Mikhail Fridman

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Michael Freedman.

Mikhail Fridman
Михаил Фридман
Fridman in 2015
Born (1964-04-21) 21 April 1964 (age 59)
Lviv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
Citizenship
Alma materMoscow Institute of Steel and Alloys
Occupation(s)Co-founder of LetterOne, Alfa Group, and Alfa-Bank
Years active1986–present
Known forIndigo Era
Children4
AwardsGolden Plate Award (2003)
Websitemikhailfridmansite.com

Mikhail Maratovich Fridman (also transliterated Mikhail Friedman;[4][5][6][7] Russian: Михаил Маратович Фридман; Hebrew: מיכאיל פרידמן; born 21 April 1964) is a Ukrainian-born,[8] Russian–Israeli tycoon.[9][2][3] He is one of the co-founders of Alfa-Group, a multinational Russian conglomerate. According to Forbes, he was the second-richest Russian as of 2013 ($16,5 billion), moving down to ninth-richest Russian in 2023 ($12.6 billion).[10][11] In May 2017, he was also ranked as Russia's most important businessman by bne IntelliNews.[12] In February 2024, Fridman had a net worth of $13.1 billion, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index.[13]

In 1991, he co-founded Alfa-Bank, one of the largest private banks in Russia.[14] After serving as CEO of TNK-BP, the 50/50 TNK-BP joint venture, for nine years,[15] in 2013 he sold his stake in the company and co-founded the international investment company LetterOne (L1).[1] Until 2022 Fridman was chairman of the supervisory board of Alfa Group Consortium,[16] and also served on the boards of Alfa-Bank[17] and ABH Holdings.[17]

Prior to 2022, he was on the supervisory board of directors for VEON (formerly Vimpelcom)[18] and X5 Retail Group.[16] He is a member of the supervisory board of DEA Deutsche Erdoel AG, which is owned by LetterOne.[19][20] Fridman has been a member of numerous public-facing bodies, including the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs,[21] the Public Chamber of Russia,[17][21] and the Council on Foreign Relations.[22]

In 2022, the EU imposed sanctions on Fridman in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Fridman claimed the EU's allegations were false and defamatory. He subsequently decided to step down from the boards of LetterOne and Alfa Group, so that they could avoid sanctions.[23] As reported by several media, Fridman has already filed lawsuits challenging sanctions on at least two occasions, like in July 2022[24] and in December 2022.[25]

In December 2022, a man reported by Russian state media to be Fridman was arrested in London by the UK's National Crime Agency, on charges of money laundering, conspiracy to defraud the Home Office and conspiracy to commit perjury.[26][27] The UK National Crime Agency did not name the man, stating only that it had detained a 58-year-old "wealthy Russian businessman" at a "multi-million-pound residence".[28] Subsequently, the agency scaled back its probe.[29] In September 2023 the National Crime Agency closed the investigation.[30][31]

Early life and education

Fridman was born in 1964 in Lviv, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, where he spent his youth.[21][32] He graduated from high school in Lviv in 1980.[15] He says he was denied entrance to Moscow's top physics college because he was Jewish,[33] and instead attended the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys.[34] He had various jobs while a college student in Moscow, including washing windows[35][21][36] and founding and co-owning a student discothèque named Strawberry Fields.[37][32][21][35] He also led a group of students who would queue for tickets at popular Moscow plays, and then use the tickets as hard currency to barter for rare goods and favours.[34][21][35] Having studied metallurgical engineering,[38] he graduated with distinction[39] from the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys in 1986.[21]

Career

Early years and Alfa companies (1980s–1990s)

See also: Alfa Group

After graduation Fridman worked as a metallurgical design engineer at the Elektrostal Metallurgical Works, a state electrical machinery factory, from 1986 to 1988.[32][40][41][39][42] As Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev began to open up the economy in the late 1980s,[21] in 1988 Fridman established a window-washing business,[34] an apartment rental agency for foreigners,[32] a company that sold used computers,[32] and a company that imported cigarettes and perfumes,[38] with fellow friends from college,[15] employing students from various Moscow universities.[15]

Armenian Robert Yengibaryan (Russian: Роберт Енгибарян) provided strong assistance to Fridman and, later, Yengibaryan's son Vahe Yengebaryan (Russian: Ваге Енгибарян), who was the Russian consul in New York from 2003 onwards, became very close to Fridman's business interests.[43][44][45][46] In October 2019, Fridman told a Spanish court that he was a friend of Vahe.[47]

In 1988, along with German Khan and Alexey Kuzmichev, Fridman co-founded Alfa-Photo (also transliterated as Alfa-Foto), which imported photography chemicals.[citation needed][41][48][35][36] In 1989 the three partners founded Alfa-Eco (Alfa-Echo, Alfa-Eko, Alfa-Ekho), a commodities and eventually oil trading firm,[49][50][1][36][51][52] and Alfa Capital (Alfa Kapital), an investment firm.[36][53][54] Alfa-Eco and Alfa Capital developed into Alfa Group Consortium.[55][49][56] The company, which initially focused on computer trading and copy machine maintenance, expanded into imports and exports and commodities trading,[15] eventually becoming one of Russia's largest privately owned financial-industrial conglomerates, with interests in industries such as telecommunications, banking, retail, and oil.[34][15]

Using $100,000 of his profits from his businesses to pay the required fee, in January 1991 Fridman co-founded Alfa-Bank.[38][36][57][21] The company grew to become one of the largest private banks in Russia.[14][21] Alfa Group's later divisions include Rosvodokanal, a private water utility; AlfaStrakhovanie, a diversified insurance company; A1 Group, an investment company; and X5 Retail Group, a large chain of food retailers.[58]

Alfa Group flourished considerably after Fridman recruited Petr Aven, the former Minister of Foreign Economic Relations for the Russian Federation; in 1994 Aven became president and chairman of Alfa-Bank.[59][60] By late 1996, thanks to the success of Alfa-Bank and Alfa Group, Boris Berezovsky, in an interview by the Financial Times, named Fridman and Aven among the seven businessman and bankers who controlled most of the economy and media in Russia,[61][62][59][63][64] and who had helped bankroll Boris Yeltsin's 1996 re-election campaign.[65][66][63] Both Fridman and Aven were quite close to Berezovsky. In his book The age of Berezovsky Aven says: "It was Fridman and I who happened to be by Boris's bed after his attempted assassination in 1994, and it was our yacht that he chose to go after being discharged from hospital".[67]

Fridman and Aven sold off most of their Russian government securities in early August 1998, prior to the ruble crisis of 17 August 1998, and emerged relatively unhurt from the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[68] During the crisis, Alfa-Bank used its holdings related to TNK to avoid a debt default, and was one of the few Russian banks at the time to continue to allow customer withdrawals.[38]

Retail holdings and X5 Retail (1995 to present)

Fridman's Alfa Group founded the Perekrestok (also transliterated Perekriostok) chain of supermarkets in Moscow in 1995.[69][70] Through a merger with the Pyatyorochka (also transliterated Pyaterochka) supermarket chain, which had been founded in St. Petersburg in 1999 by Alexander Girda and Andrey Rogachev,[69][70] Alfa Group founded the X5 Retail Group in 2006.[71][69][70] X5 acquired another grocer, Kopeyka, for $1.65 billion in December 2010.[72] X5 is Russia's largest food retailer in terms of sales.[73][74]

Alfa Telecom and Altimo (2001–2015)

Alfa Group acquired a 44% stake in Golden Telecom, a large telecommunications and internet company in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, in 2001.[75][76][77] Also in 2001, Alfa purchased a strategic ownership interest in Vimpelcom, a large cellular operator in Russia, and Fridman joined Vimpelcom's board of directors.[78][79]

Alfa Group consolidated its telecom holdings as Alfa Telecom, and in 2005 renamed it Altimo.[75][80] Its holdings and acquisitions included MegaFon, Vimpelcom, Golden Telecom, and Kyivstar.[75] In December 2005 Altimo also acquired a 13.2% interest in Turkcell, the largest telecoms company in Turkey.[75][56]

Fridman's desire to merge Vimpelcom and Kyivstar was thwarted by his Vimpelcom partner, the Norwegian telecoms group Telenor,[81][79] which held stakes in both companies.[56] Fridman resorted to protracted and aggressive efforts to strong-arm Telenor in 2005, and although the merger of Vimpelcom and Kyivstar was achieved in 2010,[82][83] conflicts with Telenor over control of Vimpelcom lasted seven years in total.[56][84][85][86][37][87]

From 2003 until 2007 Fridman's Altimo was locked in a complex four-year battle of claims and counter-claims of fraud with the Bermuda-based investment firm IPOC International Growth Fund associated with Leonid Reiman and Jeffrey Galmond over ownership of a 25.1% stake in MegaFon that was formerly held by Leonid Rozhetskin's LV Finance.[88][89][90][91][56] James Hatt, a British telecommunications executive, represented Fridman's interests while Jeffrey Galmond, a Danish attorney, represented Reiman's interests during deliberations between the two groups.[92] Altimo's ownership of the stake was finally maintained in 2007.[93][94][95] During the dispute in 2005, Altimo hired the Haley Barbour-founded BGR public relations firm, which then hired a security firm, Richard Burt's Due Diligence, in order to infiltrate and obtain information about the KPMG independent investigations funded by Paula Cox, who was the Bermuda Minister of Finance, into the IPOC International Growth Fund.[96][97][98][99][100][101] Richard Burt and Mikhail Fridman have a strong working relationship.[101][102]

In 2012 Fridman sold his entire stake in MegaFon for $5 billion.[103][104][105]

TNK-BP (2003–2013)

See also: TNK-BP

In 1997, Fridman had collaborated with Len Blavatnik and Viktor Vekselberg to purchase the state-owned TNK (Tyumen Oil Company), an oil company in Siberia, for $800 million.[65][51][32][66] In February 2003, the British multinational oil and gas company BP agreed to form the TNK-BP joint venture with the AAR (Alfa-Access-Renova) consortium, which included Alfa Group, Blavatnik's Access Industries, and Vekselberg's Renova.[106][38][107][108] After the merger, TNK-BP became the third largest oil producer in Russia, and one of the top 10 largest private oil companies in the world.[108] Fridman served as TNK-BP chairman for nine years,[15] and CEO for three years.[109]

Prior to the TNK-BP joint venture, in 1999 Fridman had thwarted BP by seizing BP's stake in the Siberian oil company Sidanko, via bankruptcy maneuvers widely regarded as unfair practices.[110][111][65][112][56][113][114][115] And although TNK-BP was highly successful financially,[116] Fridman's relationship with BP during the TNK-BP years was contentious, and included blocking BP's 2011 planned partnership with Rosneft for Arctic oilfield exploration.[65][103][108][37][84]

He resigned as CEO of TNK-BP in May 2012.[107][117] In 2013, TNK-BP was sold to Russia's state-owned energy group Rosneft for $56 billion,[118] with Fridman and his Russian partners receiving $28 billion for their 50% stake, at the height of crude oil prices.[34][116]

Founding LetterOne and L1 Energy (2013–2015)

See also: LetterOne
Fridman speaking at the L1 Energy launch on 14 September 2015 in New York.

Using the proceeds from the sale of their stakes in TNK-BP, Fridman and his Alfa Group partners Khan and Kuzmichev established the international investment company LetterOne (L1) in 2013,[119][120][121] and Fridman became the company's chairman.[122] LetterOne's additional co-founders were Petr Aven and Andrei Kosogov.[123][124] Headquartered in Luxembourg,[125] the company was created to invest in international projects in energy, telecoms, finance, technology, and other sectors.[126][122] As of 31 December 2013, LetterOne had $29 billion in assets under management.[125] In May 2015 Mervyn Davies (Lord Davies) was appointed deputy chairman of LetterOne,[125] and former Swedish Prime Minister Carl Bildt was appointed as the board's advisor.[127]

In 2013 LetterOne also formed L1 Energy, an energy investment vehicle, initially focused particularly on undervalued international oil and gas assets during the slump in oil prices.[128][129] John Browne (Lord Browne) was appointed to its advisory board,[130][128] and in March 2015 became its chairman.[131][129]

L1 Energy's North Sea oil assets (2015)

Fridman (center) with colleagues Petr Aven and Lord Browne (2015)

On 3 March 2015, L1 Energy acquired the international oil and gas company DEA from the German utility RWE for $7 billion (€5.1 billion).[132][131] Headquartered in Hamburg, Germany[133] with extensive assets in the British North Sea,[132] RWE DEA had total natural gas production output of 2.6bn cubic metres in 2013.[134] The purchase was opposed by the UK Energy and Climate Change Secretary Ed Davey, who raised concerns that Fridman might one day face international Ukraine-related sanctions against Russian companies and individuals[135][136][137] which could force L1 Energy to shut down production in the North Sea, thus imperiling oil supplies and 5% of Britain's North Sea natural gas output.[138][136] On 4 March 2015, Davey gave Fridman a one-week deadline to convince the UK government not to force him to sell the North Sea oil and gas assets.[139] In April 2015, the government gave Fridman up to six months to sell.[140][136]

In October 2015 Fridman and the LetterOne Group sold L1 Energy's British North Sea assets to Ineos, a Switzerland-based petrochemical company owned by Jim Ratcliffe, for $750 million.[141][142][143] The British government assured LetterOne that the forced sale was "not a judgement on the suitability of LetterOne's owners to control these or any other assets in the UK".[144]

In October 2015 LetterOne Group acquired German utility company E.ON's equity interests in 43 Norwegian oil and gas licences, including interests in three producing Norwegian fields, all located in the North Sea, for $1.6 billion.[145][146]

LetterOne's telecom and other technology assets 2015 to present

In April 2015, LetterOne Technology (L1 Technology) was launched in London. Its focus was on buying "struggling telecom or technology companies that require a fresh infusion of capital".[citation needed] Various advisory board members were appointed including Brent Hoberman, Denis O'Brien, and Sir Julian Horn-Smith.[147]

The L1 Technology fund began acting as a holding company for the 48 percent stake in Vimpelcom owned by Fridman and his partners.[147][32] The fund also has a 13.2% share in the Turkish telecom company Turkcell,[147] which since 2005 has been hampered by a long-running feud between its three largest shareholders: Cukurova, owned by Turkcell founder Mehmet Emin Karamehmet, Fridman's LetterOne via Alfa Telecom/Altimo, and Sweden's Telia Company.[148][149][150][151][152][153]

In February 2016, Vimpelcom agreed to pay $800 million to settle U.S. and Dutch claims that it had bribed officials to win contracts in Uzbekistan between 2006 and 2012.[154][56][155] A year later the company rebranded itself VEON, and changed its focus to mobile internet services such as banking, taxis, and messaging.[156][157]

In February 2016, Fridman's LetterOne fund invested $200 million in Uber.[121][138] In August 2016 LetterOne invested $50 million in telecommunications start-up FreedomPop, to help finance its international expansion.[158][159]

Additional activities 2012 to present

In 2012 Fridman partnered with American real-estate developer Jack Rosen in a joint venture to invest $1 billion in distressed real estate properties along the U.S. East Coast.[160][56]

In June 2016, LetterOne prepared to expand into healthcare by launching the $3 billion fund L1 Health in the United States, for investments in the global healthcare industry.[161]

In October 2016, Alfa Group acquired Ukrainian bank Ukrsotsbank, by offering its parent, the Italian financial conglomerate UniCredit Group, a minority stake of 9.9% in ABH Holdings.[162]

In December 2016, LetterOne launched L1 Retail, headquartered in London, to invest $3 billion in "the retail stars of tomorrow" in Europe and the UK.[163]

In 2016 Fridman coined the term "Indigo Era", for his theory of a global shift to an emerging era of economics based on creativity and digital skills rather than on natural resources.[164][165] In 2017 he funded a £100,000 Indigo Prize for new economic-measurement models based on the paradigm.[166][167]

In June 2017 LetterOne's L1 Retail division acquired Holland & Barrett, Europe's largest health-food store chain, for £1.8 billion ($2.3 billion).[168] Also in 2017 Fridman, via LetterOne, invested $3 billion in Pamplona Capital Management,[123][169] a private-equity firm that was founded by Alexander Knaster, the former CEO of Alfa-Bank, and which Fridman had invested in previously.[170][171][123]

In January 2018, due to concerns over possible sanctions stemming from the 2017 U.S. Congressional sanctions on Russia, Fridman announced that Alfa-Bank was phasing out its holdings in Russia's defense industry.[172]

In May 2018 Fridman and Aven spoke to an off-the-record private dinner at the Atlantic Council in Washington, D.C.[173][174][175][176][177] The invitation and the privacy of the meeting drew criticism of the Atlantic Council from a group of 13 Russian and U.S. experts and activists,[173][174][175][177] who wrote that "In our view ... Aven, Fridman, and other key Alfa-Bank oligarchs are ... close cronies and insiders of Putin's regime, and do not operate independently of Putin's demands."[178] The Atlantic Council responded that the private meeting was not "a sweetheart platform",[175][179] and the Kremlin responded that the two oligarchs represented the interests of their business.[180][181]

In 2019, Mikhail Fridman acquired a 50% stake in one of the suppliers of computing devices for the Russian defense industry via the structures affiliated with A1 investment company.[182]

Sanctions

On 28 February 2022, the European Union blacklisted Fridman and had all his assets frozen as part of a package of sanctions imposed against Russian officials and oligarchs in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[183][184] Fridman said that the war would "damage two nations who have been brothers for hundreds of years" and called for the "bloodshed to end".[185] [186] The United Kingdom also sanctioned Fridman on 15 March 2022.[187]

In October 2022 Fridman offered to transfer $1 billion of his personal wealth into the Ukrainian Sense Bank[188] that he co-founded. Officials said the proposal was calculated to persuade the UK to lift sanctions against him.[189] Fridman denied making a quid pro quo offer to Ukraine.[190] Following the invasion of Ukraine Sense Bank transferred millions of its own budget to the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and territorial defense units.[191] Fridman was sanctioned by the UK government in 2022 in relation to the invasion.[192]

In September 2023 the Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation HM Treasury (UK) updated the text of the financial sanctions notice related to Mikhail Fridman. He is now referred to as "an involved person under the Russia regulations" instead of "a prominent Russian businessman and pro-Kremlin oligarch". Additionally, a phrase alleging close ties between Mikhail Fridman and Russian President Vladimir Putin has been deleted from the document.[193]

On September 5, 2023, the Security Service of Ukraine announced in absentia that Fridman was suspected of violating Article 110 of the Criminal Code, which provides for liability for financing actions to seize power, overthrow the constitutional order, or change the territory of the state. Under this article, he could face up to 8 years in prison with confiscation of property. The SSU believes that since the start of the conflict, the banker has invested about 2 billion rubles in Russian defense enterprises, in particular, in the Tula Cartridge Plant.[194]

Controversy in Spain

Fridman first appeared in the Spanish press in November 2002, when the Liberian tanker Prestige sank off the coast of Galicia. It was transferring 77,000 tons of Russian heavy oil; the cargo belonged to Crown Resources, a company owned by Fridman's Alfa Group. The oil spill contaminated the Spanish coast, causing a major environmental disaster, with total damage estimated at 1.5 billion euros. After the disaster, the Spanish newspaper El Mundo called Fridman ‘Dirty Michael’.[195]

In the summer of 2016, the Spanish entrepreneur Javier Perez Dolset, head of the ZED Corporation (mobile apps developer), addressed the Spanish prosecutor's office with a complaint about his Russian partners associated with VimpelCom Ltd.[43][44] According to Dolset, they had illegally seized the capital of their joint venture, which resulted in the bankruptcy of the parent company. El Confidencial published a series of articles about the story of ZED's bankruptcy, and accused Fridman of staging an illegal takeover by removing Javier Perez Dolset from the business and ruining him financially.[196][197][198]

On 16 January 2017, Peter Wakkie, a Dutch attorney known as Fridman's righthand man, was arrested at Madrid's Barajas Airport for possible business fraud.[199][200][201][202][a]

In October 2019, Fridman attended court proceedings relating to the Zed case in order to be questioned by Spain's National Court in Madrid. He was summoned to a pre-trial hearing as a person under investigation. The accusation was formulated as “a series of actions which brought about the insolvency of Spanish firm Zed Worldwide… in order to acquire it at a derisory price, far lower than its market value.” The prosecutor referred to Fridman's dealings with Zed Worldwide as a 'raid', clarifying that this was a technique used “typically used by the Russian mafia” with the purpose of taking over a business illegally. And while his legal representatives claimed that Fridman had never been a director of any entities involved in Zed's takeover or driving down Zed's market value, the Spanish prosecutors insisted that Fridman “hides his control of criminal activities behind subordinates.”[excessive detail?][203][204] After the pre-trial hearing, Jose Grinda, who was the lead prosecutor in the case, commented to the media that “from the perspective of the Prosecutor's Office, Fridman will remain in the status of the accused.”[205] On 15 December 2020 the Spanish National Court dismissed the case. According to the decision, the judge considered that the continuation of the case against Fridman contradicted the principle of the presumption of innocence and stated that there were "no reasonable grounds to accuse the suspect as an author, accomplice or accessory."[206] Subsequently, in an order dated 22 February 2021, the National High Court of Spain dismissed appeals by Zed Group in Fridman's favor, concluding there was no evidence to demonstrate that Zed Group's allegations were true,[207] and that the text messages originally used as evidence failed to implicate Fridman "beyond references from third parties."[208]

In mid-2017, Fridman's LetterOne investment company acquired Dia, a Spanish supermarket chain. From 2011 to 20 December 2018, Dia was listed in the so-called IBEX 35 as one of the 35 largest Spanish companies on the stock market. Economy expert Sergio Avila commented: “... With the entry of [LetterOne] into [Dia] the sales fell sharply, the profitability of enterprises decreased, which was accompanied by a fall in Dia's share prices on the Madrid Stock Exchange. Therefore, I assess Dia's prospects as extremely negative, and in no way recommend it to investors.” El Confidencial recalled past episodes associated with Fridman and qualified his actions as raider attacks on Spanish enterprises.[209] In January 2021, the Spanish National Court dismissed a case alleging that Fridman had manipulated the market to devalue Dia's shares,[210] with the judge stating the court instead saw Dia's decline in value as a result of "mismanagement" and lack of investments in marketing.[207]

Current posts

Fridman is on the board of directors of ABH Holdings, which is the Luxembourg-headquartered holding company of Alfa Banking Group.[211][16] Since DEA Deutsche Erdoel AG was bought by L1 Energy in 2015, he has been a member of its supervisory board.[20][19]

Fridman is a member of numerous public-facing bodies, including the National Council on Corporate Governance in Russia[16] and a boardmember of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs.[21] In February 2001, he became a member of the Council for Entrepreneurship at the Government of the Russian Federation.[39] He was elected as a member of the Public Chamber of Russia in November 2005.[17][21] Since 2005, he has been a Russian representative on the international advisory board of the Council on Foreign Relations.[22]

Philanthropy and initiatives

Fridman (second from right) at the commemoration of the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center at Babi Yar in Ukraine in 2016.[212]

In 1996 Fridman was one of the founders of the Russian Jewish Congress,[9] and he has been an active member since then,[213] including having been its vice president and head of its cultural committee.[39] He is a major donor to the European Jewish Fund, which promotes inter-religious dialogue.[9] In 2007,[214] Fridman, along with Stan Polovets, Alexander Knaster, Petr Aven, and German Khan, founded the Genesis Philanthropy Group, whose purpose is to develop and enhance Jewish identity among Russian-speaking Jews worldwide.[215][214][216] The Genesis Prize, which the group founded in 2012, is a million-dollar annual prize for Jewish contributions to humanity.[215][9] Fridman was also one of the major funders of the Holocaust memorial project at Babi Yar in Kyiv, Ukraine, which was launched in 2016.[217][212]

In 2011 he founded the annual Alfa Jazz Fest, which is funded by Alfa-Bank, in his place of birth Lviv, Ukraine,[218][219] and in 2014 launched the Alfa Future People Festival, an annual electronic music festival held on the banks of the Volga River in the Nizhny Novgorod region in Russia.[220][221]

Honours and awards

In 2003, Fridman was honoured with the Golden Plate Award from the Academy of Achievement in Washington, presented by former U.S. President Bill Clinton,[222][39][17] and he was named one of "The Stars of Europe: 25 Leaders at the forefront of change" by BusinessWeek.[223][224] In 2004 he was included in the Financial Times list of 25 business executives named "Leaders of the New Europe".[225] In 2004 he was included in Fortune magazine's list of the Power 25 in Europe and was given GQ Russia's Man of the Year national award in 2006. Forbes Russia named Fridman Russian Businessman of the Year in 2012 and 2017.[226][123]

Legal challenges

In 2003, two "elite dachas" owned by the Russian government were sold below market value, one to Fridman and another to former Russian prime-minister Mikhail Kasyanov.[227][228] The sales caught the attention of the press in July 2005, with State Duma member and journalist Aleksandr Khinshtein stating that the sales had gone through without the mandatory media announcement of auction.[227][228] Khinshtein also alleged a preferential loan from Fridman to Kasyanov, which Fridman denied.[228] Fridman stated that the property's asking price was low because the building was dilapidated and sold without land.[228] Radio Free Europe reported that Khinshtein's investigation appeared to be an attempt to intimidate Kasyanov, who aspired to head anti-Putin forces.[229] In early 2006, the Moscow Court of Arbitration ruled that the two houses should be returned to the state, maintaining Fridman's right to a refund but arguing the proper procedures were not followed during the privatization.[230][231][232] On 1 March 2006, government officials responsible for the sale of the two properties were charged with misappropriation of entrusted property for an especially large sum by an organized group.[233]

In 2005, a United States district court in Washington, D.C. dismissed a 2000 libel suit by Fridman and Petr Aven against the Center for Public Integrity over an online article which included a suggestion that they had been involved in drug-running and organized crime; the federal judge ruled that there was no evidence of actual malice on the part of the publication and that Fridman and Aven were limited public figures regarding the public controversy involving corruption in post-Soviet Russia.[234][235][236][237][59]

In May 2017 Fridman, along with fellow Alfa-Bank owners Petr Aven and German Khan, filed a defamation lawsuit against BuzzFeed for publishing the unverified Steele dossier,[238][239][240] which alleged financial ties and collusion between Putin, Trump, and the three bank owners.[241][242] In October 2017 Fridman, Aven, and Khan also filed a libel suit against the private-investigation firm Fusion GPS and its founder Glenn Simpson, who had commissioned former MI6 agent Christopher Steele to compile the dossier, for circulating the dossier among journalists and allowing it to be published.[234] In April 2018 Fridman, Aven, and Khan filed a libel suit against Steele in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia,[243][244] but the suit was dismissed with prejudice the following August.[245] Aven, Khan, and Fridman then brought a lawsuit for defamation in Britain against Orbis Business Intelligence, Steele's private intelligence firm.[246][247][248] The trial started in March 2020 in London, with Steele arguing the claim should be dismissed as the subject matter "fell within the remit of national security".[249] In July 2020, Mr. Justice Mark Warby in the Queen's Bench Division of the British High Court of Justice ordered Orbis pay $23,000 to both Fridman and Aven in damages,[250] after Steele claimed they had delivered "large amounts of illicit cash" to Vladimir Putin when Putin was deputy mayor of St. Petersburg. Warby stated that the claim was "demonstrably false" and awarded the damages to compensate "for the loss of autonomy, distress and reputational damage caused by the breaches of duty". The judge also stated that Steele's dossier inaccurately claimed that Aven and Fridman provided foreign policy advice to Putin.[246][247][248][251] Fridman testified in the proceedings that he had never been asked by Putin to perform political favors, with Warby agreeing that "in the context of his position as a businessman, the idea of [Fridman] doing Mr Putin's political bidding makes no sense."[252]

Alleged arrest in London

On 1 December 2022, an unnamed 58-year-old man was arrested at his residence in London and later released on bail by officers from the Combatting Kleptocracy Cell, established by the UK’s National Crime Agency.[26] Several media, such as the Russian state-owned news agency TASS, alleged the man was Mikhail Fridman.[253] Alfa-Bank denied that Fridman was the man in question.[254] The Russian Embassy in London, meanwhile, stated that Fridman had not asked for consular assistance[255] Later, in September 2023, the National Crime Agency closed the investigation. An NCA spokesman said that the agency would take no further action against Fridman based on the warrant executed at Athlone House in December 2022.[30][31]

Personal life

Fridman was based for many years in Moscow, often spending time in European cities such as London, Paris, Amsterdam, and Hamburg.[38][256] In 2015 he moved to London,[213][257] and by 2016 had purchased Athlone House for £65 million to be his primary residence.[258][259] He is divorced and has four children.[258][260][220][261] In 2016 Fridman announced that by virtue of his will, his entire fortune will be left to charity.[258][260]

Fridman and his first wife Olga have two daughters Katya (Ekaterina) and Lora (Larisa) (Russian: Лора). Olga studied with Mikhail at the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, but in the 1990s she attended design courses in Paris and became an interior designer. As of May 2014, she and the daughters live in France.[262][263] Fridman has two children with his second wife Oksana Ozhelskaya (Russian: Оксана Ожельская).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Fridman, who is very close to Vladimir Putin, is alleged to have provided significant support to the Russian hacking efforts of the United States Democratic Party's National Committee server during the 2016 United States elections.[199][200]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Forbes Profile: Mikhail Fridman". Forbes. 25 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  2. ^ a b Betta, Weronika (3 November 2017). "Mikhail Fridman: What does it take to become an entrepreneur?". Yale University. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  3. ^ a b המיליארדר היהודי לא מוריש לילדיו: "שירוויחו בעצמם". Ynet. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  4. ^ "Russia's oligarchs". The Guardian. 2 July 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  5. ^ Mulvey, Stephen (27 October 2003). "Analysis: The Yukos puzzle". BBC News. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  6. ^ Chua, Amy (2004). World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. Knopf Doubleday. pp. 84–85. ISBN 9780385503020.
  7. ^ Hoffman, David E. (2011). The Oligarchs: Wealth And Power In The New Russia. PublicAffairs. p. 328. ISBN 9781610391115.
  8. ^ "Mikhail Fridman, Ukrainian-born Russian Billionaire, Tells Employees: 'War Can Never Be the Answer'". WSJ. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d "The World's 50 Richest Jews: 1-10". Jerusalem Post. 7 September 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  10. ^ https://www.forbes.ru/rating/200-bogateishih-biznesmenov-rossii-2013/2013
  11. ^ https://www.forbes.ru/milliardery/487934-110-rossijskih-milliarderov-rejting-forbes-2023
  12. ^ https://online.flipbuilder.com/myab/xfgo/mobile/index.html#p=30
  13. ^ "Bloomberg Billionaires Index". Bloomberg.com.
  14. ^ a b "In the shadow of giants". The Economist. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g "Mikhail Fridman (Co-founder of L1)". LetterOne. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  16. ^ a b c d "Mikhail Fridman - Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Alfa Group Consortium". Alfa Group. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  17. ^ a b c d e "Mikhail Fridman". Alfa-Bank. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  18. ^ "Supervisory board". VEON. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  19. ^ a b "Supervisory Board". DEA AG. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  20. ^ a b "DEA Supervisory Board starts work". DEA Group. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Mikhail Fridman - Profile". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016.
  22. ^ a b "International Advisory Board" (PDF). Council on Foreign Relations. 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  23. ^ "Mikhail Fridman loses control of LetterOne after sanctions". Financial Times. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  24. ^ Colchester, Sara Ruberg and Max (16 July 2022). "Roman Abramovich, Other Sanctioned Russian Oligarchs Fight Back in Court". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  25. ^ "Sanctioned Billionaires Sue After EU Ultimatum to Declare Their Luxury Villas". Bloomberg. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2023 – via www.bloomberg.com.
  26. ^ a b "Wealthy Russian businessman arrested on suspicion of multiple offences". National Crime Agency. Retrieved 27 December 2022. The National Crime Agency has conducted a major operation to arrest a wealthy Russian businessman on suspicion of offences including money laundering, conspiracy to defraud the Home Office and conspiracy to commit perjury.
  27. ^ "Источник сообщил о задержании в Лондоне Михаила Фридмана". tass.ru. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  28. ^ "UK crime agency arrests 'wealthy Russian' over money laundering". Reuters. 3 December 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2023 – via www.reuters.com.
  29. ^ "UK scales back probe into Mikhail Fridman four months after raid in London". Financial Times. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023 – via www.ft.com.
  30. ^ a b "UK Drops Probe Into Sanctioned Russian Billionaire Mikhail Fridman". Bloomberg.com. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  31. ^ a b "UK drops sanctions evasion probe into Russian billionaire Fridman". Yahoo News. 16 September 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g Kandell, Jonathan (4 May 2015). "Alfa's Mikhail Fridman Skirts Russian Sanctions to Invest Abroad". Institutional Investor. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  33. ^ Fridman, Mikhail (18 June 2015). "The Genesis Prize: Reflecting on Jewishness". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  34. ^ a b c d e Chazan, Guy (1 April 2016). "Lunch with the FT: Mikhail Fridman". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  35. ^ a b c d Frontline World (2003). "'Moscow: Rich in Russia: How to Make a Billion Dollars: Mikhail Fridman". PBS. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  36. ^ a b c d e Goldman, Marshall I. (2003). The Piratization of Russia: Russian Reform Goes Awry. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 9781134376858.
  37. ^ a b c Amos, Howard (10 March 2015). "Russian Tycoon Fridman Should Make U.K. Feel Nervous". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  38. ^ a b c d e f "The 'evolving oligarch'". Institutional Investor. 1 September 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  39. ^ a b c d e "Biography for Mikhail Fridman". SiloBreaker. 28 May 2009. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010.
  40. ^ "Fridman, Mikhail". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  41. ^ a b "Notice of the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders" (PDF). VEON. 24 July 2017. p. 10. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  42. ^ Birch, Douglas (9 November 2003). "Poor Russia's wealthiest dozen". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  43. ^ a b Королев, Игорь (Korolyov, Igor) (19 January 2017). "Партнера "Билайна" заподозрили в выводе денег в пользу "сына главы МВД". Схема" [Beeline's partner was suspected of withdrawing money in favor of the "son of the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs". Scheme]. cnews.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ a b Королев, Игорь (Korolyov, Igor) (23 January 2017). "Сын главы МВД мог быть совладельцем крупнейшего агрегатора мобильного контента" [The son of the Interior Minister could be a co-owner of the largest mobile content aggregator]. cnews.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ Злобин, Андрей (Zlobin, Andrey); Березанская, Елена (Berezanskaya, Elena) (21 October 2019). "Фамилия, имя, друзья Путина: как прошло заседание мадридского суда с участием Михаила Фридмана" [Surname, name, friends of Putin: how was the meeting of the Madrid court with the participation of Mikhail Fridman]. Forbes.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 5 February 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ Черецкий, Виктор (Cheretsky, Victor) (11 August 2017). "За что в Испании недолюбливают российского олигарха Фридмана: Испанцы неоднозначно восприняли покупку группой миллиардера из России Михаила Фридмана пакета акций местной торговой сети DIA. Чем они недовольны, выясняла DW" [Why the Russian oligarch Fridman is disliked in Spain: The Spaniards were ambivalent about the purchase by the group of Russian billionaire Mikhail Fridman of a block of shares in the local DIA retail chain. What are they unhappy with, DW found out.]. Deutsche Welle (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ "Fridman niega ante el juez haber tenido capacidad decisoria alguna en las mercantiles implicadas en la asfixia de Zed" [Fridman denies before the judge having had any decision-making capacity in the mercantile companies involved in the asphyxia of Zed] (in Spanish). Europa Press. 21 October 2019. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  48. ^ Reznikovich, Alexei M. (26 May 2006). "Letter to Vimpelcom's Shareholders". Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  49. ^ a b Aglionby, John (2 March 2015). "Profile: Mikhail Fridman — from rugs to riches". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  50. ^ "CEE's Top Business Leaders: Eastern Europe". bne IntelliNews. May 2017. pp. 30–31. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  51. ^ a b "Mikhail Fridman: Alfa Group Chairman Builds Russian 'Benchmark'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 29 January 2002. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  52. ^ Whalen, Jeanne (22 February 2001). "Brains, Bare Knuckles Are Keys To Success of Firm in Rich Deal". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  53. ^ The International Who's Who 2004. Europa Press. 2003. p. 567. ISBN 9781857432176.
  54. ^ Goldman, Marshall (28 August 1998). "Russia's Robber Barons: The Twelve Men Who Own Russia's Economy". Global Beat. Boston University. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  55. ^ Fridman, Mikhail (14 November 2010). "Fridman: How I became an oligarch". openDemocracy. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h Aris, Ben (10 May 2017). "PROFILE: Mikhail Fridman, chairman of Alfa Group". bne IntelliNews. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  57. ^ Goldman, Marshall I. (2010). Petrostate: Putin, Power, and the New Russia. Oxford University Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 9780199758548.
  58. ^ "Our Businesses". AlfaGroup.org. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  59. ^ a b c Lloyd, John (8 October 2000). "The Autumn Of the Oligarchs". New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  60. ^ Campbell, Robert Wellington (2012). A Biobibliographical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Economists. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9780415519465.
  61. ^ Bojicic-Dzelilovic, Vesna (2016). Persistent State Weakness in the Global Age. Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 9781317082064.
  62. ^ "British Paper Names Banking Clique". The Moscow Times. 5 November 1996. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  63. ^ a b Kotz, David; Weir, Fred (2007). Russia's Path from Gorbachev to Putin: The Demise of the Soviet System and the New Russia. Routledge. p. 218. ISBN 9781135992057.
  64. ^ Goldman, Marshall I. (2003). The Piratization of Russia: Russian Reform Goes Awry. Routledge. p. 132. ISBN 9781134376858.
  65. ^ a b c d Chazan, Guy; Thornhill, John (5 March 2015). "Mikhail Fridman: The Alpha oligarch". Financial Times. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  66. ^ a b Schmouker, Olivier (9 December 2009). "Qui est Mikhail Fridman?". Les Affaires (in French). Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  67. ^ https://petr-aven-books.com/
  68. ^ Gitelman, Zvi Y.; Glants, Musya; Goldman, Marshall I. (2003). Jewish Life After the USSR. Indiana University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0253341620.
  69. ^ a b c "Russian Corporate Giants Enter the World Stage". Russia Beyond. 30 January 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  70. ^ a b c "History". X5 Retail Group. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  71. ^ "Company Information". X5 Retail Group. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015.
  72. ^ Huddleston Jr., Tom (10 December 2010). "Dealmaker of the Week: Oxana Balayan of Hogan Lovells". The Am Law Daily. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  73. ^ Khrennikov, Ilya (16 February 2018). "A Russian Oligarch Walks Away From His $8 Billion Empire". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  74. ^ "Russia's X5 Retail Group plans to add 2,500 new stores in 2018". Reuters. 29 March 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  75. ^ a b c d "History of Alfa Group Consortium". Alfa Group. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  76. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina (4 April 2001). "World Business Briefing: Europe; Expansion By Oil Concern". New York Times. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  77. ^ Chazan, Guy (8 May 2001). "Russian Conglomerate Alfa Makes Strong Partner for Golden Telecom". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  78. ^ McCarthy, Daniel J.; Puffer, Sheila M.; Shekshnia, Stanislav V. (2004). Corporate Governance in Russia. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 292. ISBN 9781781958216.
  79. ^ a b "Vimpelcom Shareholders Approve Strategic Partnership with Alfa Group and Telenor". Russian Telecom Newsletter. August 2001.
  80. ^ Minchom, Clive (30 July 2014). "Mikhail Fridman's Alfa Group To Collect $1.6 Billion On Loan To Turks". Jewish Business News. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  81. ^ "VimpelCom shareholders overwhelmingly approve strategic partnership with Alfa Group and Telenor" (press release). VEON. 27 July 2001. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  82. ^ Nicholson, Chris V. (5 October 2009). "Telenor and Alfa Reach Deal on VimpelCom". New York Times. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  83. ^ "Vimpelcom-Kyivstar merger finally cleared by anti-monopoly authority". TeleGeography. 20 October 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  84. ^ a b Corcoran, Jason (11 April 2016). "PROFILE: Mikhail Fridman – the teflon oligarch new to Londongrad". bne IntelliNews. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  85. ^ Hotten, Russell (22 June 2008). "BP antagonist has Altimo ambitions". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  86. ^ "Timeline: Uneasy Vimpelcom partners Telenor and Alfa-Group". Reuters. 8 February 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  87. ^ Wellhausen, Rachel L. (2014). The Shield of Nationality: When Governments Break Contracts with Foreign Firms. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–141. ISBN 9781316124031.
  88. ^ Brown, Heidi; Noon, Chris (9 June 2006). "Russian Billionaire's Alfa Group Sued In Federal Court". Forbes. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  89. ^ "Alfa Group Accused of Bribing to Buy MegaFon". Kommersant. 13 June 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  90. ^ Kent, Jonathan (9 May 2008). "The rise and fall of IPOC". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  91. ^ Fidler, Stephen (24 October 2006). "Ipoc cleared of money laundering charges". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  92. ^ Fidler, Stephen; Ostrovsky, Arkady [in Russian]; Buckley, Neil (23 April 2006). "A disputed stake pits an oligarch against a Putin ally". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  93. ^ Belton, Catherine (30 November 2007). "Court backs Alfa Group right to Megafon stake". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  94. ^ "Russia's Altimo says MegaFon dispute resolved". Reuters. 30 November 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  95. ^ Middleton, James (30 July 2007). "Altimo vs. Ipoc: it's all over". Telecoms.com. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  96. ^ Kent, Jonathan (9 May 2008). "The rise and fall of IPOC". Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  97. ^ "Dane battles for Russian mobile company". Copenhagen Post. 28 October 2004. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  98. ^ Javers, Eamon (25 February 2007). "Spies, Lies & KPMG: An inside look at how the accounting giant was infiltrated by private intelligence firm Diligence". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  99. ^ Hotten, Russell (22 June 2008). "BP antagonist has Altimo ambitions". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  100. ^ Knapp, Michael C.; Knapp, Carol A. (January–June 2016). "Duplicity and Diligence: An Ethical Forensic Case Study of International Espionage" (PDF). Journal of Forensic and Investigative Accounting. pp. 272–283. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  101. ^ a b Charles, B. (22 March 2007). "Alfa Group's Arsenal to Fight Rivals in Kiev and Moscow". intelligenceonline.com. Retrieved 18 March 2020 – via Alfa's Worldwide Network of Consultants.
  102. ^ Schreckinger, Ben; Ioffe, Julia (7 October 2016). "Lobbyist advised Trump campaign while promoting Russian pipeline". Politico. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  103. ^ a b Davies, Megan; Akin, Melissa (6 June 2012). "Russian risks bear down on oligarch Fridman". Reuters. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  104. ^ Garside, Juliette (9 October 2012). "Russian mobile network MegaFon confirms London IPO". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  105. ^ "MegaFon deal gives Teliasonera mega payday". Reuters. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  106. ^ "The billionaire oligarchs behind Alfa-Access-Renova (AAR)". The Guardian. 17 May 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  107. ^ a b "TNK-BP: a troubled history". The Telegraph. Reuters. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  108. ^ a b c Yenikeyeff, Shamil (November 2011). "BP, Russian billionaires, and the Kremlin: a Power Triangle that never was" (PDF). The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  109. ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (28 May 2012). "Russian tycoon unexpectedly quits as CEO of TNK-BP". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  110. ^ Levine, Steve (25 July 2012). "The last free oligarch". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  111. ^ Fox, Merritt B.; Heller, Michael (2006). Corporate Governance Lessons from Transition Economy Reforms. Princeton University Press. p. 133. ISBN 0691125619.
  112. ^ Gismatullin, Eduard (23 December 1999). "BP, TNK End Feud And Split Sidanko". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  113. ^ Goldman, Marshall I. (2003). The Piratization of Russia: Russian Reform Goes Awry. Routledge. pp. 137–138. ISBN 9781134376858.
  114. ^ Sakwa, Richard (2004). Putin: Russia's Choice. Psychology Press. p. 194. ISBN 9780415296649.
  115. ^ "Russian roulette". The Washington Times. 31 May 2006. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  116. ^ a b Vardi, Nathan (21 January 2015). "The Four Horsemen Of Russia's Economic Apocalypse". Forbes. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  117. ^ Chazan, Guy; Belton, Catherine (28 May 2012). "Fresh crisis at TNK-BP as Fridman exits". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  118. ^ Rodova, Nadia; Elliott, Stuart (21 March 2013). "Rosneft takes final steps to oil pinnacle; Closes $56 billion TNK-BP deal ahead of schedule". S&P Global Platts. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  119. ^ Васильева, Елена (3 March 2015). "Время покупать: куда Фридман и партнеры вложили деньги от продажи ТНК-BP". Forbes Russia. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  120. ^ Marlow, Ben (4 April 2015). "Rainmaker: Rich Russians look for new fights in gas and telecoms". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  121. ^ a b Solomon, Brian (12 February 2016). "Russian Billionaires Bet $200 Million On Uber". Forbes. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  122. ^ a b "Our story". LetterOne. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  123. ^ a b c d Березанская, Елена (21 December 2017). "Новая территория. Михаил Фридман — бизнесмен года по версии Forbes". Forbes Russia. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  124. ^ "Leadership & governance". LetterOne. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  125. ^ a b c "Ex-British trade minister Davies joins Russia's LetterOne - Sky News". Reuters. 7 May 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  126. ^ Olearchyk, Roman (30 July 2013). "Mikhail Fridman: Oligarchy with all that jazz". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  127. ^ "Former Swedish premier Bildt appointed LetterOne board adviser". Reuters. 14 May 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  128. ^ a b "Fridman's Alfa Group sets up energy fund, to invest $20 bln". Reuters. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  129. ^ a b Williams, Selina (1 December 2015). "British Oil-Deals Maven John Browne Returns to the Field". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  130. ^ Chazan, Guy; Olearchyk, Roman (17 June 2013). "Former BP chief Lord Browne to advise Alfa on oil and gas deals". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  131. ^ a b Macalister, Terry (8 March 2015). "Ex-BP boss aims to build major energy industry player from scratch". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  132. ^ a b "LetterOne completes purchase of RWE Dea for €5.1 billion". Oil and Gas Journal. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  133. ^ Reed, Stanley (11 October 2015). "Under Political Pressure, Russian Billionaire Sells Energy Assets in North Sea". New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  134. ^ Adams, Christopher; Pickard, Jim (2 March 2015). "Oligarch's oil deal caught in sanctions crossfire". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  135. ^ Bershidsky, Leonid (5 March 2015). "Not All Russian Billionaires Are Putin Cronies". Bloomberg. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  136. ^ a b c Amon, Michael (8 May 2015). "Russian Billionaire Mikhail Fridman Looks to Sell U.K. Gas Fields". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  137. ^ Adams, Christopher; Massoudi, Arash (17 March 2015). "Fridman looks to avert political row by selling North Sea fields". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  138. ^ a b Hook, Leslie (12 February 2016). "Uber picks up $200m from Russian billionaire Mikhail Fridman". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  139. ^ "Russian oligarch Mikhail Fridman given North Sea deadline". BBC News. 4 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  140. ^ Williams, Selina (20 April 2015). "U.K. Tells Russia's Mikhail Fridman to Sell North Sea Gas Fields". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  141. ^ Reed, Stanley (11 October 2015). "Under Political Pressure, Russian Billionaire Sells Energy Assets in North Sea". New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  142. ^ "Ineos buys 12 North Sea gas fields for £490m". The Guardian. Press Association. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  143. ^ Khan, Mehreen (11 October 2015). "Billionaire Jim Ratcliffe snaps up North Sea oil fields". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  144. ^ Adams, Christopher (11 October 2015). "Ineos targets further North Sea assets in wake of $750m deal". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  145. ^ "Russia's Fridman spends $1.6bn on Norwegian oil and gas fields". Financial Times. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  146. ^ "E.ON agrees 1 billion pound sale of North Sea assets to Fridman". Reuters. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  147. ^ a b c Thomas, Daniel (5 April 2015). "Billionaire Fridman targets US and Europe in $16bn telecoms spree". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  148. ^ "Telia sells further 7% of Turkcell; no longer holds direct stake". TeleGeography. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  149. ^ Rolander, Niclas (3 May 2017). "Telia Sells $500 Million Turkcell Stake to Focus on Nordics". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  150. ^ "UPDATE 1-Russia's Alfa interested in buying Cukurova's Turkcell stake - sources". Reuters. 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  151. ^ Reznik, Irina; Ersoyon, Ercan (29 November 2016). "Turkcell Feud Unresolved as Fridman Buyout Option Expires". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  152. ^ Sezer, Can (21 November 2016). "Russian tycoon could take control of Turkcell: source". Reuters. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  153. ^ Sezer, Can (24 November 2017). "Turkcell sees potential to double user count within 2-3 years". Reuters. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  154. ^ "VimpelCom pays $835m to US and Dutch over Uzbekistan telecoms bribes". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  155. ^ "Veon must face lawsuit over bribery disclosures: U.S. judge". Reuters. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  156. ^ "Veon's CEO resigns, chairwoman to take over temporarily, COO named". Reuters. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  157. ^ Deutsch, Anthony; Auchard, Eric (4 November 2016). "Exclusive: Vimpelcom set for radical overhaul from telco to internet player - CEO". Reuters. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  158. ^ Fildes, Nic (30 August 2016). "Mikhail Fridman pumps $50m into FreedomPop". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  159. ^ "Mikhail Fridman's LetterOne confirms $50 million investment in 'disruptive' US mobile service provider". East-West Digital News. 2 September 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  160. ^ Karmin, Craig (21 December 2011). "The Russians Are Coming". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  161. ^ "Fridman's LetterOne expands into healthcare in United States". Reuters. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  162. ^ "Alfa-Group completes deal on acquisition of Ukrsotsbank". Interfax-Ukraine. 31 October 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  163. ^ "New Retail Fund from Russia That Plans To Invest $3bn In The Retail Stars Of Tomorrow Will Be Headquartered In London". Haggerston Times. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  164. ^ Solomon, Shoshanna. "Israel ranks only 36th out of 152 nations in new innovation index". Times of Israel. 7 December 2016.
  165. ^ "Q&A: Searching for Growth in an Unstable Global Economy". Milken Institute Review. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  166. ^ "Economics turns into a new moneyspinner". City A.M. 6 July 2017. p. 11.
  167. ^ O'Donnell, Gus; Hoberman, Brent. "Think beyond GDP to measure the true success of an economy". Evening Standard. 6 July 2017.
  168. ^ "Holland & Barrett sold to Russian billionaire for £1.8bn". The Guardian. Press Association. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  169. ^ Березанская, Елена; Кравченко, Екатерина (29 December 2017). "Михаил Фридман — о жизни в Лондоне, банковском кризисе и агентах Кремля". Forbes Russia (in Russian). Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  170. ^ Davies, Megan (29 June 2012). "Russia's Alfa says it has $1.5 billion in Pamplona". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  171. ^ Chassany, Anne-Sylvaine (15 May 2013). "Fridman-backed Pamplona seals second US deal". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  172. ^ De Haldevang, Max (18 January 2018). "Russian oligarchs are desperately lobbying to avoid new US sanctions". Quartz. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  173. ^ a b Fitzpatrick, Catherine A. (28 May 2018). "Private Dinner with Russian Oligarchs at Atlantic Council". The Interpreter. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  174. ^ a b "Russian Oligarchs Attend Closed-Doors Meeting at The Atlantic Council in D.C." Moscow Times. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  175. ^ a b c Saakov, Rafael (23 May 2018). "US Think Tank Takes Heat for Hosting Putin-Linked Oligarchs". Voice of America. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  176. ^ "Russia's two 'friendliest' oligarchs reportedly come to D.C. bearing a message from the Kremlin". Meduza. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  177. ^ a b Marusic, Damir; Orlova, Karina (30 May 2018). "The Great Oligarch Whitewash". The American Interest. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  178. ^ Zaslavskiy, Ilya; Piontkovsky, Andrei; Kasparov, Garry; et al. (21 May 2018). "Oligarchs from Alfa Group Should be Asked Critical Questions at the Atlantic Council Dinner". AtlanticCouncil.org. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  179. ^ Herbst, John E. (21 May 2018). "The Atlantic Council Must be Open to Dialogue—Even if Critics Disagree". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  180. ^ "Kremlin: Russian tycoons Aven, Friedman didn't serve as 'Putin envoys' to Atlantic Council". TASS. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  181. ^ Saakov, Rafael (24 May 2018). "Kremlin: Russian Bankers Weren't 'Envoys' to Atlantic Council". Voice of America. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  182. ^ "Конфликт совладельцев "Корунд-М" дошел до "Ростеха"". Газета РБК. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  183. ^ Valentina Pop; Sam Fleming; Max Seddon (28 February 2022). "EU freezes assets of Russia's leading oligarchs and allies of Putin". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  184. ^ "Foreign Secretary announces 65 new Russian sanctions to cut off vital industries fuelling Putin's war machine". GOV.UK. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  185. ^ Miller, Greg (28 February 2022). "Ukraine invasion opens faint, but once unthinkable, fissures between Putin and Russian oligarchs". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
  186. ^ Riley, Charles (28 February 2022). "Two Russian oligarchs call for an end to Putin's war". CNN.
  187. ^ "CONSOLIDATED LIST" (PDF). 29 September 2023.
  188. ^ "Alfa-Bank Ukraine shareholders ready to capitalize it by $1 bln or donate it to state - Fridman". interfax.com.ua. 14 October 2022.
  189. ^ Forrest, Brett; Talley, Ian (8 September 2022). "Russian Billionaire Mikhail Fridman Offers $1 Billion to Ukraine in Hope of Sanctions Relief". Wall Street Journal.
  190. ^ "Russian billionaire seeks sanctions relief, FTX buys 30% stake in Skybridge, Tapestry unveils growth strategy". 9 September 2022.
  191. ^ "Альфа-Банк Україна надав понад 104 млн грн на допомогу ЗСУ". delo.ua (in Ukrainian). 1 November 2022.
    "Альфа-Банк виділив 60 млн гривень на допомогу українським захисникам — Delo.ua". delo.ua (in Ukrainian). 25 May 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  192. ^ "CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK" (PDF). Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  193. ^ "Notice Russia" (PDF). Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  194. ^ "СБУ обвинила Фридмана в финансировании военных действий". RBC (in Russian). 5 September 2023.
  195. ^ "Mijail "el sucio"". www.elmundo.es. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  196. ^ "Quién es Fridman, el magnate 'ruso' con socios españoles investigado por el FBI". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 29 June 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  197. ^ "La Policía detiene a la mano derecha del millonario ruso vinculado a Putin y Trump". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 29 June 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  198. ^ "ING está siendo investigado por un caso de blanqueo relacionado con Fridman". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 22 March 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  199. ^ a b "La policía española detiene al administrador de Zed+ por posible fraude empresarial: El detenido, Peter Wakke, es la mano derecha del magnate ruso Mikhail Fridman" [Spanish police detain Zed + administrator for possible business fraud: The detainee, Peter Wakke, is the right-hand man of Russian magnate Mikhail Fridman]. elperiodico.com (in Spanish). 16 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  200. ^ a b "В Испании задержали первого подозреваемого по делу о переводе взяток родне чиновников правительства РФ" [In Spain, the first suspect in the case of transferring bribes to relatives of government officials of the Russian Federation was detained]. newsru.com (in Russian). 17 January 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  201. ^ Зайцев, Петр (Zaitsev, Peter) (17 January 2021). ""Правую руку" Михаила Фридмана арестовали в Испании по делу о коррупции" [Mikhail Fridman's "right hand" arrested in Spain on corruption charges] (in Russian). L!FE. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  202. ^ Mijnherr, Dennis (17 January 2017). "Hoe topadvocaat Peter Wakkie wordt meegesleurd in Spaans-Russische telecomvete [update]" [How top lawyer Peter Wakkie is dragged into Spanish-Russian telecom feud [update]]. Follow the Money (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  203. ^ Boutreux, Laurence (21 October 2019). "Russian Jewish tycoon grilled by Spain's top court for alleged 'corporate raid'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  204. ^ "Russia Oligarch Questioned by Spanish Criminal Court". Agence France-Presse. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  205. ^ James, Claire (9 December 2019). "The year of change for Russian oligarch Mikhail Fridman". NewsReview. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  206. ^ "Spanish National Court Dismisses Case Against Russian Businessman Fridman - Lawyers". 15 December 2020.
  207. ^ a b Judge García Castellón confirms the file of the case for the Russian magnate Mikhail Fridman for the bankruptcy of Zed, Spain: Europa Press, 24 February 2021, p. 1, retrieved 31 May 2020
  208. ^ Judge confirms provisional file of investigation to Fridman (DIA) by Zed, El Economista, 25 February 2021, p. 1, retrieved 5 June 2021
  209. ^ "Fridman, "el gran jefe" ruso de la trama que asalta los súper de DIA". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 23 December 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  210. ^ Spain Court Drops Russia Tycoon Probe Over Supermarket Buy, United States: Barron's, 18 January 2021, p. 1, retrieved 31 May 2021
  211. ^ "Directors". ABH Holdings. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  212. ^ a b "Petro Poroshenko announces initiative to create Holocaust Memorial Center". BabiYar.org. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016.
  213. ^ a b Moskalenko, Kristina (12 January 2016). "Nicolas Sarkozy and Mikhail Fridman headline 2015 Internet Entrepreneur awards". FinBuzz. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016.
  214. ^ a b "Ceremony Marking the Cooperation between Yad Vashem and the Genesis Philanthrophy Group". Yad Vashem. June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2009.
  215. ^ a b Herszenhorn, David M. (26 June 2012). "Russians Join Israel to Start Jewish Prize of $1 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  216. ^ Gur, Haviv Rettig (19 December 2009). "Fund Gives Millions Of Dollars To Keep Russian-Speaking Jews Jewish". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  217. ^ Kinstler, Linda (30 September 2016). "No Monument Stands Over Babi Yar". The Atlantic. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  218. ^ Bondarenko, Andrei (12 April 2016). "Russian culture through Lviv's looking glass". openDemocracy. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  219. ^ "Alfa-Bank to continue organizing Alfa Jazz Fest in Lviv". Interfax-Ukraine. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  220. ^ a b СОЛОВЬЁВА, КСЕНИЯ (27 June 2017). "DJ Фридман: зачем форбс придумал русский Tomorrowland". Tatler (in Russian). Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  221. ^ Sedukhina, Anastasia; Destrée, Maïlis (29 January 2018). "Mikhaïl Fridman, le milliardaire en vue". Le Courrier de Russie (in French). Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  222. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees: All Honorees". Academy of Achievement. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  223. ^ "The Stars of Europe". BusinessWeek. 7 July 2003. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  224. ^ "The Stars of Europe: 25 Leaders at the forefront of change". BusinessWeek. 7 July 2003. Archived from the original on 25 April 2005.
  225. ^ Groom, Brian (20 April 2004). "Leaders of The New Europe: Business stars chart a course for the profits of the future". Financial Times. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  226. ^ Малкова, Ирина; Березанская, Елена; Игуменов, Валерий (14 January 2013). "Бизнесмен года: по каким правилам Михаил Фридман строит бизнес". Forbes Russia. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  227. ^ a b ЗАПОДИНСКАЯ, ЕКАТЕРИНА (2 August 2005). "Михаил Касьянов уклонился от госдачи показаний". Kommersant. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  228. ^ a b c d "Михаила Фридмана допросили в Генпрокуратуре по делу о госдачах". NEWSru. 2 August 2005. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  229. ^ "Investigation Of Former Premier Threatens To Acquire Political Dimension". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 12 July 2005. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  230. ^ "В России: У Касьянова отобрали дачу "Сосновка-1"". Lenta.ru. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  231. ^ ЗАПОДИНСКАЯ, ЕКАТЕРИНА (18 January 2006). "Михаил Фридман лишился дачи по-хорошему". Kommersant. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  232. ^ "Проданную Фридману госдачу национализировали". NEWSru. 17 January 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  233. ^ "Предъявлены первые обвинения по делу о продаже элитных дач Касьянову и Фридману". NEWSru. 1 March 2006. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  234. ^ a b Gerstein, Josh (4 October 2017). "3 Russians named in Trump dossier sue Fusion GPS for libel". Politico. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  235. ^ "Libel case over mafia-Halliburton link dismissed". Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press. 4 October 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  236. ^ "Alfa Loses Libel Suit in U.S. Court". The Moscow Times. 29 September 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  237. ^ Fortescue, Stephen (2006). Russia's Oil Barons and Metal Magnates: Oligarchs and the State in Transition. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 69. ISBN 9780230800748.
  238. ^ Porter, Tom (27 May 2017). "Russian Bankers Sue BuzzFeed Over Publication Of Unverified Trump Dossier". Newsweek. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  239. ^ Gerstein, Josh (26 May 2017). "Russian bank owners sue BuzzFeed over Trump dossier publication". Politico. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  240. ^ "Mikhail Fridman, Petr Aven, and German Khan v. Buzzfeed, Inc. - Summons and Complaint" (PDF). 26 May 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018 – via Politico.
  241. ^ Smith, Geoffrey (11 January 2017). "Here's Why Russian Intelligence Bombshell on Donald Trump Might Be Believable". Fortune. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  242. ^ Sommer, Allison Kaplan (11 January 2017). "Controversial Dossier on Trump Alleges That Russia Targets Jewish-American Businessmen". Haaretz. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  243. ^ Polantz, Katelyn (20 April 2018). "3 Russian oligarchs sue Christopher Steele". CNN. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  244. ^ "Mikhail Fridman, Petr Aven, and German Khan v. Orbis Business Intelligence Limited and Christopher Steele" (PDF). 16 April 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018 – via CNN.
  245. ^ "Russia's Alfa Bank fails in lawsuit over Steele's Trump dossier". MSNBC (video). The Rachel Maddow Show. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  246. ^ a b Kantchev, Alan Cullison and Georgi (8 July 2020). "Christopher Steele's Firm Ordered in U.K. to Pay Damages to Russian Bankers". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  247. ^ a b Re, Greg (9 July 2020). "Ex-spy Christopher Steele ordered to pay damages over 'inaccurate' dossier claims". Fox News. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  248. ^ a b Re, Greg (9 July 2020). "Ex-spy Christopher Steele ordered to pay damages over 'inaccurate' dossier claims". www.msn.com. MSM. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  249. ^ Browning, Jonathan (16 March 2020), Russian Oligarchs Dismiss Kremlin Links in Trump Dossier Case, New York City, New York, United States: Bloomberg, p. 1, retrieved 5 June 2021
  250. ^ Cullison, Alan (8 July 2020), Christopher Steele's Firm Ordered in U.K. to Pay Damages to Russian Bankers, New York City, New York, The United States: The Wall Street Journal, p. 1, retrieved 5 June 2021
  251. ^ Dunleavy, Jerry (8 July 2020). "British judge orders Christopher Steele to pay damages to Russian bankers named in dossier". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  252. ^ Croft, Jane (8 July 2020), Russian oligarchs win case over 'Trump dossier' ties to Putin, England: The Financial Times, p. 1, archived from the original on 10 December 2022, retrieved 5 June 2021
  253. ^ "Russian businessman Mikhail Fridman detained and released on bail in London". TASS. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  254. ^ "Russian Businessman Mikhail Fridman Reportedly Detained In London On Money-Laundering Suspicions". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  255. ^ "Businessman Fridman never turned to Russian Embassy in London, says ambassador". TASS. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  256. ^ Gubeydullina, Gyuzel (22 September 2015). "Mikhail Fridman: "I am spending more time abroad"". FinBuzz.
  257. ^ Lepido, Daniele (26 October 2015). "Telecom Italia Said to Snub Fridman's $4 Billion Oi Offer". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  258. ^ a b c Behrmann, Anna (30 June 2016). "New Athlone House owner: 'I want to restore it to its former glory'". Ham & High. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  259. ^ "Broke Oligarch Says Sanctioned Billionaires Have No Sway Over Putin". Bloomberg News. 2022.
  260. ^ a b "Jewish Billionaire Mikhail Fridman Leaving Nothing to his Children". Jewish Press. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  261. ^ Radice, Orlando (26 October 2017). "Mikhail Fridman: The opinionated billionaire with a giving nature". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  262. ^ "15 богатейших холостяков России-2014". Forbes.ru. 6 May 2014.
  263. ^ "Топ-15 богатейших холостяков России (рейтинг Forbes — 2014). - Компромат.Ру / Compromat. Ru". www.compromat.ru.

External links

Media related to Mikhail Maratovich Fridman at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Fridman&oldid=1218925739"