Indonesian Criminal Code

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Indonesian Criminal Code
Volksraad
    • Wetboek van Strafrecht
    • Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana
CitationStaatsblad No. 732 of 1915
Territorial extentIndonesia
Enacted byVolksraad of the Dutch East Indies
Royal assent15 October 1915[1]
Commenced1 January 1918
Amends
  • Wetboek van Strafrecht voor Nederlandsch-Indië (Staatsblad 1915: 732)
  • Criminal Code Act No. 1 of 1946
  • Criminal Code for the Entire Territory of the Republic of Indonesia and the Amendment of Such Code Act No. 73 of 1958
Amended by
People's Representative Council
Related legislation
  • Act No. 8 of 1951
  • Act No. 73 of 1958
  • Act No. 1 of 1960
  • Presidential Decree No. 16 of 1960
  • Presidential Decree No. 18 of 1960
  • Act No. 8 of 1961
  • Act No. 7 of 1974
  • Act No. 4 of 1976
  • Act No. 27 of 1999
Status: In force

The Indonesian Criminal Code (Dutch: Wetboek van Strafrecht, WvS), commonly known in Indonesian as Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (lit. 'Law Book of Penal Code', derived from Dutch), abbreviated as KUH Pidana or KUHP), were laws and regulations that form the basis of criminal law in Indonesia. By deviating as necessary from Presidential Regulation dated 10 October 1945 No. 2, it stipulated that the criminal law regulations that are in effect are the Dutch criminal law regulations that existed on 8 March 1942.[2] Currently, the Republic of Indonesia has its own Criminal Code, that is due to take effect in 2026.[3]

History

The Criminal Code, also known in Indonesian as KUHP or in Dutch as Wetboek van Strafrecht, are laws and regulations that regulate criminal acts in Indonesia. The Criminal Code that is currently in force is the Criminal Code which originates from Dutch colonial law, namely Wetboek van Strafrecht voor Nederlands-Indië. The ratification was carried out through the Staatsblad of 1915 number 732 and came into effect on 1 January 1918. After Indonesian independence from the Dutch in 1945, the Criminal Code is retained and are enforced by an alignment of conditions in the form of revocation of articles that were no longer relevant. This is based on the Transitional Provisions of Article II of the 1945 Constitution, which states that: "All existing state bodies and regulations are immediately enforced as long as new ones have not been enacted according to this Constitution." It was these provisions that later became the legal basis for the enforcement of all statutory regulations during the colonial period to the independence period.[4]

To reaffirm the enforcement of criminal law during those colonial period, on 26 February 1946, the government then issued Law Number 1 of 1946 concerning Criminal Law Regulations. This law was then used as the legal basis for changing "Wetboek van Strafrecht voor Netherlands Indie" to "Wetboek van Strafrecht" (WvS), which became known as the Indonesian Criminal Code. Nevertheless, in Article XVII of the act, there is also a provision which states that: "This law shall take effect for the islands of Java and Madura on the day it is announced and for other regions on the day to be determined by the President." Thus, the application of Wetboek van Strafrecht voor Netherlands Indie to Wetboek van Strafrecht is only limited to the regions of Java and Madura. The enactment of the Criminal Code throughout the territory of the Republic of Indonesia was only carried out on 20 September 1958, with the promulgation of Law no. 73 of 1958 declaring the Applicability of Law Number 1 of 1946 of the Republic of Indonesia in regards to Criminal Law Regulations for the Entire Territory of the Republic of Indonesia, and thus amending the Criminal Code. As stated in Article 1 of Law no. 7 of 1958 which reads: "Law No. 1 of 1946 of the Republic of Indonesia concerning Criminal Law Regulations declared applicable to the entire territory of the Republic of Indonesia.

Books and Chapters

First Book: on General Provisions
Chapters No. Chapters (in English) Chapters (in Indonesian) Articles
I Extent of Operations of the Statutory Criminal Provisions Batas-batas Berlakunya Aturan Pidana dalam Perundang-undangan Art. 1-9
II Criminal Punishments Pidana Art. 10-43
III Exclusion, Mitigation, and Enhancement of Criminal Punishments Hal-hal yang Menghapuskan, Mengurangi atau Memberatkan Pidana Art. 44-52a
IV Attempts to Commit Criminal Actions Percobaan Art. 53-54
V Participation in Criminal Actions Penyertaan dalam Tindak Pidana Art. 55-62
VI Conjunction in Criminal Actions Perbarengan Tindak Pidana Art. 63-71
VII Filing and Withdrawing of Complaints for Crimes Prosecuted only upon Complaint Mengajukan dan Menarik Kembali Pengaduan dalam Hal Kejahatan-kejahatan yang Hanya Dituntut atas Pengaduan Art. 72-75
VIII Lapse of Authority to Prosecute and to Carry Out Criminal Punishments Hapusnya Kewenangan Menuntut Pidana dan Menjalankan Pidana Art. 76-85
IX Terminologies Used in the Criminal Code Istilah-istilah dalam KUHP Art. 86-102
- Concluding Provisions Aturan Penutup Art. 103
Second Book: on Crimes
Chapters No. Chapters (in English) Chapters (in Indonesian) Articles
I Crimes Against State Security Kejahatan Terhadap Keamanan Negara Art. 104-129
II Crimes Against Dignity of the President and the Vice President Kejahatan-kejahatan Terhadap Martabat Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Art. 130-139
III Crimes Against Cordial Foreign States, Their Leaders, and Their Agents Kejahatan-kejahatan Terhadap Negara Sahabat dan Terhadap Kepala Negara Sahabat Serta Wakilnya Art. 139a-145
IV Crimes Against Performance of State Duties and Rights Kejahatan Terhadap Melakukan Kewajiban dan Hak Kenegaraan Art. 146-153
V Crimes Against Public Order Kejahatan Terhadap Ketertiban Umum Art. 153-181
VI Fighting Challenges Perkelahian Tanding Art. 182-186
VII Crimes Against Safety of Other Persons and Property Kejahatan yang Membahayakan Keamanan Umum bagi Orang atau Barang Art. 187-206
VIII Crimes Against Public Authority Kejahatan Terhadap Penguasa Umum Art. 207-241
IX Perjury and False Testimony Sumpah Palsu dan Keterangan Palsu Art. 242-243
X Counterfeit of Currencies and Banknotes Pemalsuan Mata Uang dan Uang Kertas Art. 244-252
XI Forgeries of Seals and Marks Pemalsuan Meterai dan Merek Art. 253-262
XII Forgeries of Documents Pemalsuan Surat Art. 263-276
XIII Crimes Against Persons' Origins and Marriage Kejahatan Terhadap Asal-Usul dan Perkawinan Art. 277-280
XIV Crimes Against Decency Kejahatan Terhadap Kesusilaan Art. 281-303
XV Failure over Duty to Rescue Meninggalkan Orang yang Perlu Ditolong Art. 304-309
XVI Defamations Penghinaan Art. 310-321
XVII Revelations of Secrets Membuka Rahasia Art. 322-323
XVIII Crimes Against Personal Liberty Kejahatan Terhadap Kemerdekaan Orang Art. 324-337
XIX Crimes Against Life Kejahatan Terhadap Nyawa Art. 338-350
XX Mistreatment Penganiayaan Art. 351-358
XXI Causing Death or Bodily Harm due to Negligence Menyebabkan Mati atau Luka-luka Karena Kealpaan Art. 359-361
XXII Theft Pencurian Art. 362-367
XXIII Extortion and Blackmail Pemerasan dan Pengancaman Art. 368-371
XXIV Embezzlement Penggelapan Art. 372-377
XXV Fraud Perbuatan Curang Art. 378-395
XXVI Injury to Creditors or Rightful Claimants Perbuatan Merugikan Pemiutang atau Orang yang Mempunyai Hak Art. 396-405
XXVII Property Damage or Destruction Menghancurkan atau Merusakkan Barang Art. 406-412
XXVIII Crimes by Officials Kejahatan Jabatan Art. 413-478
XXIX Maritime Crimes Kejahatan Pelayaran Art. 438-479
XXIX-A Aviation Crimes Crimes and Against Aviation Facilities and Infrastructure Kejahatan Penerbangan dan Kejahatan Terhadap Sarana/Prasarana Penerbangan Art. 479a-479r
XXX Possession of Stolen Goods, as well as Crimes in Publication and Prints Penadahan Penerbitan dan Percetakan Art. 480-485
XXXI Provisions Relating to Recidivism Aturan tentang Pengulangan Kejahatan yang Bersangkutan dengan Berbagai-bagai Bab Art. 486-488
Third Book: on Misdemeanors
Chapters No. Chapters (in English) Chapters (in Indonesian) Articles
I Misdemeanors Against Persons, Property, and Public Health Tentang Pelanggaran Keamanan Umum bagi Orang atau Barang dan Kesehatan Art. 489-502
II Misdemeanors Against Public Order Pelanggaran Ketertiban Umum Art. 503-520
III Misdemeanors Against Public Authority Pelanggaran Terhadap Penguasa Umum Art. 521-528
IV Misdemeanors Against Persons' Origins and Marriage Pelanggaran Mengenai Asal-Usul dan Perkawinan Art. 529-530
V Misdemeanors Against the Duty to Rescue Pelanggaran Terhadap Orang yang Memerlukan Pertolongan Art. 531
VI Misdemeanors Against Decency Pelanggaran Kesusilaan Art. 532-547
VII Misdemeanors Concerning Land, Vegetations, and Premises Pelanggaran Mengenai Tanah, Tanaman dan Pekarangan Art. 548-551
VIII Misdemeanors by Officials Pelanggaran Jabatan Art. 552-559
IX Misdemeanors in Navigation Pelanggaran Pelayaran Art. 560-569

Revision

Article of witchcraft

Article 293 of the Draft Criminal Code reads:[5]

(1). Everyone who declares himself to have supernatural powers, expresses hope, offers or provides assistance to other people that because of his actions can cause illness, death, mental or physical suffering of a person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of 5 (five) years or at most a category IV fine. (2). If the perpetrator of the crime referred to in paragraph (1) commits the act to seek profit or make it a livelihood or habit, then the sentence can be increased by 1/3 (one third).

Criminal law expert Barda Nawawi Arief, who took part in drafting the policy, said that this article is an extension of Article 162 of the Criminal Code which regulates the prohibition of assisting in criminal acts, which reads "Anyone who publicly orally or in writing offers to provide information, opportunity, or means to commit a criminal act, shall be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of 9 months or a fine of up to Rp. 400,500."[6]

Although political figure Eva Sundari of the PDI-P party thinks that the law will find it difficult to prove someone has the power of witchcraft, so much so that this article is prone to criminalization,[7] criminal law expert from the University of Indonesia, Andi Hamzah, says that the proof does not require the pleader to bring a supernatural experts or priest, but to only bring witnesses who hear that someone claims to be capable of practicing witchcraft.[8]

The pros and cons of the witchcraft act have appeared since the 1990s.[9] Because of this, to deepened the understanding of the article on witchcraft, the People's Representative Council (DPR) conducted a comparative study to the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, and Russia.[10]

Withdrawal

On 6 December 2022, the People's Representative Council voted to approve a new criminal code for Indonesia on the basis of decolonization, which repeals the old criminal code and its amendments. Initially, the new code was supposed to pass in 2019, yet amid a mass street demonstration across the country, the process was ultimately halted as the Indonesian President Joko Widodo had asked Parliament to revise problematic clauses.[11] The protest comes as the new criminal code introduced some controversial new laws, such as banning unmarried couple to cohabit; banning the defamation of the president, government ministers and agencies; banning of demonstration without notice; the witchcraft act (article 252); the privacy act (article 412), etc. Some human right experts has even called it: "a step backward in Indonesian democracy".[12]

Yasonna Laoly, the Indonesian minister of law and human rights, receives the new criminal code report from Bambang Wuryanto, the head of the parliamentary commission overseeing the revision.

The new penal code contains 624 articles, which the government claimed it had spent the past years gathering feedback from stakeholders, experts and the public following a nationwide protest against the code in 2019. The new code, which applies to Indonesians and foreigners alike, will not take immediate effect, but instead, three years after the bill is enacted into law, in which opponents can file requests for judicial review of the code to the Constitutional Court.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Prihadi, Nihki. "Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 13 Tahun 2022". Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 13 Tahun 2022.
  2. ^ "UU No. 1 Tahun 1946 tentang Peraturan tentang Hukum Pidana [JDIH BPK RI]". peraturan.bpk.go.id.
  3. ^ https://rasindogroup.com/pengesahan-ruu-kuhp-menjadi-undang-undang/
  4. ^ "DELIK PENGHASUTAN DALAM PASAL 160 KUHP". 3 June 2022.
  5. ^ "Witchcraft Act within the Bill to Amend the Indonesian Criminal Code".
  6. ^ "Content of the Witchcraft Act within the Bill to Amend the Indonesian Criminal Code".[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ "Anggota Komisi III Eva Sundari: Pasal Santet Rawan Kriminalisasi". detiknews.
  8. ^ "Can Witchcraft Be Proven? Explanation from UI Law Experts".
  9. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (20 November 2016). "Kembalinya Pasal Santet Halaman all". KOMPAS.com.
  10. ^ "Indonesia Parliament sent Representative to Europe to do Comparative Study on Witchcraft".
  11. ^ Lamb, Kate; Teresia, Ananda (6 December 2022). "Explainer: Why is Indonesia's new criminal code so controversial?" – via www.reuters.com.
  12. ^ "Indonesia passes new criminal code, outlaws sex outside marriage". www.aljazeera.com.
  13. ^ "Is Indonesia headed in an 'authoritarian direction' with new criminal code?". South China Morning Post. 6 December 2022.
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