List of Mingxing films

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The production logo for the Mingxing Film Company

Mingxing was a film production company based in Shanghai, the Republic of China. It released 174 narrative films between its establishment in 1922 and 1938, the year after it closed in the face of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Its output consisted of 128 silent films and 46 sound films. Of the company's productions, 69 were directed or co-directed by Zhang Shichuan and another 55 were credited to Zheng Zhengqiu.[1]

History

Co-founded by the dramatists and media entrepreneurs Ren Jinping, Zhang Shichuan, Zheng Zhegu, Zheng Zhengqiu, and Zhou Jianyun,[2] Mingxing had its first theatrical releases – a double feature of the short comedies The King of Comedy Visits Shanghai and Labourer's Love – at the Olympic Theatre on 7 October 1922.[3] These were not optioned by other theatres,[4] and after two further releases the company was in dire financial straits.[5]

This situation changed following the release of Orphan Rescues Grandfather (1923), a full-length melodrama that screened to full cinemas in Shanghai and was later distributed throughout China, as well as Southeast Asia.[6] As Mingxing expanded its facilities and began offering shares,[7] it increased its production from three films in 1924 to sixteen in 1928.[1] These included further melodramas with moral lessons and,[8] following the success of Tianyi's Heroine Li Feifei (1925), wuxia (martial arts) films.[9] The company's productions expanded to include leftist cinema following the arrival of screenwriters such as Qian Xingcun and Xia Yan, working under pseudonyms, in the 1930s.[a][10]

On 15 March 1931, Mingxing released Sing-Song Girl Red Peony – the first full sound film produced in China.[b][11] In subsequent years Mingxing continued to produce silent and sound films in conjunction, with its final silent film – Season of Falling Flowers – being released on 27 April 1935.[1] Though experiencing some economic difficulties, Mingxing continued to expand, opening a second studio in June 1936. However, with the escalation of the Second Sino-Japanese War, including the Japanese occupation of Shanghai, the studio was forced to close in 1937. Several already-completed films were screened the following year.[12]

Much of Mingxing's filmic output, as with most early Chinese films, is considered lost.[1] Early films were shot on volatile nitrate film, which was easily destroyed, and many experienced material degradation. Further contributing to the loss of historical films were internal turbulence and international conflict; for instance, Mingxing's warehouse was damaged during the Japanese bombing of Shanghai in 1932. Productions that have survived include Labourer's Love, the oldest surviving Chinese film,[13] as well as a further twenty-three films. Some films, such as An Amorous History of the Silver Screen (1931), are known only to have survived in the China Film Archive,[14] while others, such as The Classic for Girls (1934), have seen home release.[15]

List of films

This list is divided into two tables, one for the Mingxing's silent films and one for its sound films. Each table is sorted by release date by default, with further sorting capability in certain fields. Titles are given in English-language translations as well as traditional and simplified Chinese. Films are presented together with their director(s), whose names are rendered using the Chinese naming scheme wherein the surname precedes the given name. The list only counts fictional films produced by the company and does not include films from other genres, such as actualities.

Silent films

A black-and-white image of a man in a sedan chair, his legs through the bottom
Scene from The King of Comedy Visits Shanghai (1922)
A black-and-white image of a smiling man sawing a melon in half
Zheng Zhegu in Labourer's Love (1922)
A black-and-white image of a boy standing next to an adult woman
Zheng Xiaoqiu and Wang Hanlun in Orphan Rescues Grandfather (1923)
A black-and-white image of a man pointing at a woman, with two others to his right
Scene from Last Conscience (1925)
A black-and-white image of four people face-to-face with a man in glasses
Scene from A Shanghai Woman (1925)
A black-and-white image of two women facing each other
Scene from A Lonely Orchid (1926)
A black-and-white image of a young man standing over a reclining woman
Scene from Dream by the Lake (1927)
A black-and-white image of two people firing bolts of lightning at each other
Lobby card for The Burning of the Red Lotus Temple (1928)
A black-and-white image of a man and woman embracing; they are surrounded by Chinese text
Advertisement for Struggles in Marriage (1928)
A black-and-white image with several sketches of people interacting; they are surrounded by Chinese text
Advertisement for Farewell to a Beauty (1931)
Key
† Indicates film is extant
The silent films of Mingxing
English title Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Première Director Ref(s)
The King of Comedy Visits Shanghai 滑稽大王遊滬記 滑稽大王游沪记 5 Oct 1922 Zhang Shichuan [16]
Labourer's Love † 勞工之愛情 劳工之爱情 5 Oct 1922 Zhang Shichuan [17]
Havoc in a Bizarre Theatre 大鬧怪戲場 大闹怪戏场 26 Jan 1923 Zhang Shichuan [18]
Zhang Xinsheng 張欣生 张欣生 16 Feb 1923 Zhang Shichuan [c][19]
Orphan Rescues Grandfather 孤兒救祖記 孤儿救祖记 21 Dec 1923 Zhang Shichuan [20]
Jade Pear Spirit 玉梨魂 玉梨魂 9 May 1924 Zhang Shichuan,
Xu Hu 		[21]
The Poor Children 苦兒弱女 苦儿弱女 21 Jul 1924 Zhang Shichuan [17]
Forced to Marry 誘婚 诱婚 31 Oct 1924 Zhang Shichuan [d][22]
The Good Brother 好哥哥 好哥哥 7 Jan 1925 Zhang Shichuan [23]
Last Conscience 最後之良心 最后之良心 2 May 1925 Zhang Shichuan [24]
Little Friends 小朋友 小朋友 30 Jun 1925 Zhang Shichuan [25]
A Shanghai Woman 上海一婦人 上海一妇人 28 Jul 1925 Zhang Shichuan [26]
Young Master Feng 馮大少爺 冯大少爷 23 Sep 1925 Hong Shen [e][27]
Blind Orphan Girl 盲孤女 盲孤女 1 Oct 1925 Zhang Shichuan [28]
A Sincerely Pitiful Girl 可憐的閨女 可怜的闺女 23 Nov 1925 Zhang Shichuan [29]
A New Family † 新人的家庭 新人的家庭 4 Jan 1926 Ren Jinping [30]
A Lonely Orchid 空谷蘭 空谷兰 13 Feb 1926 Zhang Shichuan [31]
May You Soon Have a Son 早生貴子 早生贵子 27 Feb 1926 Hong Shen [f][21]
A Passionate Actress 多情的女伶 多情的女伶 12 Apr 1926 Zhang Shichuan [32]
A Good Man 好男兒 好男儿 19 May 1926 Zhang Shichuan [23]
Little Lovers 小情人 小情人 13 Jun 1926 Zheng Zhengqiu [33]
Roses Bloom Everywhere in April 四月裡底薔薇處處開 四月里底蔷薇处处开 1 Jul 1926 Hong Shen [34]
Daughter of the Wealthy 富人之女 富人之女 13 Aug 1926 Zhang Shichuan [27]
Fiancée 未婚妻 未婚妻 4 Sep 1926 Bu Wancang [35]
Her Pain 她的痛苦 她的痛苦 7 Oct 1926 Zhang Shichuan [36]
A Child Worker 一個小工人 一个小工人 10 Nov 1926 Zheng Zhengqiu [14]
Love and Gold 愛情與黃金 爱情与黄金 18 Dec 1926 Zhang Shichuan,
Hong Shen 		[37]
Resurrection of Conscience 良心復活 良心复活 22 Dec 1926 Bu Wancang [g][38]
The Unknown Hero 無名英雄 无名英雄 5 Feb 1927 Zhang Shichuan [39]
Sacrifice for the Family 為親犧牲 为亲牺牲 20 Feb 1927 Zhang Shichuan [39]
Plum Blossoms Fall 梅花落 梅花落 20 Mar 1927 Zhang Shichuan,
Zheng Zhengqiu 		[40]
A Married Couple in Name Only 掛名的夫妻 挂名的夫妻 30 Apr 1927 Bu Wancang [20]
Twenty-Eight Beauties 二八佳人 二八佳人 22 May 1927 Zheng Zhengqiu [32]
Tian Qilang 田七郎 田七郎 26 Jun 1927 Zhang Shichuan [36]
True and False Daughters 真假千金 真假千金 24 Aug 1927 Zhang Shichuan [19]
Tablet of Blood and Tears 血淚碑 血泪碑 11 Sep 1927 Zheng Zhengqiu [41]
Dream by the Lake 湖邊春夢 湖边春梦 9 Oct 1927 Bu Wancang [42]
A Female Secretary 女書記 女书记 23 Oct 1927 Zhang Shichuan,
Hong Shen 		[h][15]
The Phoenix Knight 俠鳳奇緣 侠凤奇缘 2 Nov 1927 Zhang Shichuan [39]
Ma Yongzhen From Shandong 山東馬永貞 山东马永贞 4 Dec 1927 Zhang Shichuan [26]
Concubine Yang Goes to Beijing 北京楊貴妃 北京杨贵妃 1 Jan 1928 Zheng Zhengqiu [i][43]
Chechi Kingdom 車遲國 车迟国 23 Jan 1928 Zhang Shichuan [44]
The Luoyang Bridge 洛陽橋 洛阳桥 5 Feb 1928 Zhang Shichuan [28]
Beauty's Gate 美人關 美人关 19 Feb 1928 Bu Wancang [40]
The Young Mistress' Fan 少奶奶的扇子 少奶奶的扇子 18 Mar 1928 Zhang Shichuan,
Hong Shen 		[45]
White Cloud Pagoda 白雲塔 白云塔 11 Apr 1928 Zhang Shichuan,
Zheng Zhengqiu 		[j][37]
The Burning of the Red Lotus Temple 火燒紅蓮寺 火烧红莲寺 13 May 1928 Zhang Shichuan [k][46]
Love of Classmates 同学之爱 同学之爱 21 Jun 1928 Zhang Shichuan,
Hong Shen 		[l][47]
A Knight's Revenge 大俠復仇記 大侠复仇记 19 Aug 1928 Zhang Shichuan [m][32]
Heroine in Black 黑衣女俠 黑衣女侠 16 Sep 1928 Zheng Zhengqiu,
Cheng Bugao 		[23]
Lady Detective † 女偵探 女侦探 14 Nov 1928 Zhang Shichuan [17]
Struggles in Marriage 奮鬥的婚姻 奋斗的婚姻 9 Dec 1928 Cheng Bugao [27]
The Lady Knight Rescues a Madame 俠女救夫人 侠女救夫人 19 Dec 1928 Zheng Zhengqiu [25]
The Love of Huang and Lu 黃陸之愛 黄陆之爱 27 Jan 1929 Zheng Zhengqiu,
Cheng Bugao 		[n][16]
Divorce 離婚 离婚 7 Apr 1929 Cheng Bugao [48]
Confession 懺悔 忏悔 24 Apr 1929 Zhang Shichuan [43]
The Way of the Rich 富人的生活 富人的生活 12 May 1929 Cheng Bugao [27]
Yellow Flowers in Blood and Tears 2 血淚黃花後集2 血泪黄花后集2 9 Jun 1929 Zheng Zhengqiu,
Cheng Bugao 		[41]
Little Hero Liu Jin 小英雄劉進 小英雄刘进 7 Sep 1929 Cheng Bugao [49]
Beauty Under the Knife 刀下美人 刀下美人 16 Sep 1929 Zheng Zhengqiu [32]
A New Journey to the West 新西遊記 新西游记 28 Sep 1929 Zhang Shichuan [49]
Lover's Blood 愛人的血 爱人的血 19 Oct 1929 Cheng Bugao [37]
A Child on the Battlefield 戰地小同胞 战地小同胞 21 Nov 1929 Zheng Zhengqiu [19]
Father Loves Mother 爸爸愛媽媽 爸爸爱妈妈 27 Dec 1929 Cheng Bugao [37]
A New Journey to the West 2 新西遊記2 新西游记2 2 Jan 1930 Zhang Shichuan [49]
Golden Road 黃金之路 黄金之路 7 Mar 1930 Cheng Bugao [16]
The Broken Pagoda 碎琴樓 碎琴楼 22 Mar 1930 Zheng Zhengqiu [50]
A New Journey to the West 3 新西遊記3 新西游记3 6 Apr 1930 Zhang Shichuan,
Cheng Bugao 		[49]
A Red Egg 一個紅蛋 一个红蛋 5 Jun 1930 Cheng Bugao [51]
A Romantic Woman 浪漫女子 浪漫女子 6 Sep 1930 Cheng Bugao [17]
A Wise Mother 倡門賢母 倡门贤母 8 Nov 1930 Cheng Bugao [43]
Taohua Lake 桃花湖 桃花湖 14 Nov 1930 Zheng Zhengqiu [o][36]
A Warrior Saves a Beauty 勇士救美記 勇士救美记 1 Jan 1931 Tang Jie,
Wang Jiting 		[14]
The Bandit and the Filial Son 強盜孝子 强盗孝子 1 Jan 1931 Zhang Shichuan [52]
Three Fathers 三個父親 三个父亲 25 Jan 1931 Tang Jie,
Wang Jiting 		[26]
An Amorous History of the Silver Screen † 銀幕艷史 银幕艳史 17 Feb 1931 Cheng Bugao [14]
Three Swords of Love 三箭之愛 三箭之爱 18 Apr 1931 Xu Xinfu [26]
Join the Army for the Wife 為妻從軍 为妻从军 6 May 1931 Tang Jie,
Wang Jiting 		[39]
Sea of Hatred 恨海 恨海 30 May 1931 Tan Zhiyuan,
Gao Lihen 		[23]
Figure on the Window 窗上人影 窗上人影 11 Jun 1931 Cheng Bugao [53]
The Murderous Lady 殺人的小姐 杀人的小姐 11 Jul 1931 Tan Zhiyuan,
Gao Lihen 		[54]
Shadow of Red Tears 紅淚影 红泪影 9 Oct 1931 Zheng Zhengqiu [23]
A Couple in Life and Death 生死夫妻 生死夫妻 27 Oct 1931 Zhang Shichuan [54]
A Shanghai Lady 一個上海小姐 一个上海小姐 20 Nov 1931 Cheng Bugao [55]
Farewell to a Beauty 玉人永别 玉人永别 26 Nov 1924 Zheng Zhengqiu [21]
Unlucky to Be Born a Woman 不幸生為女兒身 不幸生为女儿身 17 Dec 1931 Cheng Bugao [43]
Iron Youth 鐵血青年 铁血青年 31 Dec 1931 Zhang Shichuan [47]
A Lonely Bird in the Sunset 落霞孤鶩 落霞孤鹜 22 Apr 1932 Cheng Bugao [28]
Lucky Silver Stars 銀星幸運 银星幸运 21 May 1932 Zhang Shichuan [14]
A Loving Mother 慈母 慈母 6 Jul 1932 Zhang Shichuan [18]
Love and Death 愛與死 爱与死 13 Aug 1932 Cheng Bugao [37]
Resurrecting the National Spirit 國魂的復活 国魂的复活 22 Sep 1932 Zhang Shichuan [20]
Love and Life 戀愛與生命 恋爱与生命 15 Oct 1932 Tang Jie,
Wang Jiting 		[48]
Lovely Enemy 可愛的仇敵 可爱的仇敌 30 Oct 1932 Cheng Bugao [29]
Old Grudges and New Sorrows 舊恨新愁 旧恨新愁 8 Dec 1932 Li Pingqian [29]
Battlefield Adventures 戰地歷險記 战地历险记 14 Jan 1933 Zhang Shichuan [56]
Wild Torrent 狂流 狂流 5 Mar 1933 Cheng Bugao [17]
Lute and Resentment in Spring 琵琶春怨 琵琶春怨 16 Mar 1933 Li Pingqian [52]
The Cries of Women 女性的吶喊 女性的呐喊 13 Apr 1933 Shen Xiling [52]
The Book of Morality 道德寶鑒 道德宝鉴 2 May 1933 Gao Lihen,
Wang Xianzhai [zh] 		[p][57]
The Prospect 前程 前程 21 May 1933 Zhang Shichuan,
Cheng Bugao 		[52]
Waves of Love in Spring 春水情波 春水情波 28 May 1933 Zheng Zhengqiu [18]
A Modern Woman 現代一女性 现代一女性 16 Jun 1933 Li Pingqian [39]
The Path of Health and Beauty 健美之路 健美之路 21 Jun 1933 Chen Kengran [46]
Oppression 壓迫 压迫 16 Aug 1933 Gao Lihen [58]
Mother and Son 母與子 母与子 26 Aug 1933 Tang Jie [40]
My Sister's Tragic Tale 姊姊的悲剧 姊姊的悲剧 15 Sep 1933 Gao Lihen,
Wang Jiting 		[46]
Late Spring 殘春 残春 1 Oct 1933 Zhang Shichuan [43]
An Iron Plate and Red Tears 鐵板紅淚錄 铁板红泪录 12 Nov 1933 Hong Shen [47]
Cigarette Beauty 香草美人 香草美人 26 Nov 1933 Chen Kengran [25]
The Uprising 鹽潮 盐潮 5 Jan 1934 Xu Xinfu [41]
Exhibition 展覽會 展览会 21 Jan 1934 Chen Kengran [19]
A Feather on Mount Tai 泰山鴻毛 泰山鸿毛 14 Feb 1934 Zhang Shichuan [36]
Romance on Mount Hua 華山豔史 华山艳史 14 Apr 1934 Cheng Bugao [16]
A Shared Foe 同仇 同仇 27 Apr 1934 Cheng Bugao [47]
Children of the Times 時代的兒女 时代的儿女 22 Apr 1934 Li Pingqian [59]
Valley of Gold 黃金谷 黄金谷 3 Jun 1934 Li Pingqian [q][16]
The Enemies of Women † 女性的仇敵 女性的仇敌 10 Jun 1934 Chen Kengran [60]
Three Sisters 三姊妹 三姊妹 16 Jun 1934 Li Pingqian [61]
Willows and Wallflowers 路柳牆花 路柳墙花 15 Sep 1934 Xu Xinfu [38]
Go Northwest 到西北去 到西北去 1 Oct 1934 Cheng Bugao [18]
The Way of Women 婦道 妇道 11 Nov 1934 Chen Kengran [27]
Youth Line 青春線 青春线 12 Dec 1934 Yao Sufeng [52]
24 Hours in Shanghai 上海二十四小時 上海二十四小时 15 Dec 1934 Shen Xiling [26]
Bigamy 重婚 重婚 20 Dec 1934 Wu Cun [yue] [53]
Heart of a Beauty 美人心 美人心 21 Mar 1935 Xu Xinfu [40]
Human Being 人倫 人伦 14 Apr 1935 Li Pingqian [r][61]
Season of Falling Flowers 落花時節 落花时节 27 Apr 1935 Wu Cun [yue] [38]

Sound films

A clipping from a newspaper showing a woman in a large headdress
Advertisement for Sing-Song Girl Red Peony (1931)
Key
† Indicates film is extant
The sound films of Mingxing
English title Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Première Director Ref(s)
Sing-Song Girl Red Peony 歌女紅牡丹 歌女红牡丹 15 Mar 1931 Zhang Shichuan [20]
This is Paradise 如此天堂 如此天堂 10 Sep 1931 Zhang Shichuan [s][61]
Who Is the Hero 誰是英雄 谁是英雄 23 Jan 1932 Xu Xinfu [34]
Old Beijing 舊時京華 旧时京华 12 May 1932 Zhang Shichuan [29]
Tears and Laughter † 啼笑因緣 啼笑因缘 26 Jun 1932 Zhang Shichuan [47]
Flowers of Freedom 自由之花 自由之花 22 Dec 1932 Zheng Zhengqiu [24]
Lovelorn 失戀 失恋 21 Feb 1933 Zhang Shichuan [34]
The Cosmetics Store † 脂粉市場 脂粉市场 14 May 1933 Zhang Shichuan [19]
Azolla 滿江紅 满江红 14 Sep 1933 Cheng Bugao [62]
Spring Silkworms † 春蠶 春蚕 8 Oct 1933 Cheng Bugao [53]
Twin Sisters † 姊妹花 姊妹花 14 Feb 1934 Zheng Zhengqiu [24]
The Classic for Girls † 女兒經 女儿经 9 Oct 1934 Cheng Bugao,
Zhang Shichuan,
Shen Xiling,
Yao Sufeng,
Zheng Zhengqiu,
Xu Xinfu,
Li Pingqian,
Chen Kengran,
Wu Cun [yue] 		[15]
Two Against One † 二對一 二对一 18 Oct 1934 Zhang Shichuan [32]
Madame Mai † 麥夫人 麦夫人 28 Nov 1934 Zhang Shichuan [28]
Flowers Reborn 再生花 再生花 25 Dec 1934 Zheng Zhengqiu [21]
A Lonely Orchid † 空谷蘭 空谷兰 3 Feb 1935 Zhang Shichuan [17]
Passionate and Loyal Soul † 熱血忠魂 热血忠魂 5 Jun 1935 Zhang Shichuan,
Xu Xinfu,
Zheng Zhengqiu,
Wu Cun [yue],
Cheng Bugao,
Shen Xiling,
Li Pingqian 		[61]
Homesick † 鄉愁 乡愁 19 Jun 1935 Shen Xiling [25]
The Extended Family 張石川 張石川 5 Sep 1935 Zhang Shichuan [18]
Tuberose 夜來香 夜来香 3 Oct 1935 Cheng Bugao [51]
The Jade Horse 翡翠馬 翡翠马 8 Nov 1935 Xu Xinfu [27]
The Boatman's Daughter † 船家女 船家女 29 Nov 1935 Shen Xiling [53]
Peach Blossoms after Misfortune 劫後桃花 劫后桃花 23 Jan 1936 Zhang Shichuan [46]
Brother's Tour † 兄弟行 兄弟行 10 Jan 1936 Cheng Bugao [41]
Spring Flowers 春之花 春之花 19 Mar 1936 Wu Cun [yue] [53]
The Battle Between Peach and Plum 桃李爭艷 桃李争艳 16 Apr 1936 Li Pingqian [36]
Old and New Shanghai † 新舊上海 新旧上海 1 May 1936 Cheng Bugao [49]
Diamond 金剛鑽 金刚钻 20 Jun 1936 Xu Xinfu [46]
Red Begonia 海棠紅 海棠红 5 Sep 1936 Zhang Shichuan [63]
Women's Rights 女權 女权 23 Sep 1936 Zhang Shichuan [15]
Little Lingzi 小玲子 小玲子 21 Oct 1936 Cheng Bugao [25]
City of Night 夜會 夜会 6 Nov 1936 Li Pingqian [51]
Unyielding in Life and Death † 生死同心 生死同心 29 Nov 1936 Ying Yunwei [54]
The Qingming Festival 清明時節 清明时节 22 Dec 1936 Ouyang Yuqian [61]
Forever Smiling 永遠的微笑 永远的微笑 15 Jan 1937 Wu Cun [yue] [14]
Money for the New Year † 壓歲錢 压岁钱 10 Feb 1937 Zhang Shichuan [51]
Crossroads † 十字街頭 十字街头 15 Apr 1937 Shen Xiling [34]
Dragon and Tiger 生龍活虎 生龙活虎 14 May 1937 Xu Xinfu [54]
The Flower of Society † 社會之花 社会之花 10 Jun 1937 Zhang Shichuan [t][54]
Dream World † 夢裡乾坤 梦里乾坤 3 Jul 1937 Cheng Bugao [40]
Street Angel † 馬路天使 马路天使 24 Jul 1937 Yuan Muzhi [28]
The Strange Case of the Old Pagoda 古塔奇案 古塔奇案 12 Feb 1938 Zhang Shichuan [20]
Four Daughters 四千金 四千金 10 Mar 1938 Wu Cun [yue] [34]
Night Escape 夜奔 夜奔 27 Apr 1938 Cheng Bugao [51]
Night of Horrors 恐怖之夜 恐怖之夜 1 Jun 1938 Wu Cun [yue] [29]
A Mother's Secret 母親的秘密 母亲的秘密 14 Jul 1938 Zhang Shichuan [15]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ The Communist writers Qian Xingcung and Xia Yan used cinema to advocate a pro-proletarian platform that emphasized social change. This segued well with Zheng Zhengqiu's belief that film should promote social progress as an educational platform. As the ruling Kuomintang had massacred communists in the late 1920s, these writers avoided openly voicing their affiliation (Xiao 1998, p. 14).
  2. ^ Dialogue and singing were recorded to a phonograph cylinder and played alongside the film during screenings (Xiao 1998, p. 17).
  3. ^ Also known as Retribution (報應昭彰; 报应昭彰) (Huang 2014, p. 314)
  4. ^ Also known as Love and Vanity (愛情與虛榮; 爱情与虚荣) (Huang 2014, p. 312)
  5. ^ Also known as The Dandy (紈絝子; 纨绔子) (Huang 2014, p. 289)
  6. ^ Also known as The Old Couple (老伉儷; 老伉俪) (Huang 2014, p. 313)
  7. ^ Also known as Confession (懺悔; 忏悔) (Huang 2014, p. 296)
  8. ^ Also known as Ms Wei's Profession (衛女士的職業; 卫女士的职业) (Huang 2014, p. 299)
  9. ^ Also known as Yang Xiaozhen (楊小真; 杨小真) (Huang 2014, p. 285)
  10. ^ In two episodes (Huang 2014, p. 284)
  11. ^ In eighteen episodes (Huang 2014, p. 293)
  12. ^ Also known as Kick Him Out (一腳踢出去; 一脚踢出去) (Huang 2014, p. 306)
  13. ^ In two episodes (Huang 2014, p. 288)
  14. ^ Also known as Yellow Flowers in Blood and Tears (血淚黃花前集; 血泪黄花前集) (Huang 2014, p. 285)
  15. ^ In two episodes (Huang 2014, p. 305)
  16. ^ Also known as A Humane Thief (人道之賊; 人道之贼) (Huang 2014, p. 287)
  17. ^ Also known as Year of the Harvest (豐年; 丰年) (Huang 2014, p. 285)
  18. ^ Also known as Homeless (無家可歸; 无家可归) (Huang 2014, p. 301)
  19. ^ In two episodes (Huang 2014, p. 301)
  20. ^ Also known as Black Whirlwind (黑旋風; 黑旋风) (Huang 2014, p. 303)

References

  1. ^ a b c d Huang 2014, pp. 284–315.
  2. ^ Huang 2014, p. 30; Jia 2022, p. 264
  3. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 292, 295.
  4. ^ Huang 2014, p. 35.
  5. ^ Zhang 2005, p. 127.
  6. ^ Zhang 2009, p. 125.
  7. ^ Jiang 2009, p. 140.
  8. ^ Xiao 1998, p. 11.
  9. ^ Yang 2003, p. 10.
  10. ^ Jin 2009, p. 137.
  11. ^ Xiao 1998, p. 17.
  12. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 56–57.
  13. ^ Rea 2021.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Huang 2014, p. 312.
  15. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 299.
  16. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 292.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Huang 2014, p. 295.
  18. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 287.
  19. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 314.
  20. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 290.
  21. ^ a b c d Huang 2014, p. 313.
  22. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 312–313.
  23. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 291.
  24. ^ a b c Huang 2014, p. 315.
  25. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 308.
  26. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 302.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Huang 2014, p. 289.
  28. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 297.
  29. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 294.
  30. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 309–310.
  31. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 294–295.
  32. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 288.
  33. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 308–309.
  34. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 304.
  35. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 306–307.
  36. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 305.
  37. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 284.
  38. ^ a b c Huang 2014, p. 296.
  39. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 307.
  40. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 298.
  41. ^ a b c d Huang 2014, p. 310.
  42. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 292–293.
  43. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 285.
  44. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 285–286.
  45. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 302–303.
  46. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 293.
  47. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 306.
  48. ^ a b Huang 2014, p. 196.
  49. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 309.
  50. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 304–305.
  51. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 311.
  52. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 300.
  53. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 286.
  54. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 303.
  55. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 311–312.
  56. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 313–314.
  57. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 287–288.
  58. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 310–311.
  59. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 303–304.
  60. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 299–300.
  61. ^ a b c d e Huang 2014, p. 301.
  62. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 297–298.
  63. ^ Huang 2014, pp. 290–291.

Works cited

  • Huang, Xuelei (2014). Shanghai Filmmaking: Crossing Borders, Connecting to the Globe, 1922–1938. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-27933-9.
  • Jia, Binwu (2022). "Zheng Zhegu and Performances in Early Chinese Film". Journal of Chinese Film Studies. 2 (2): 261–276. doi:10.1515/jcfs-2022-0002.
  • Jiang Zhen (姜贞) (2009). 周剑云:中国电影业的儒商 [Zhou Jianyun: A Confucian Businessman in China's Film Industry]. Film and Art (in Chinese): 139–145. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
  • Jin Qi'an (金其安) (2009). 中国早期电影事业的开拓者周剑云 [Zhou Jianyun, The Pioneer of China's Early Film Industry]. Jianghuai Literature and History (in Chinese) (2): 133–141. Retrieved 18 November 2024.
  • Rea, Christopher (2021). Chinese Film Classics, 1922–1949. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-18813-5.
  • Xiao, Zhiwei (1998). "Chinese Cinema". In Zhang, Yingjin; Xiao, Zhiwei (eds.). Encyclopedia of Chinese Film. New York, London: Routledge. pp. 3–30. ISBN 978-0-415-15168-9.
  • Yang, Jeff (2003). Once Upon a Time in China: A Guide to Hong Kong, Taiwanese, and Mainland Chinese Cinema. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7434-4817-8.
  • Zhang, Zhen (2005). An Amorous History of the Silver Screen: Shanghai Cinema, 1896–1937. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-98238-0.
  • Zhang Wei (張偉) (2009). 談影小集——中國現代影壇的塵封一隅 [A Collection of Shorts about Movies—A Dusty Corner of China's Modern Film World] (in Chinese). Taipei: Showway Publishing. ISBN 978-986-221-308-7.
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