LGBT rights in Arizona

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

LGBT rights in Arizona
Arizona (US)
StatusLegal since 2001
Gender identityTransgender people allowed to change legal gender
Discrimination protectionsSexual orientation and gender identity covered in employment anti-discrimination laws statewide since 2020
(Bostock v. Clayton County)
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsSame sex marriage since 2014
(Majors v. Horne)
AdoptionLegal since 2014
(Majors v. Horne)

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. state of Arizona may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Arizona, and same-sex couples are able to marry and adopt. Nevertheless, the state provides only limited protections against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. Several cities, including Phoenix and Tucson, have enacted ordinances to protect LGBT people from unfair discrimination in employment, housing and public accommodations.

Phoenix and Tucson are home to a large LGBT community. The first Phoenix Pride parade took place in 1981, and now attracts thousands of attendees every year.[1] Tucson Pride was founded in 1977, the first in the state.[2] 2019 polling from the Public Religion Research Institute showed that 71% of Arizona residents supported non-discrimination legislation protecting LGBT people.

History and legality of same-sex sexual activity

Arizona has been inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. Similarly to many Native American tribes in the United States, these groups have traditions of cross-dressing and gender variance, and had perceptions of gender and human sexuality different from that of the Western world. There were no legal or social punishments for engaging in same-sex sexual activity.

Nádleehi (Navajo: nádleeh or nádleehé; literally one who constantly transforms) refers to individuals who are a "male-bodied person with a feminine nature". Historically, the Navajo recognized four gender roles: asdzáán (feminine female), hastiin (masculine male), dilbaa (masculine female), and nádleehi (feminine male). The nádleehi identity is fluid, and such individuals may display both male and female characteristics. Due to the perceived "balance" between both sexes, they were typically chosen for certain societal and communal roles, such as spiritual healers. They would traditionally wear female clothes and do female work, and some would have sexual relations with men which was accepted by the tribe.[3] (See also "LGBT rights in the Navajo Nation")

The Tohono O'odham recognize the term wi:k’ovat, which refers to individuals who are assigned male at birth but act, dress and behave as female. Other people groups recognize similar terms in reference to transgender people and gender variance; male-to-female individuals are hova among the Hopi, alyha among the Mohave, ilyaxai' among the Maricopa, tüwasawuts among the Southern Paiute, ndéʼsdzan among the Western Apache, elxa' among the Quechan, and elha among the Cocopah, whereas female-to-male individuals are hwame among the Mohave, kwiraxame' among the Maricopa, kwe'rhame among the Quechan, and warrhameh among the Cocopah. Nowadays, the term "two-spirit" is increasingly used to refer to these identities.[4]

The relative openness to these different gender identities mostly disappeared after European settlement and colonization. Even among the Native Americans, societal perceptions began to change. Owing to the introduction of a more stringent set of beliefs on gender and sexuality by the Europeans, nádleehi became the subject of ridicule.[5] Today, LGBT Navajo may find it difficult being accepted by their family, with 70% of LGBT Navajo youth reportedly attempting suicide.[6] Spanish missionaries took repeated notes of these traditions, with one Franciscan missionary stating "that these accursed people will disappear with the growth of the missions. The abominable vice will be eliminated to the extent that the Catholic faith and all the other virtues are firmly implanted there, for the glory of God and the benefits of these poor ignorants". Among the Hopi, Christian converts were prohibited from attending the traditional snake dance because "male cross-dressing could be observed". Jonathan Ned Katz notes, "the Christianization of Native Americans and the colonial appropriation of the continent by white, Western 'civilization' included the attempt by the conquerors to eliminate various traditional forms of Indian homosexuality—as part of their attempt to destroy that Native culture which might fuel resistance—a form of cultural genocide involving both Native Americans and gay people". Will Roscoe in his work The Zuni Man-Woman writes that the "prevalence of sodomy" and the tolerance or even respect of transgender people fueled the Spanish explorers' argument for the colonization of native peoples and their lands in the name of Christianity.[7]

Sodomy laws were first enacted after modern-day Arizona became part of the Spanish Empire, later joining the newly independent Mexico and finally the United States. Shortly after the Arizona Territory was established in 1863, the Arizona Territorial Legislature passed a criminal code containing provisions banning sodomy with five years' to life imprisonment. It was extended to include fellatio in 1912, while the penalty for sodomy was reduced to one to five years' imprisonment. As was the case for sodomy laws at the time, the code punished both heterosexual and homosexual conduct. In 1951, the penalty was changed to five to twenty years' imprisonment, and further crackdowns on homosexual activity were passed, requiring all those convicted under the sodomy laws to register with the local sheriff and report any change in address. Over the following years, the Arizona Supreme Court rejected multiple challenges that the law was vague and unconstitutional.[8]

In the summer of 1979, the Spiritual Conference for Radical Fairies took place at the Sri Ram Ashram near Benson, in which participants sought to expand the ideas of spirituality within the context of gay liberation.[9]

The Arizona Equity Act of 2001 repealed the state's sodomy laws and legalized homosexuality.[10]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Main article: Same-sex marriage in Arizona

Arizona has recognized same-sex marriage since being forced to end enforcement of its statutory and constitutional bans on same-sex marriage by the decision of a U.S. district court on October 17, 2014.[11]

Despite the court ruling, the same-sex marriage ban still remains in the state's constitution, and on the Arizona State Legislature's website makes no mention that the ban was struck down or otherwise rendered inoperative.[12] Likewise, the state's statutory ban on same-sex marriage, as well as its ban on recognizing same-sex marriages conducted in places where it is legalized, remain in the Arizona Revised Statutes,[13][14] Although the statutory ban is unenforceable due to Obergefell v. Hodges, and the ban on recognition of same-sex marriage contracted outside of Arizona is unenforceable due to the passage of the Respect for Marriage Act in 2022.

Prior ban

In November 2006, Arizona voters rejected Proposition 107, which would have banned same-sex marriage and any legal status similar to marriage (such as civil unions or domestic partnerships).

Two years later, however, Arizona voters approved a less restrictive Proposition 102 which amended the Constitution to ban the recognition of same-sex marriage.

With no constitutional ban on domestic partnerships or civil unions, several cities, including Phoenix, Bisbee, Tucson, Flagstaff and more, subsequently enacted such measures.

Adoption and parenting

Arizona permits adoption by individuals. There are no explicit prohibitions on adoption by same-sex couples or on second-parent adoptions.[15] However, state law requires adoption agencies to give primary consideration to adoptive placement with a married couple. Agencies may place a child with a legally single person if it is in the child's best interest or if there is not a married couple available.[16]

Lesbian couples have access to assisted reproduction services, such as in vitro fertilization. State law recognizes the non-genetic, non-gestational mother as a legal parent to a child born via donor insemination, but only if the parents are married.[17]

In September 2017, the Arizona Supreme Court ruled unanimously that same-sex spouses have the same parental rights as opposite-sex spouses under state law. Basing their ruling on Obergefell v. Hodges and Pavan v. Smith, the court concluded that married same-sex couples have the right to list both their names on their child(ren)'s birth certificate(s).[18] Following some more legal process at the trial court, in October 2020 the Arizona Court of Appeals ruled that birth certificates must accommodate same-sex parents.[19]

Surrogacy, whether gestational or traditional, is prohibited under Arizona law. Despite this, in light of the 1994 court case of Soos v. Superior Court, which held that intended parents can rebut the statutory presumption that the gestational carrier is the legal mother of the child, couples began to petition courts for a pre-birth order, which would declare them the legal parents of the child rather than the surrogate. The contracts remain unenforceable and consequently some attorneys will not prepare surrogacy agreements.[20] Only the biological parents can obtain a pre-birth order, meaning that for same-sex couples the non-biological parent must complete a second-parent adoption to be legally recognized as a parent.

In April 2022, a bill passed by the Arizona State Legislature and signed into law effective immediately (with an emergency clause) by the Governor of Arizona Doug Ducey - that allows religious organisations to "legally discriminate" against same-sex couples (and other groups or characteristics) that want to adopt or foster children.[21]

Discrimination protections

Map of Arizona cities that had sexual orientation and/or gender identity anti–employment discrimination ordinances prior to Bostock
  Sexual orientation and gender identity with anti–employment discrimination ordinance
  Sexual orientation and gender identity solely in public employment
  Sexual orientation in public employment
  No anti-discrimination ordinance¹
¹Since 2020 as a result of Bostock, discrimination on account of sexual orientation or gender identity in public and private employment is outlawed throughout the state. Discrimination against state employees based on their sexual orientation has been illegal since 2003.

As part of the United States, Arizona is covered under the Bostock v. Clayton County, Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda, and R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission rulings in 2020, which ruled that discrimination in the workplace on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity is discrimination on the basis of sex, and Title VII therefore protects LGBT employees from discrimination.[22][23][24][25]

Beside the rulings, various anti-discrimination provisions have been promulgated by the Arizona state government, as well as various Arizona municipalities, since at least the 1990s.

1992

Phoenix's city council approved a non-discrimination ordinance that bans workplace discrimination against gays and lesbians who work for the city, or at companies with city contracts and at least 35 employees.[26]

1999

Tucson's city council passed a non-discrimination ordinance.[27]

2003

Then-Governor Janet Napolitano issued an executive order prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation against state employees.[28]

2013

In February, Phoenix's city council revised its non-discrimination ordinance to ban discrimination in employment, housing and public accommodations based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression.[26]

In March, Flagstaff's city council passed a civil rights ordinance that bans discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity and military veteran status in the area of employment and public accommodations. Exemptions were made for religious-based organizations, "expressive groups," government agencies, and businesses with fewer than 15 employees.[29]

2014

In February, Tempe's city council approved, in a unanimous vote, an ordinance that bans discrimination in employment, housing and public accommodations, with exceptions for religious groups and private clubs.[30]

During that same month, then-Governor Jan Brewer vetoed a "religious freedom" bill which would have granted any individual or legal entity an exemption from any state law if it substantially burdened their exercise of religion, widely reported as targeting LGBT people. The bill had drawn international criticism.[31]

2015

Sedona approved an ordinance that offers protection from workplace, housing and public accommodations discrimination.[32]

2018

In June, the Arizona Court of Appeals upheld Phoenix's anti-discrimination ordinance, after a legal challenge seeking to strike it down was filed in 2016.[33]

In November, Winslow's city council passed a nondiscrimination ordinance that bans discrimination on the basis of gender identity, sexual orientation, or familial status.[34]

2021

In March, Mesa's city council approved a non-discrimination ordinance that bans discrimination in employment, housing and places of public accommodation based on, among other things, sexual orientation and gender identity.[35]

In April, Scottsdale's city council approved an anti-discrimination ordinance that offers protection for the LGBTQ+ community, with exemptions made for various entities, including religious organizations, under certain conditions. The ordinance took effect on May 20.[36]

Also in April, a group that called itself United For Mesa submitted signatures to Mesa city officials, in an effort to place on the ballot a ballot initiative to repeal the city's non-discrimination ordinance.[37]

In May, Glendale passed a non-discrimination ordinance that bans discrimination in employment, housing, and public accommodation in a unanimous vote.[38]

Also in May, signatures submitted by United For Mesa in an effort to force a ballot measure to repeal Mesa's non-discrimination were withdrawn, after a group filed a complaint that claims United For Mesa lacked the signatures necessary to force the ballot measure.[39]

In June, Tolleson's city council approved a non-discrimination ordinance.[40]

2023 Executive order

In January 2023, the Governor of Arizona signed an executive order to ban "state based employment and contract discrimination based on both sexual orientation and gender identity".[41][42]

Hate crime law

Arizona includes sexual orientation as a protected category in its hate crime law.[43] The law provides additional legal penalties for the commission of a crime motivated by the victim's sexual orientation, amongst other categories. Gender identity is not included, though federal law covers crimes triggered by the victim's gender identity since the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act was signed into law in October 2009.

Transgender rights

Further information: Transgender rights in the United States

In June 2023, the Governor of Arizona signed an extensive executive order - for any "government employee of Arizona over the age of 21 years old" to have full access and insurance coverage to gender-affirming healthcare and services through Medicaid.[44] The ACLU is going to the courts to try and get the lawsuit "mooted and ended" immediately, right after the executive order was implemented. In 2019, several lawsuits commenced to try and "null and void" a government of Arizona policy that explicitly banned Medicaid coverage of sexual reassignment surgery and other gender-affirming healthcare and services.[45]

Arizona will issue new birth certificates to post-operative transgender people. The state will alter the gender marker on a birth certificate "for a person who has undergone a sex change operation or has a chromosomal count that establishes the sex of the person as different [than on original certificate]". The Office of Vital Records will issue an amended birth certificate upon receipt of a completed "Birth Certificate Request Form", an "Affidavit to Correct a Birth Certificate" and a notarized letter from a physician confirming the sex operation.[46][47] The state will change the gender marker on a driver's license and state ID card upon receipt of a "signed statement from a licensed physician attesting that the applicant is irrevocably committed to the gender-change process." Changing gender on a driver's license and ID card does not require undergoing sex reassignment surgery.

On 25 April 2019, the Arizona Supreme Court ruled that family courts have the authority to determine the type of care a transgender child can receive, but only in limited circumstances. In a case that centered on a divorced couple who disagreed on how to care for their child with gender dysphoria, the court held that "when an impasse occurs, the court is authorized to determine not only the parenting plan element in dispute, but also other factors that are necessary to promote and protect the emotional and physical health of the child". The case was remanded to the family court with the directive that any future directives be narrowly tailored and supported by evidence that harm is imminent for the child.[48][49][50]

A regulation passed in 1982 states that Medicaid cannot cover the costs of sex reassignment surgery. In August 2020, two transgender teenagers, with the help of the National Center for Lesbian Rights and the National Health Law Program (NHeLP), along with co-counsel King & Spalding LLP and Perkins Coie LLP, filed a suit challenging the 1982 regulation as unconstitutional.[51][52]

In November 2020, three families with transgender children filed a lawsuit against the Arizona Department of Health Services in federal court demanding the state agency allow them to change the legal gender on their birth certificate without needing to undergo sex reassignment surgery.[53][54][55] As of August 2023, the birth certificate court case is ongoing - and all transgender individuals who are residents of Arizona have formally joined in the "lawsuit and litigation processes against the state of Arizona".[56]

In March 2022, two bills passed within the Arizona State Legislature - the first bill legally bans sex reassignment surgery on transgender children (While leaving in an exception to allow surgery on intersex children)[8] and the second bill legally bans transgender children from playing any female sports, athletics and/or Olympics. The Governor of Arizona Doug Ducey signed the two bills into law. The transgender sports ban law goes into effect 30 days after enactment and the ban on sex reassignment surgery on minors law goes into effect 1 year after enactment (i.e. March 2023).[57][58][59]

In March 2023, the Arizona Department of Education introduced a hotline for people to report if a school had exposed children to a number of topics, including “gender ideology”, with subjects of reports being subsequently investigated.[60]

In June 2023, the Governor of Arizona formally vetoed several anti-trans bills that deal with bathrooms and banning “pronoun usage” within classrooms that passed the Arizona Legislature.[61][62]

Conversion therapy

See also: List of U.S. jurisdictions banning conversion therapy

In August 2017, the Pima County Board of Supervisors passed, in a 3–2 vote, an ordinance banning conversion therapy. Offenders may pay up to 2,500 dollars in fines.[63][64]

In June 2023, an executive order was signed and implemented by the Governor of Arizona - to explicitly ban any government funding for conversion therapy practices within Arizona.[44]

Teaching restrictions

Phoenix Pride parade, 2017

No promo homo law repealed

See also: No promo homo laws

In April 2019, the Arizona State Legislature repealed a 1991 law that prohibited AIDS- and HIV-related instruction that "promotes a homosexual life-style", "portrays homosexuality as a positive alternative life-style", or "suggests that some methods of sex are safe methods of homosexual sex."[65] Due to several pending court cases, the constitutionality of the law was questioned.[66][67] The bill passed the House by a vote of 55–5, and the Senate by a 19–10 vote. The law went into effect on July 1, 2019.[68][69]

State Senator Sylvia Allen, a Republican, subsequently attempted to introduce a similar law. She proposed removing the word "homosexuality" from public school curricula and preventing any sex education before age 12. The legislation was scheduled to be heard by Arizona's Education Committee in January 2020, but the hearing was postponed so the proposal could be revised.[70]

Sex education opt-in

On April 20, 2021, Arizona governor Doug Ducey vetoed bill SB1456,[71][72] which would have limited the teaching of sex education and other matters related to gender identification and sexuality only to students whose parents had opted in. The bill had passed in the Arizona Legislature by 31-28 House vote and a 16-14 Senate vote.[73][74][75] In June 2021, a similar sex education bill passed the Arizona Legislature - but was “watered-down” and heads straight back to the Arizona Governor Doug Ducey to either be signed into law or possibly vetoed again.[76][77]

Banning LGBT safe spaces for schools and litigation

In April 2023, the Governor of Arizona vetoed a bill - that would have caused courts to be clogged up with cases regarding banning LGBT safe spaces for schools within Arizona.[78]

Gay and trans panic defence

Arizona still legally has a gay and trans panic defence under common-law. Bills have been introduced for years, but lapse due to no action within the Arizona Legislature.[79]

Public opinion

Further information: Same-sex marriage in Arizona § Public opinion

Public attitudes and opinions toward the LGBT community have evolved significantly in the past decades.

A 2003 poll commissioned by the Northern Arizona University found that 54% of Arizonans opposed same-sex marriage, while 42% were in support. Subsequent polls recorded similar numbers. In 2013, a poll by Rocky Mountain Poll showed a 55% majority in favor of same-sex marriage, and opposition at 35%. Support then fell slightly to below 50% after the legalization of same-sex marriage in 2014, but then increased again, reaching 62% in 2016.

A 2017 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) poll found that 63% of Arizona residents supported same-sex marriage, while 28% opposed it and 9% were unsure.[80] The same poll found that 73% of Arizonans supported an anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and gender identity, while 20% were opposed.[81] Furthermore, 59% were against allowing public businesses to refuse to serve LGBT people due to religious beliefs, while 35% supported allowing such religiously based refusals.[82]

Public opinion for LGBT anti-discrimination laws in Arizona
Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin of
error 		% support % opposition % no opinion
Public Religion Research Institute January 2-December 30, 2019 1,160 ? 71% 23% 6%
Public Religion Research Institute January 3-December 30, 2018 1,237 ? 68% 25% 7%
Public Religion Research Institute April 5-December 23, 2017 1,444 ? 73% 20% 7%
Public Religion Research Institute April 29, 2015-January 7, 2016 1,560 ? 72% 21% 7%

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal Yes (Since 2001)
Equal age of consent (18) Yes (Since 2001)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment Yes (Since 2020)[25]
Anti-discrimination laws in housing No/Yes (Varies)
Anti-discrimination laws in public accommodations No/Yes (Varies)
Same-sex marriages Yes/No (Since 2014, but constitutional ban on same sex marriage remains on the books.
Explicitly banned in the Navajo Nation since 2005 and the Gila River Reservation since 2015)
Recognition of same-sex couples Yes (Since 2014)
Stepchild and joint adoption by same-sex couples Yes (Since 2014)
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual people allowed to serve openly in the military Yes (Since 2011)
Transgender people allowed to serve openly in the military Yes (Since 2021)[83]
Intersex people allowed to serve openly in the military X (Current DoD policy bans "hermaphrodites" from serving or enlisting in the military)[84]
Conversion therapy banned on minors No/Yes (Pima County only and government funding statewide by a 2023 executive order implemented[85])
Access to IVF for lesbian couples Yes
Surrogacy arrangements legal for gay male couples No/Yes (Known to be performed despite statutory ban)
MSMs allowed to donate blood No/Yes (Since 2020; 3-month deferral period)[86]

References

  1. ^ Thousands of people attend Phoenix Pride Parade
  2. ^ "We Look to Our Past For Inspiration". Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  3. ^ "A Glimpse Into The Diné Gender System And Two Spirit People". 30 August 2016. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  4. ^ "Two-Spirit and Okiciyap". Daily Kos.
  5. ^ Jorge Rivas (February 23, 2015). "The surprising history of gay marriage in the Navajo nation". Splinter.
  6. ^ "LGBT Navajos Discover Unexpected Champions: Their Grandparents". National Public Radio. January 26, 2019.
  7. ^ Stein, Rachel (25 June 2004). New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813542537.
  8. ^ "The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States - Arizona". www.glapn.org.
  9. ^ Hay, Harry, with Will Roscoe (ed.) (1996). Radically Gay: Gay Liberation in the Words of its Founder. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-7080-7
  10. ^ Lee Walzer, Gay Rights on Trial: A Reference Handbook (2002), 82
  11. ^ Westfall, Julie; Queally, James (October 17, 2014). "Arizona's gay marriage ban struck down, AG will not appeal". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
  12. ^ "Article XXX: Marriage". Arizona State Legislature. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  13. ^ "Void and prohibited marriages". Arizona State Legislature. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  14. ^ "Marriages contracted in another state; validity and effect". Arizona State Legislature. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  15. ^ "Arizona Adoption Law". Human Resources Campaign. December 7, 2009. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  16. ^ "Brewer signs Arizona bill on adoption preference". Azcentral.com. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  17. ^ "Arizona's equality profile". Movement Advancement Project.
  18. ^ "Arizona Supreme Court: Same-sex couples have same parenting rights as opposite-sex couples". AZCentral. September 19, 2017.
  19. ^ Negron, Valeria (October 9, 2020). "Arizona appeals court orders option for same-sex parents on birth certificates". Jurist.
  20. ^ "Gestational surrogacy in Arizona". Creative Family Connections.
  21. ^ "Arizona Gov. Doug Ducey Signs His Third Anti-LGBTQ+ Law of 2022, a Bill Allowing Adoption and Foster Care Agencies to Discriminate Against LGBTQ+ Couples".
  22. ^ Biskupic, Joan (June 16, 2020). "Two conservative justices joined decision expanding LGBTQ rights". CNN.
  23. ^ "US Supreme Court backs protection for LGBT workers". BBC News. June 15, 2020.
  24. ^ Liptak, Adam (June 15, 2020). "Civil Rights Law Protects Gay and Transgender Workers, Supreme Court Rules". The New York Times.
  25. ^ a b "Supreme Court bans LGBT employment discrimination".
  26. ^ a b Gardiner, Dustin; Wang, Amy B (February 27, 2013). "Phoenix OKs ban on gay bias". The Arizona Republic (via USA Today). Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  27. ^ Bowling, Joshua (May 26, 2021). "More Arizona city leaders acting to protect LGBTQ people as state lawmakers fail to act". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  28. ^ "Arizona governor supports gay state employees". Advocate. June 24, 2003. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  29. ^ "Final passage for Flagstaff civil rights ordinance". Arizona Daily Sun. March 7, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  30. ^ Smith, Dylan (February 28, 2014). "Tempe joins AZ cities barring discrimination against gays". Tucson Sentinel. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  31. ^ Rau, Alia Beard (February 3, 2017). "Anti-LGBT legislation gets the cold shoulder with the Arizona Legislature. Here's why". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  32. ^ Taracena, María Inés (September 10, 2015). "Sedona OKs Ordinance That Protects LGBT People from Discrimination in the Workplace, Housing". Tucson Weekly. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  33. ^ Johnson, Chris (June 7, 2018). "Court applies Masterpiece Cakeshop ruling to uphold Ariz. LGBT ordinance". Washington Blade. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  34. ^ "Taking It Easy in Winslow, Arizona, as City Passes Nondiscrimination Ordinance". The National Law Review. November 30, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  35. ^ "City Council approves non-discrimination ordinance". City of Mesa. March 2, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  36. ^ Wong, Kenneth (April 20, 2021). "Scottsdale passes anti-discrimination ordinance: here's what to know". KSAZ-TV. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  37. ^ Steinbach, Alison (April 1, 2021). "Foes of Mesa's nondiscrimination ordinance file 11,505 signatures for referendum effort". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  38. ^ Ryan, Jill (May 26, 2021). "Glendale Becomes 9th Arizona City To Pass An LGBTQ Inclusive Non-Discrimination Ordinance". KJZZ. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  39. ^ Wong, Kenneth (May 7, 2021). "Group announces withdrawal of signatures aimed at forcing Mesa nondiscrimination onto ballot". KSAZ-TV. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  40. ^ Stone, Kevin (July 20, 2021). "Tolleson joins growing list of Arizona cities to enact LGBTQ protections". KTAR-FM. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  41. ^ "Arizona Gov. Issues Executive Order Protecting LGBTQ+ Workers".
  42. ^ "Arizona Gov. Katie Hobbs Signs Executive Order Providing Employment Protections to State Employees and Contractors who are LGBTQ+".
  43. ^ "Arizona Hate Crimes Law". Human Resources Campaign. October 3, 2008. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  44. ^ a b [1]
  45. ^ [2]
  46. ^ "Arizona Birth Certificate Law: Gender Identity Issues". Human Resources Campaign. March 27, 2007. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  47. ^ "Arizona". National Center for Transgender Equality.
  48. ^ Bollinger, Alex (April 29, 2019). "Arizona Supreme Court rules judges can order treatment for trans kids if a parent doesn't consent". LGBTQ Nation.
  49. ^ MacDonald-Evoy, Jerod (April 26, 2019). "AZ Supreme Court says family courts can determine care, but only in special situations". AZ Mirror.
  50. ^ Stuart, Calum (April 30, 2019). "Arizona count rules that judges can order specialist treatment for trans kids". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  51. ^ "Arizona Sued After Blocking Trans Teens". them.us. August 7, 2020.
  52. ^ "Transgender teens file class-action suit over Arizona surgery ban". NBC News. August 8, 2020.
  53. ^ Coleman, Justine (10 November 2020). "Arizona parents sue to allow changing gender on birth certificates without surgery". The Hill.
  54. ^ Edwards, Jonathan (11 November 2020). "Arizona parents are suing to allow the change of sex on birth certificates without surgery". The Washington Newsday. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  55. ^ Vandell, Perry (10 November 2020). "Parents of transgender kids sue over AZ law requiring surgery to change sex on birth certificate". The azcentral.
  56. ^ [3]
  57. ^ "Arizona governor signs bill outlawing gender-affirming care for transgender youth and approves anti-trans sports ban". 30 March 2022.
  58. ^ "Arizona Legislature passes 2 bills to curb transgender rights". NPR. 24 March 2022.
  59. ^ "Movement Advancement Project | Healthcare Laws and Policies".
  60. ^ KTAR.com, GRISELDA ZETINO (2023-03-17). "Complaints reported to Arizona Empower Hotline being investigated". KTAR.com. Retrieved 2023-03-24.
  61. ^ [4]
  62. ^ [5]
  63. ^ "Pima County passes conversion therapy ban". KGUN. August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
  64. ^ "File ID 7772". Pima County, Arizona. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
  65. ^ "15-716 - Instruction on acquired immune deficiency syndrome; department assistance". www.azleg.gov.
  66. ^ "Ducey signs law repealing teaching restriction considered anti-LGBTQ". KTAR.com. 11 April 2019.
  67. ^ "Arizona Governor Signs Repeal of 28-Year-Old 'No Promo Homo' Law Banning Teachers from Promoting a 'Homosexual Lifestyle'". 11 April 2019.
  68. ^ "SB 1346" (PDF).
  69. ^ "Arizona SB1346 | 2019 | Fifty-fourth Legislature 1st Regular". LegiScan.
  70. ^ "Arizona Senate Committee Delays Hearing On Sex Ed Ban Before 7th Grade". www.knau.org. Associated Press. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-02-09.
  71. ^ Cole, Devan (April 21, 2021). "Arizona Governor Vetoes Bill That Would've Made it Harder for Students to Learn About Sexual and Gender Identity in School". CNN. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  72. ^ Christie, Bob (April 21, 2021). "Arizona governor vetoes strict sex education legislation". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  73. ^ Miller, Danielle (April 16, 2021). "Parents protest sex education bill at Arizona state capitol". FOX 10 Phoenix. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  74. ^ "Arizona Senate Bill 1456". Legiscan. April 20, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  75. ^ Christie, Bob (April 14, 2021). "Conservatives Propose Revised Sex Ed Rules in LGBTQ Pushback". Yahoo! News. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  76. ^ Christie, Bob (June 26, 2021). "Vetoed Arizona Sex Education Bill Heading Back to Governor". Fox 10. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  77. ^ Christie, Bob (June 25, 2021). "Vetoed Arizona Sex Education Bill Headeing Back to Governor". The Middletown Press. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  78. ^ [6]
  79. ^ "Gay and trans panic defenses still legal in Arizona despite efforts to ban them - the Arizona State Press".
  80. ^ Public opinion on same-sex marriage by state: Arizona (PRRI)
  81. ^ Public opinion on LGBT nondiscrimination laws by state: Arizona (PRRI)
  82. ^ Public opinion on religiously based refusals to serve gay and lesbian people by state: Arizona (PRRI)
  83. ^ Baldor, Lolita; Miller, Zeke (January 25, 2021). "Biden reverses Trump ban on transgender people in military". Associated Press.
  84. ^ "Medical Conditions That Can Keep You From Joining the Military". Military.com. 25 February 2022.
  85. ^ [7]
  86. ^ McNamara, Audrey (April 2, 2020). "FDA eases blood donation requirements for gay men amid "urgent" shortage". CBS News.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBT_rights_in_Arizona&oldid=1218448750"