Tibetan Written Burmese Written Sgaw Karen Bodo Tripuri (Kokborok) Meitei language Trung English meaning
*tujH tui tui tui tûy  水(shuǐ) - - - - htee døi twi/tui ishing water
*sĭj(H) (? / ś-) thi thi/famchang famchang/thi thíi 死 (sǐ) si' sjid shi-ba se thee thøi thwi/thui shi ɕi die
*ghāH khà kha khak khâa 苦 (kǔ) kʰɔ' khag kha khâ khá khá Kwkha/Kha kha Kha(salty) bitter
*sĭŋ thing thing thin thíŋ  - sin sjin shing sac tháe - Buphang/Waphang - wood/tree
*miǝ̆ŋ hming hming hming mín  名 (míng) mjiajŋ mjing ming mung - Bumung/mung ming muŋ name
*paH pa pa zuopa pá  爸 (bà) - - - - pa afah Apha/Bupha ipa - father
*ŋāH (pa-)nga panga panga ngáa  五 (wǔ) ŋɔ' ngag lnga ŋ̩â yëh ba Ba manga pəŋ-ŋà five
*rŭk (pa-)ruk paruk paruk gúp  六 (liù) luwk ljəkw drug khrok xu doh Dok taruk khlu six
*nă- nang nang nangma nâng 汝 (rǔ) ȵɨʌ naʔ - - na nøng nung/nwng nang thou (you)
*nĭj ni ni/sun/nisa nisa níi  日 (rì) ȵiɪt njiɡ - - mu ni/mu shan Sal day/sun
*ma em/maw mäw am mòo 吗 (ma) - - - - ma - - bara - ?(final interrogative particle)
*nu- nuhmei nuhmei 女 (nǚ) - - - - - - Bwrwi/ti - female
*- chaw ei bu fak bu bak 吃饭 (chi fan) - - - - - - Cha chak cha - eat rice
*druaŋ chhung lailung, lai malai, lai 中(zhōng) (middle) ṭüŋ ṭǜŋ truŋ truŋs gźuŋ ǝtwaŋh khuh tha - Kwchar matai/manak a3-tuŋ1 (middle) middle
*tī̆kʷ tâwk huntawk hunchat nūméi  淑 (shú, shū, chù) - - sdug (pretty, nice) thǝuk (be worth, have certain value; be lucky) - - - enough, sufficient
*- hmang zo hmang zo/hmang ral inthām/inral - - - - - - - Leng - - use up, exhaust
*[ph]ra ṭha ṭha ṭha phá  - - - - - ghay - Kaham/Cha pha - good
*chēŋ (green) hring hring hring ɛ̀ŋ sɛ́l  青 (qīng) chieŋ shēŋ - - - - Kwkhwrang/Kukhurang - - green
*ch[ē]t sât sat/chan/tan vat/tan/sat sâat 切 (qiē, qiè) chiet shīt zed ćhać - - tan-di/Hra-di('di' is suffix to denote 'to' here) - to cut
References for the above table:[14][15]

Phonology

Vowels

Monophthongs

The Mizo language has eight tones and intonations for each of the vowels a, aw, e, i and u, four of which are reduced tones and the other four long tones. The vowel o has only three tones, all of them of the reduced type. The vowels can be represented as follows:[16]

Front Central Back
Close i [i], [ɨ], []   u [u], [ʊ], [ʊː]
Mid e [e], [ɛ], [ɛː]   aw [o], [ɔ], [ɔː]
Open a [ʌ], [a], [ɑ], [ɑː], [ä]

Diphthongs

Starting with a Starting with e Starting with i Starting with u
ai (/aɪ̯/, /ɑːi/ or /ai/) ei (/eɪ̯/, /ɛi/ or /ɛɪ̯/) ia (/ɪə̯/ /ɪa/, /ja/ or /ɪa̭/) ua (/u̯a/ or /ua̭/)
au (/aʊ̯/, /ɑːʊ̯/) eu (/ɛu/, /eʊ/ or /eʊ̯/) iu (/ɪʊ̯/ or /iw/) ui (/ɥi/ or /ʔwi/)

Triphthongs

Mizo has the following triphthongs:

  • iai, as in iai, piai
  • iau as in riau ruau, tiau tuau etc.
  • uai, as in uai, zuai, tuai, vuai
  • uau, as in riau ruau, tiau tuau, suau suau

Consonants

Mizo has the following consonants, with the first symbol being its orthographical form and the second one its representation in the IPA:[16]

Labial Dental Alveolar Velar Glottal
central lateral
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless p [p] t [t] ch [t͡s] tl [t͡l] k [k] h [ʔ]1
aspirated ph [pʰ] th [tʰ] chh [t͡sʰ], [ʰ] thl [t͡lʰ] kh [kʰ]
voiced b [b] d [d]
flap ṭ [t͡ɾ]
aspirated flap ṭh [t͡ɾʰ]
Fricative voiceless f [f] s [s] h [h]
voiced v [v] z [z]
Sonorant plain m [m] n [n] r [r] l [l] ng [ŋ]
aspirated hm [ʰm] hn [ʰn] hr [ʰr] hl [ʰl] ngh [ʰŋ]
glottalised1 rh [rʔ] lh [lʔ]
  1. The glottal and glottalised consonants appear only in final position.

Tone

As Mizo is a tonal language, differences in pitch and pitch contour can change the meanings of words. Tone systems have developed independently in many daughter languages, largely by simplifications in the set of possible syllable-final and syllable-initial consonants. Typically, a distinction between voiceless and voiced initial consonants is replaced by a distinction between high and low tone, and falling and rising tones developed from syllable-final h and glottal stop, which themselves often reflect earlier consonants.

The eight tones and intonations that the vowel a (and the vowels aw, e, i, u, and this constitutes all the tones in the Mizo language) can have are shown by the letter sequence p-a-n-g, as follows:[17]

  • long high tone: páng as in páng (which has the same intonation as sáng in the sentence Thingküng sáng tak kan huanah a ding).
  • long low tone: pàng as in Tui a kawt pàng pâng mai (which has the same intonation as vàng in the word vànglaini).
  • peaking tone: pâng as in Tui a kawt pàng pâng mai (which has the same intonation as thlûk in I hla phuah thlûk chu a va mawi ve).
  • dipping tone: päng as in Tuibur a hmuam päng mai (which has the same intonation as säm in Kan huan ka säm vêl mai mai).
  • short rising tone: pǎng as in naupǎng (which has the same intonation as thǎng in Kan huanah thǎng ka kam).
  • short falling tone: pȧng as in I va inkhuih pȧng ve? (which has the same intonation as pȧn in I lam ka rawn pȧn )
  • short mid tone: pang as in A dik lo nghâl pang (which has the same tone as man in Sazu ka man )
  • short low tone: pạng as in I pạng a sá a nih kha (which has the same tone as chạl in I chạlah thosí a ).
Notation of vowels with intonation
Short tones Long tones
mid rising falling low peaking high dipping low
a (ǎ / ă) / ả (ȧ / ã) / ą â á ä à
o (ǒ / ŏ) / ỏ / (ó)   ọ / (ò)  
aw (ǎw / ăw) / ảw (ȧw / ãw) / ąw ạw âw áw äw àw
u (ǔ / ŭ) / ủ (ů / ũ) / ų û ú ü ù
e (ě / ĕ) / ẻ (ė / ẽ) / ę ê é ë è
i (ǐ / ĭ) / ỉ (ĩ) / į î í ï ì

Note that the exact orthography of tones with diacritics is still not standardised (notably for differentiating the four short tones with confusive or conflicting choices of diacritics) except for the differentiation of long versus short tones using the circumflex. As well, the need of at least 7 diacritics may cause complications to design easy keyboard layouts, even if they use dead keys, and even if not all basic Latin letters are needed for Mizo itself, so publications may represent the short tones using digrams (e.g. by appending some apostrophe or glottal letter) to reduce the number of diacritics needed to only 4 (those used now for the long tones) on only two dead keys.

Sample sentences

The following table illustrates the pronunciations of various consonants, vowels and diphthongs found in the Mizo language:

Sentence Pronunciation
Zạwhtë ka hmù zɒʔ˩.teː˧˩˦ kʌ˧ ʰmuː˩˩
Thlàpǔi a ëng tlʰaː˩˩.pwi˧˥ ʔʌ˧ ʔɛːŋ˧˩˦
Tlángah kǎn láwn tlaː˥˥.ŋʌʔ˧ kʌn˧˥ loːn˥˥
Phengphehlep chi hrang paruk ṭhu chungin ka en pʰeːŋ.pʰɛ.lʰɛp tsi ʰraŋ pʌ.rʊk trʰʊ tsʊ.ŋin ɛn
Ṭahbelh chu chhunah kan hruai ve lo vang. trʌʔ.bɛlʔ tsʊ tʃuː.nʌʔ kʌn ʰrwai veː loʊ vʌŋ(or lɔ.vʌŋ)
I va berh ve! ʔɪ vʌ berʔ ve:
Khàuphár thạwvẹn vè êm êm rịngawt mai che u hian. kʰauː˩˩.pʰaːr˥˥ tʰɔ˩.vɛn˩ veː˩˩ ʔɛːm˧˥˨ ʔɛːm˧˥˨ ri˩.ŋɔt˧ mai/mʌj tsɛ ʔʊ hjaːn
Nghakuai kan chiah ʰŋa.kua̯ːi kan tsjaʔ
I zuan kai ngam ka ring. ʔi zua̯ːn kaːi ŋam ka riŋ
Hläu miah lovin. ʰlaṷ˧˩˦ mjʌʔ lɔ.vin
Kuai tliak kwai tljaːk
I tán liau liau i taːn˥˥ ljaʊ ljaʊ
I uar a ni lo maw? ʔɪ ʔʊar ʔʌ loʊ ˈmɔː
Sakei sʌ.ˈkeɪ
Paih darh suh pʌɪʔ dʌrʔ sʊʔ
References and further reading for this section.[18][19][20][21]

Grammar

Verbs

Conjugation

The verbs (called thiltih in Mizo)[22] are not conjugated as in languages such as English and French by changing the desinence of words, but the tense (in a sentence) is clarified by the aspect and the addition of some particles, such as[23]

etc.

Modification of verbs

Mizo verbs are often used in the Gerund, and most verbs change desinence in the Gerund; this modification is called tihdanglamna. This modified form is also used as the past participle. Some verbs which undergo modification are tabulated below:

Mizo verb Tihdanglam (modified form) English meaning
ziak ziah ziak – to write
ziah – writing (g.), written
tât tah tât – to whet (such as a knife)
tah – whetting (g.), whetted
mâk mà – to divorce (said of a man divorcing his wife)
mâk – divorcing (g.), divorced

Nouns

Declension of nouns

Mizo nouns undergo declension into cases. The main cases can be classified as follows:[24]

Case Desinence Tone (in pronunciation) Examples
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
no change -
-
-
1. tui
2. nula
3. hmangaihna
Ergative suffix -in for non-proper nouns, n for proper nouns short low pitch for -in 1. tuiin
2. nulain
3. hmangaihnain
Instrumental short high pitch on -in
Locative suffix -ah 1. tuiah
2. nulaah
3. hmangaihnaah

Pluralisation

Nouns are pluralized by suffixing -te, -ho, -teho or -hote, for example:

Noun Plurals Meaning
mipa mipate
mipaho
mipa – man
mipate/mipaho – men
naupang naupangte
naupangho
naupang – child
naupangte/-ho – children

Pronouns

Forms

All Mizo pronouns occur in two forms, namely in free form and clitic form:[24]

Free form Clitic form
kei(I) ka (I)
keimah (I)[25]
keini (we) kan (we)
keimahni (we)[25]
nang(you, singular) i (you, singular)
nangmah (you)[25]
nangni (you, plural) in (you, plural)
nangmahni (you, plural)[25]
ani (he, she, it) a (he, she, it)
amah (he, she, it)[25]
anni (they) an (they)
anmahni (they)[25]

Declension

Mizo pronouns, like Mizo nouns, are declined into cases as follows:

Pronoun (Nominative case) Genitive case Accusative case Ergative case
clitic form
ka ka mi, min keimahin=keima'n
kan kan min keimahni-in=keimahnin
i i che nangmahin=nangma'n
in in che u nangmahni-in=nangmahnin
a a amah amahin=ama'n
an an anmahni anmahni-in=anmahni'n
free form
kei keima keimah, keimah min keimahin=keima'n
keimah keima keimah, keimah min keimahin=keima'n
keini keini keini, keini min keini-in=keini'n
keimahni keimahni keimahni, keimahni min keimahni-in=keimahni'n
anni anni anni anni'n
anmahni anmahni anmahni anmahni-in=anmahni'n

Negation

For declarative sentences, negation is achieved by adding the particle lo (not) at the end of a sentence. For example,

Sentence Negation
Lala a lo kal
Lala is coming/Lala came
Lala a lo kal lo
Lala did not come
Pathumin paruk a sem thei
Three divides six
Pathumin paruk a sem thei lo
Three does not divide six

Sample texts

The following is a sample text in Mizo of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:[26]

Mizo ṭawng English
Mi zawng zawng hi zalèna piang kan ni a, zahawmna leh dikna chanvoah intluk tlâng vek kan ni. Chhia leh ṭha hriatna fîm neia siam kan nih avangin kan mihring puite chungah inunauna thinlung kan pu tlat tur a ni. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Some Mizo words and phrases

Mizo English Mizo English
Ka lawm e Thank you Ru steal
I dam maw/I dam em? How are you? Hmin Ripe
Tui Water Thar New
Chaw Food Lian Big
Sangha Fish Pe Give
Rul Snake Sakei Tiger
Khua Village/town/city Lal Chief/Lord/King
Ni Day/the sun Sikeisen Mars
Thla Moon/month Chawngmawii Venus
Kum Year/age Hrangchhuana Jupiter
Ṭha maw? (informal) How are you?/What's up? Tukṭhuan Breakfast
Van Sky Chhum Cloud
Boruak Air Khu Smoke
Thlawh(theih)na Aeroplane Arsi Star
Ṭumhmun Airport Mei Fire
Zin to travel Ui Dog
Lei Earth Hmul Feather
Khawvel World
Thla the moon
Lu Head
Mit Eye
Mouth
Khabe Chin
Beng Ear
Hnar Nose
Mi People
Zangnadawmna Assurance
Sa Meat
Engtin?/Engtiangin? How?
Mangṭha Good night
Dar engzât nge? What time is it now?
Thingpui Tea
Khaw'nge i kal dawn? Where are you going?
Dam takin [(u) le] Goodbye/Go in peace
Engtikah? When?
Khawiah? Where?
(Eng)nge? What?
Amaherawhchu However

Cardinal numbers

(Pa)khat One
(Pa)hnih Two
(Pa)thum Three
(Pa)li Four
(Pa)ngá Five
(Pa)ruk Six
(Pa)sarih Seven
(Pa)riat Eight
(Pa)kua Nine
Sàwm Ten
Sàwmpakhat Eleven
Sàwmpakua Nineteen
Sawmhnih Twenty
Sawmthum Thirty
Sawmküa Ninety
Hundred
Zangá Five hundred
Säng(khat) One thousand
Sïng(khat) Ten thousand
Nûai(khat) Hundred thousand/One lakh in Indian English
Maktadûai Million
Vaibelchhia Ten million
Vaibelchhetak Hundred million
Tlûklehdingäwn Billion


Literature

Books

Mizo has a thriving literature with Mizo departments in Mizoram University and Manipur University . The governing body is the Mizo Academy of Letters, which awards the annual literary prize MAL Book of the Year since 1989. The books awarded so far and their authors are tabulated below along with the years:[12]

Year Book Author Comments on the book
1989 Ka Lungkham B. Lalthangliana
1990 Hmangaihzuali C. Laizawna Novel
1991 Zoram Khawvel-I Lalthlamuong Keivom Contemporary Mizo history
1992 Ṭhangthar Taitesena Romawia
1993 Mizo Literature B. Lalthangliana
1994 Kum za Kristian Zofate hmabâk Bangalore Mizo Christian Fellowship
1995 Ram leh i tan chauh H. Lallungmuana
1996 Bible leh Science P.C. Biaksiama Creationism
1997 Pasalṭha Khuangchera Laltluangliana Khiangte Drama
1998 Anita C. Laizawna Novel
1999 Tlawm ve lo Lalnu Ropuiliani Lalsangzuali Sailo Mizo history
2000 Chawngmawii leh Hrangchhuana R. Rozika Novel
2001 Ka khualzin kawng Robuanga
2002 Runlum Nuthai L.Z. Sailo Eulogy
2003 Kan Bible hi Zairema Theology
2004 Zorinpari H. Lalngurliana Novel
2005 Damlai thlipui Lalhriata Novel
2006 Pasalṭhate ni hnuhnung C. Lalnunchanga Historical adventure novel
2007 Zofate zinkawngah zalenna mei a mit tur a ni lo R. Zamawia Factual description and idealisation of Mizo uprising
2008 Chun chawi loh Lalhriata Novel
2009 Rintei zùnléng Lalrammawia Ngente Novel
2010 Beiseina Mittui Samson Thanruma Novel
2011 Zodinpuii (posthumously awarded) Lalchhantluanga Novel
2012 Sihlipui Romuanpuii Zadeng Novel
2013 Thinglubul Lalpekkima Novel
2014 Ka Zalenna B. Lalhriattira Essay collection
2015 Kawlkil piah Lamtluang C. Lalnunchanga Fantasy Novel
2016 Aizawl Aizawler Lalhruaitluanga Chawngte Contemporary Social Essays[27]
2017 Savun Kawrfual Lalhmingchhuanga Zongte Collection of Essays
2018 Hringnun Hrualhrui Mafaa Hauhnar Collection of Essays
2019 Falung Lalengzauva Novel

This award is only for books originally written in Mizo, not for translations, and it has been awarded every year since 1989. The award has been given to books on history and religion, but most of its winners are novels. Each year, the academy examines about 100 books (in 2011, 149 books were examined),[28]

Newspaper

The Mizoram Press Information Bureau lists some twenty Mizo daily newspapers just in Aizawl city, as of March 2013.[29] The following list gives some of the most well-known newspapers published in the Mizo language.

Name of newspaper Publication frequency Editor Place
Chhawkhlei Daily Lalhmingliana Champhai
Chhawrpial Daily C.Lalzamlova Aizawl
Chhim Aw Daily Baitha Saiha
Chhinlung Daily Vanhnuna Lunglei
Dumde Daily F. Lalbiakmawia (Fam) Champhai
Harhna Daily C.Vulluaia Aizawl
Hnamdamna Daily Chawngchhuma Lunglei
Hruaitu Arsi Daily Zosangliana Aizawl
Khawpui Aw Daily Zaithankhuma Aizawl
Laisuih Daily C.Lalhminghlua Serchhip
Lengzem chanchinbu Monthly Vanneihtluanga Aizawl
Lenkawl Daily Remmawia Kawlni Serchhip
Lenrual Daily Lalhlupuia Champhai
Pasaltha Daily Lalhmingmawia Pachuau Champhai
Ramlai Arsi Daily Lalremruata Ralte Serchhip
Rihlipui Daily DK Lalhruaitluanga Champhai
Romei Daily Robert Lalchhuana Aizawl
Thu Thar Daily A.Rodingliana Aizawl
Turnipui Daily S.Lalhmachhuana Kolasib
The Zozam Times Daily H.Laldinmawia Aizawl
Vanglaini chanchinbu,[30] Daily K. Sapdanga Aizawl
Zalen Daily Vanlalrema Vantawl Aizawl
Zawlbuk Aw Daily Hranghmingthanga Thenzawl
Zoram Thlirtu Daily Lalrinmawia Sailo Aizawl
Zoram Tlangau Daily L.Pachuau Aizawl
Zorin Daily Lalkunga Aizawl

Most of them are daily newspapers.

Statistics

There are around 850,000 speakers of the Mizo language: 830,846 speakers in India (2011 census); 1,041 speakers in Bangladesh (1981 census); 12,500 speakers in Myanmar (1983 census).

See also

Notelist

  1. ^ 830,846 in India, 189,000 in Myanmar, 70,000 in Bangladesh; in total, 1,089,846, not including the diaspora.

References

  1. ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011". censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  2. ^ Roy, Esha (28 November 2022). "Why is Bangladesh driving Kuki refugees into Mizoram, a year after Myanmar militias did the same from Rakhine?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Mizo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  4. ^ "Kuki Mizo". Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages, Government of Tripura. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  5. ^ "Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region, Mizoram State Information". Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  6. ^ mzuir.inflibnet.ac.in (PDF)
  7. ^ Lalthangliana, B., 'Mizo tihin ṭawng a nei lo' tih kha Archived 13 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, see also Matisoff, 'Language names' section
  8. ^ Lalthangliana, B.: 2001, History and Culture of Mizo in India, Burma and Bangladesh, Aizawl. "Baptist Missionary Conference, 1892", p. 745
  9. ^ The Mizo Wiktionary uses the additional symbols , ǎ, ȧ, and likewise for the other vowels aw, e, i and u, to differentiate these
  10. ^ "Wt/lus/Thlûkna chungchanga kaihhruaina - Wikimedia Incubator". incubator.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  11. ^ Mc Kinnon, John and Wanat Bruksasri (Editors): The Higlangders of Thailand, Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 65.
  12. ^ a b "Vanglaini". www.vanglaini.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  13. ^ STEDT database.See also
  14. ^ "Search for data in: Sino-Tibetan etymology". starling.rinet.ru. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  15. ^ "STEDT Database (Beta)". stedt.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  16. ^ a b Weidert, Alfons, Component Analysis of Lushai Phonology, Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series IV – Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, volume 2, Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V., 1975.
  17. ^ Zoppen Club, Mizo ṭawng thumal thar
  18. ^ "Sarmah, Priyankoo & Caroline Wiltshire, An acoustic study of Mizo tones and morpho-tonology." (PDF). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  19. ^ Govind, D., Priyankoo Sarmah, S.R. Mahadeva Prasanna, Role of pitch slope and duration in synthesized Mizo tones.
  20. ^ Khoi Lam Thang, A phonological reconstruction of Proto-chin.
  21. ^ Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Workshop on Tone and Intonation: Theory, Typology and Computation.
  22. ^ SCERT, Mizo Grammar, class XI & XII textbook (2002–).
  23. ^ SCERT, Mizo Grammar and Composition, 2002.
  24. ^ a b "Chhangte, Lalnunthangi, The Grammar of Simple Clauses in Mizo" (PDF). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  25. ^ a b c d e f This form is also used as the accusative
  26. ^ UDHR in Mizo (Unicode Website) or OHCHR Website
  27. ^ "Mizo Academy of Letters Book of the Year list". dcserchhip.mizoram.gov.in. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  28. ^ "Vanglaini, April 24, 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  29. ^ "See the website". Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  30. ^ "Vanglaini – Mizo Daily Since 1978". vanglaini.org. Retrieved 30 June 2010.

Sources

  1. K. S. Singh: 1995, People of India-Mizoram, Volume XXXIII, Anthropological Survey of India, Calcutta.
  2. Grierson, G. A. (Ed.) (1904b). Tibeto-Burman Family: Specimens of the Kuki-Chin and Burma Groups, Volume III Part III of Linguistic Survey of India. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta.
  3. Grierson, G. A: 1995, Languages of North-Eastern India, Gian Publishing House, New Delhi.
  4. Lunghnema, V., Mizo chanchin (B.C. 300 aṭanga 1929 A.D.), 1993.
  5. Zoramdinthara, Dr., Mizo Fiction: Emergence and Development. Ruby Press & Co.(New Delhi). 2013. ISBN 978-93-82395-16-4

External links