Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) by country
In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup
None of the sampling done by research studies shown here would qualify as true random sampling, and thus any percentages of haplogroup G provided country by country are only rough approximations of what would be found in the full population.
Africa
Algeria
In 46 samples taken in Algeria in a 2008 study, 2% were found to be G. SNP testing was not done, but this one sample was predicted G based on haplotype. When originally tested for SNPs, G was not an available test.[1] In a 2011 study, none of 20 samples from Berber Mozabites in Algeria were G.[2]
Comoros Islands
In a 2011 study of 577 men in the Comoros Islands off the southeastern African coast, 1.8% were G2a (P15+) and 0.3% were in other unspecified G categories, but none were G1.[3]
Egypt
Of 147 samples from among Egyptians in Egypt (2004), 9% were G.[4] And in a 2009 study, among 116 Egyptians, 6.9% were G.[5] In a study of 35 samples from oasis el-Hayez in the western Egyptian desert area, none were G.[6]
Libya
A survey of the population of Libya based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but a close approximation for the population in Tripoli in the western part of the country based on the STR markers of 63 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 7.9% are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] Of 20 Jews of Libya, 10% were found to be G.[9] These men seemingly were then living in Israel.
Morocco
In 147 samples taken in Morocco, 1% were found to be G.[1]
In another study 1% of 312 samples in Morocco were G.[10]
Another study gathered samples only from hamlets in Morocco's Azgour Valley, where none of 33 samples were determined G.[11] These hamlets were selected because they were felt to be typically Berber in composition.
A study of 20 Moroccan Jews found 30% were G.[9] The tested men were then apparently living in Israel.
South Africa
In a 2011 study, in South Africa no G was found among 8 African men.[2] In a 2010 study, no G found in South Africa among 343 southeastern Bantu speakers or 183 Khoe-San speakers, but 5.7% of 157 South African whites were G.[12]
Anatolia, the Levant and Arabian Peninsula
Cyprus
Among 166 samples from Cyprus, 13.3% were G.[10]
Iraq
Among 139 samples taken in Iraq in a 2003 study, 2.2% were found to be G.[13] In a 2011 study, 1.4% of 143 Marsh Arabs were found to be G, versus 1.9% of 154 other Iraqis.[14]
A 2004 study sampled 20 Iraqi Jews (apparently living in Israel), and 10% were found to be G2a (P15+).[9] Another study of Iraqi Jews in 2010 found 10.1% of 79 men were G.[15]
Israel
Among 738 Jews in Israel 9.8% were found to be G. The G2a (P15+) types were in the majority, with G2b (formerly G2c) being the next most common type.[16]
Among the Gnostic Druze, G was found in 4% of 37 samples on the Golan Heights; in 14% of 183 samples in the Galilee; and in 12% of 35 samples in the Carmel.[17] Another study which sampled 20 Druze men apparently living in Israel, none had the G mutation.[9]
Among Palestinians apparently living in Israel, 75% of 20 samples were found to be G2a (P15+).[9] In the same study, among Samaritans in Israel none of 12 samples was G. In the Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel (CEPH-HDGP) "Central Israel" Palestinian sample (n=17), 59% (10) were G.
A study of 329 Druze men found 12.5% were haplogroup G.[15] This study was not confined to Israel, but was probably mostly Israeli.
Jordan
Among 273 samples taken in Jordan, 5.5% were G.[5]
In another study, 5.9% of 101 Jordanian samples at Amman were G, and 0% of 45 samples in the Dead Sea area in Jordan were G.[18]
Kuwait
In 42 samples taken in Kuwait, 2.4% were G.[5]
In a study confined to Bedouin tribes of Kuwait, among 148 samples 3.4% were G. Most of these were found among the Aniza. All these were G2a (P15+).[19]
Lebanon
In 916 samples in a 2008 study from Lebanon, 6% were G.[20]
Among 322 samples from Lebanon in a 2010 study, 7.7% were G. Within the religious groups, 7.1% of 195 Catholic Maronites were G, 29.4% of 17 Greek Catholics, 5% of 60 Greek Orthodox, 7.6% of 26 Sunni Muslims, 6.2% of 16 Shiite Muslims and 0% of 9 Druze men.[21]
In 29 samples from a 2008 study among the Druze in Lebanon, none were G in contrast to significant percentages of G among them in Syria and Israel.[17]
Oman
Of 121 samples taken among Arabs of Oman, 2% were G.[4]
Palestine
Among 291 samples taken in Palestine 8.9% were G.[10]
Qatar
In 72 samples taken in Qatar, 2.8% were G. All were G2a (P15+).[22]
Saudi Arabia
Among 22 samples taken in Saudi Arabia in a 2005 study, 4.5% were G.[23] In another study from 2009, of 157 Saudi samples, 0.64% were G1 and 2.55% G2.[24]
Syrian Arab Republic
Among 356 samples taken in Syria, 4.8% were G.[5]
In another study of Syria, 5.5% of 200 samples were G.[10] In yet another study, 3.5% of 87 Syrian samples were G.[23]
In another study, among 26 samples taken among the Druze in Syria 14% were G.[17]
Turkey
Among 523 samples from Turkey in a 2004 study, 9.2% were G.[25] The G1/G1a samples were found only among the northeastern Turkey samples. The single G2b* was found in Kars Province in the far northeast. Of the 9.2% G total, the G samples were found in each of the following subgroups: (a) G2b*(M377+ M283-) n=1; (b) G1* (M342+) n=1; (c) G1a (P20+) n=4; (d) G2a* (P15+) n=37; (e) G2a1 (P16+) n=5; and (f) G2b (M286+) n=1. A 2011 study retested the same samples and found that within those listed G2a* (P15+) men, 10 were G2a3a (M406)[26]
A 2011 study found that in the west central Turkish towns of Foça and İzmir, 3% of 89 samples were G2a3a (M406+) and an additional 4% were unspecified other types of G.[26]
A 2012 study that sampled ethnic Armenians in eastern Turkey found no G1 (M285) among 207 men. But 2% of 104 samples at Sasun were G2a1 (P16) with no P16 found at Lake Van. In contrast, G2a (P15) but not G2a1 was found in 8% of Lake Van and 11% of Sasun men.[27]
Among 87 Kurmanji-speaking Kurds in southeastern Turkey in a 2005 study, 2.3% were found to be G. And among 27 Zazaki-speaking Kurds in the same area, 3.7% were G.[28]
A 2008 doctoral dissertation[29] that sampled 140 men in four towns in central Turkey found 4 of 49 men at "town 1" were G2, 1 of 30 at "town 2", and none of 31 and 30 men respectively at "town 3" and "town 4" were G2. However, the author only applied prediction software to STR samples to determine the haplogroups. He concluded that the genetic diversity found suggests "multiple ancestral populations contributed to the genetic make-up of the area." One G2 man had known origins in northeastern Turkey.
United Arab Emirates
In 164 samples taken in the United Arab Emirates, 4.2% were G. The majority were of the G1 type.[22]
Yemen
In 62 samples taken in Yemen, 1.6% were G. All were G2a (P15+).[22]
In another study that concentrated on the island of Soqotra, none of 63 samples was G.[30]
In another study among 20 Jewish Yemenis, 5% were G2a (P15+) and another 5% were G1 (M285+).[9] These men were apparently then living in Israel. A 2010 study of Jewish men found 0% of 74 Jewish men from Yemen were haplogroup G.[15]
Caucasus Mountains Region
Armenia
Among 100 samples taken in Armenia for a 2003 study,[31] 11% were G. And a 2011 study.[32] found 11% of 57 Armenian samples were G1 and 11% G2a. A 2012 study found that none of 206 Armenian samples were G2a1 (P16), but 2% of 110 men in the Ararat Valley in the west and 1% of 96 men at Gardman in the east were G1 (M285). Much more of G2a (P15) but not G2a1 was found, totalling 9% of the Ararat Valley men and 4.5% of Gardman men.[27]
A 2010 study that concentrated on Jewish men found 21% of 57 Jewish men from Armenia were haplogroup G.[15] Note that Jews in Armenia are mostly recent Ashkenazi and Georgian.
Azerbaijan
Among 72 samples taken in Azerbaijan 18% were G.[31]
In a study that concentrated on the Talysh of the southern tip of Azerbaijan, 3% of 40 samples were found to be G.[33]
A study that sampled Jews from Azerbaijan found 16% of 57 men were haplogroup G.[15]
Georgia
Among 61 samples taken in Georgia (2001), 30% were G.[34] Among 77 samples taken in Georgia (2003), 31% were G.[31] Georgia has the highest percentage of G among the general population recorded in any country. Among 66 samples taken in Georgia (2009), 31.6% were G2a (P15+).[35] Of this 31.6% figure, 1.5% were G2a3a (M406+), and the remainder were unspecified other types of G2a.
Most of states worldwide recognize Abkhazia and South Ossetia as part of Georgia. In Abkhazia 55% of 60 samples were found to be G as listed in a 2009 presentation by Khadizhat Dibirova.[36][37][38][unreliable source?] In a 2011 study,[32] 47% of 162 Abkhazians were found G2a. In South Ossetia 48% of 10 samples were found G2a. G1 was absent from both locations. Another 2011 study[39] found among 58 Abkhazians that 12% were G2a1a (P18), 21% were G2a3b1 (P303) and 24% other G2a (P15)
In a study of Jewish men, 4.8% of 62 Jewish men from Georgia were haplogroup G.[15]
Russian Federation (Caucasus Region)
North Ossetia | total N | % G-M201 | % G2a-P15 | % G2a1-P16 | % G2a1a-P18 | % G2a3b1-P303 | source | year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zil'ga | 23 | 57% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [40] | 2004 |
Zamankul | 23 | 61% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [40] | 2004 |
Alagir | 24 | 75% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [40] | 2004 |
Ardon | 28 | 21% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [41] | 2004 |
Digora | 31 | 74% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [41] | 2004 |
Ossetian | 166 | 68% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [41] | 2004 |
N. Ossetians | 132 | 69% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [36] | 2009 |
Ossets-Iron | 230 | 1% | 73% | 1% | [39] | 2011 | ||
Ossets-Digor | 127 | 0% | 56% | 5% | [39] | 2011 |
The G concentrations at Alagir and Digora represent the highest reported concentrations of G in any locale in the world. Though not stated in the 2004 studies, most of these were likely typical G2a1a type of G based on corresponding STR marker values.
n.w. Caucasus people | total N | % G-M201 | % G2a-P15 | % G2a1-P16 | % G2a1a-P18 | % G2a3b1-P303 | source | year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shapsug | 106 | 81% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [36] | 2009 |
Shapsug | 100 | 0% | 0% | 86% | [39] | 2011 | ||
Cherkess | 126 | 45% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [32] | 2011 | |
Karachays | 69 | 32% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [32] | 2011 | |
Circassians | 48 | 31% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [36] | 2009 |
Circassians | 142 | 1% | 0% | 9% | 30% | [39] | 2011 | |
Adyghe | 155 | 48% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [15] | 2010 |
Balkars | – | 29% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [35] | 2009 | |
Balkars | 135 | 32% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [32] | 2011 | |
Kabardin | 59 | 29% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [31] | 2003 |
The reported high G concentration among the Shapsugs of the far northwestern Caucasus represents the highest percentage of G among any group worldwide. This is the highest percentage of G in a single population in the world – slightly higher than among the Madjars of Kazakhstan.
n.e. Caucasus people | total N | % G-M201 | % G2a-P15 | % G2a1-P16 | % G2a1a-P18 | % G2a3b1-P303 | source | year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lezgins | 31 | 10% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [32] | 2011 | |
Lezgins | 81 | 1% | 1% | 0% | [39] | 2011 | ||
Avars | 20 | 5% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [42] | 2009 |
Avars | 108 | 12% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [43] | 2009 |
Avars | 42 | 0% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [32] | 2011 | |
Avars | 115 | 0% | 1% | 9% | [39] | 2011 | ||
Chechens-Akkins | 20 | 5% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [42] | 2009 |
Chechens | 19 | 5% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [31] | 2003 |
Chechens | 165 | 2% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [32] | 2011 | |
Chechen (Chechnya & Ingushetia) | 178 | 6% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [43] | 2009 |
Chechen (Dagestan) | 72 | 4% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [43] | 2009 |
Chechen (Ingushetia) | 112 | 0% | 4% | 5% | [39] | 2011 | ||
Chechen (Chechnya) | 118 | 0% | 0% | 1% | [39] | 2011 | ||
Chechen (Dagestan) | 100 | 0% | 6% | 1% | [39] | 2011 | ||
Ingush | 22 | 27% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [31] | 2003 |
Ingush | 142 | 1% | 0% | 0% | [39] | 2011 | ||
Dargin | 26 | 4% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [31] | 2003 |
Dargin | 86 | 2% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [43] | 2009 |
Dargin | 68 | 3% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [44] | 2006 | |
Dargin | 101 | 1% | 0% | 0% | 1% | [39] | 2011 | |
Kubachi | 14 | 0% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [42] | 2009 |
Kubachi | 65 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | [39] | 2011 | |
Kubachi | 56 | 0% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [43] | 2009 |
Laks | 21 | 5% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [42] | 2009 |
Tabasarans | 30 | 3% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [42] | 2009 |
Tabasarans | 43 | 0%% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [32] | 2011 | |
Andi | 49 | 6% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [44] | 2006 | |
Lezgin | 31 | 58% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [44] | 2006 | |
Lezgin | 90 | 6% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [43] | 2009 |
Kumyks | 76 | 11% | 1% | N/A | N/A | [44] | 2006 | |
Kumyks | 73 | 14% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [32] | 2011 | |
Chamalals | 27 | 18% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [32] | 2011 | |
Terek Cossacks | 86 | 54% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [citation needed][43] | 2009 |
Kaltagian | 30 | 0% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [43] | 2009 |
Kaitags | 33 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | [39] | 2011 | |
Kuban Nogays | 87 | 14% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [32] | 2011 | |
Kara Nogays | 76 | 1% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [32] | 2011 | |
Bagvalals | 28 | 0% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [32] | 2011 |
Note: The study by Yunusbaev (2006) showed the tiny population of Northeast Caucasian language family Andic-speaking Chamalal to be 19% (N=5/27) G2a-P15, and all of this was an unknown sub-clade of G2a-P15 listed as "G2c" (currently classified as G2b)which was not defined in 2006 when this study was conducted (no SNP testing was done for true G2b-M377). Since this study tested only G-M201 and G2a-P15, it is possible that this sub-clade may actually be G2a1-P16, since a number of the likely G haplotypes from Daghestan are actually G2a1-P16. He also reported that 12% (N=76) of the Kumyks tested were G – with that figure composed of 11% G2a (P15+) and 1% (1/76) listed as "G2c", which again at the time a sub-clade of G2a-P15, likely G2a1-P16).
In these Russian tabulations above (1) G2a3a-M406 man among the Avars and (1) G1-M285 man each found among Chechens and Adyghe were omitted to simplify the charts. Also, the 2011 Balanovsky study found 12% G2a3a-M406 among the Lezgins which are not included in the chart entry for them.
Asia
Afghanistan
In Pashtuns from Afghanistan haplogroup G2b 6.1%.[45]
China
These percentages of G were found in the following number of samples from China in a 2006 study:[46] (a) The Uyghurs who live primarily in far northwestern China 4.5% of 67. (b) The northern Han 2.3% of 44. (c) The southern Han 0% of 40. (d) Tibet 0% of 105. (e) The Zhuang who live in southern China or Vietnam, 0% of 20. (f) The Yao of southern China 0% of 60. (g) In Manchuria or among the Manchus in northeastern China, 0% of 93. (h) The Evenks who live principally along the border of northeastern China 0% of 31. (i) The Oroqen of northeastern China 0% of 22. (j) The Yi who live principally in southern China and who speak a Burmese language 0% of 43. (k) The Tujia of central China, 0% of 47.
A 2005 study that sampled five southern Chinese groups found the following percentages of G: (1) The Han less than 1% G in 166 samples. (2) The Miao 0% of 58. (3) The She 0% of 51. (4) The Tujia 0% of 49. (5) The Yao 0% of 60.[23]
A 2008 study that concentrated on the island of Hainan off the southeastern Chinese coast found 0% G among 405 men from various island aborigine groups.[47]
A 2007 study that concentrated on the Mang of Yunnan Province in southern China found no G among 65 samples.[48]
Another 2007 study that sampled Tibet found 0% G among 156 samples[49]
A 2010 study of northwestern China found G (M201) in 2% of 41 Kazakhs; 2% of 31 Tajikes; and 2% of 23 Ozbeks. No G was found among Tu, Xibo, Mongolian, Tataer, Uighur, Yugu, Kirghiz, Russ, Dongxiang, Bao'an and Salar persons.[50]
A 2011 study found only a few G samples among hundreds of samples around China of the majority Han population. The Han locales with single G samples were Liaoning in the northeast with one G2b (M377) man, Henan in the east central area with one G2a1 (P16) and Henan again with one G2a (P15) man not M286 or P16. This same study found 2% of Uyghur were G2a (P15) but not M286 or P16. These were all in Xinjiang in the northwest. And among 62 Hui men from Ningxia in the north central area, 1.6% were G1 and 1.6% were G2a (P15) but not P16 or M286. No G at all found among Hui elsewhere or in Tibet (262 samples) or among the Xibe, Hazak, Evenks, Bulang, Wa, Jing, Dai, Zhuang, Dong, Mulao, Buyi, Li, Maonan, Shui, Gelao, Miao, Yao, She, Bai, Hani, Jingpo, Lahu, Lisu Naxi, Yi, Tujia, Hui, Man or Kyrgyz men sampled at various locations.[51]
In a newer genetic study, Y-DNA G-M201 was found in the genes of a few Han Chinese individuals from Ningxia province and Beijing.[52]
India
In 405 samples taken in India in a 2005 study, 1.5% were G.[23] In a 2009 study covering mostly New Delhi and Andhra Pradesh 2% of 104 samples were G.[53]
In another study in 2008 that concentrated on southern Indian locations,[54] less than 1% of 155 samples was G in Tamil Nadu, and the G percentage in Andhra Pradesh was 1% of 167 samples.
A study that sampled 1052 men within 25 diverse populations in India, only one man was G. This man was included in the samples labeled Kash. Pandit.[55]
A 2006 study that sampled 1074 men within 77 diverse Indian populations found only one man in central India who was G.[56]
Another study from 2009 found in 560 samples from northern India that 4% were G.[57] The authors found no G among 96 Bhargavas or 88 Chaturvedis (both Brahmins), but 1.7% of 118 other Brahmins, 9.7% of 154 Shia and 5.8% of 104 Sunni samples were G.
In a 2003 study of 286 men belonging to two tribal groups of Andhra Pradesh in southern India, as well as five caste groups from various parts of India, only one man in West Bengal was G.[58]
In a 2006 study of 728 Indian samples taken from among 36 populations and 18 castes, 1.2% were G. These were all G2a (P15+) men.[59] In this study many of the G2a men were contained within the samples of the Dravidian upper caste where G persons comprised 11.9% of 59 samples.
In a 2010 study sampling 45 Cochin Jews from southern India, none were haplogroup G. The same study found 6.5% of 31 Bene Israel Jews from Mumbai were G.[15]
In the YHRD database, among 44 samples taken among the Afridi Pashtuns in Uttar Pradesh, northern India, 28 (64%) were found to belong to haplogroup G.
In a 2010 study of Muslims in India, in Uttar Pradesh in n. India 2.3% of 129 Indian Sunni men were G as were 8% of 161 Indian Shia there. In Andhra Pradesh in southern India, 8% of 25 Iranian Shia were G. Among the Dawoodi Bohra of west and south India, no G was found in 76 samples, as was the case among Mappla of southern India.[60]
In a 2009 study of 621 samples from various components of the Indian caste system, G was found in 10.9% of 64 Gujarat Brahmins in the west and 3.3% there among 32 Maharashtra Brahmins and none among Gujarat Bhils. In the east, 11.1% of 27 Bihar Paswan were G, but none found among Bihar Brahmins and West Bengal Brahmins. In the central area, no G found among Uttar Pradesh Kols and Gonds, and among Madhya Pradesh Brahmins, Gonds and Saharia. In the north, 3.6% of 49 Punjab Brahmins were G and 2% of 51 J&K Kashmiri Pandists, but none found among J&K Kashmir Gujars or among Uttar Pradesh or Himachal Brahmins.[61]
Indonesia
In 80 samples taken in Indonesia, 0% were G.[46]
In another study confined to Western New Guinea none of 183 samples were G.[62]
In a study of the northwestern end of the island of New Guinea among 162 samples from 13 populations none were G.[63]
In another study confined to the island of Sumba no G was found among 352 samples.[64]
A study that gathered 552 samples in Bali, 21 in western Indonesia and 55 in eastern Indonesia failed to find any G persons.[23]
Iran
Of 33 samples taken in northern Iran, 15.2% were G. Of these 5 samples, 4 were G2a (P15+). And 12.8% of 117 samples from the south of that country were G. In this latter location the percentage of G1 almost equaled the G2a percentage. The authors did not provide information about locations sampled.[65]
Of 91 samples taken at unstated location(s) in northern Iran (2009), 2.2% were G.[5]
Of 50 samples taken from the Mazandarani in northern Iran west of the Caspian Sea, 14% were G. Likewise of 50 samples from the Gilaki in the same area, 10% were G.[66]
Of 50 samples taken from the Talysh along the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea in north central Iran, 2% were G.[33]
Samples were taken in another study in Khuzestan Province of west central Iran, and 15% G found among 53 Bakhtiari in Izeh and 6% G among Arabs in Ahvaz.[67]
In a study of Jewish men, there were no haplogroup G men among 49 men with Iranian origins.[15]
Japan
In 259 samples taken among the following groups or locations in Japan: Ainu, Aomori, Okinawa, Shizuoka, Tokushima and Kyushu 0% were G.[46]
In another study, among 23 samples taken in Japan, none were G.[59]
Kazakhstan
Two Kazakh tribes are believed to have the highest levels of Haplogroup G in the world. This is striking partly because most Kazakh males fall into C3.
A study of the Kazakh Madzhars (Madjars) in the Torgay area of Kazakhstan, 86.7% of 45 samples were G. This is the highest concentration of G reported anywhere in the world so far. All the samples were G1.[68]
A limited study has found Haplogroup G-M285 (G1) among four out of five Argyns sampled in central Kazakhstan. The Argyns, who were previously known as the Basmyl, were first documented in the 6th century, residing in what is now the Xinjiang region of China.
Korea
In 75 samples taken in Korea in a 2006 study, 0% were G.[46] Among another 85 samples also taken in 2006 in Korea, 0% were G.[69] A 2011 study of 64 Korean samples, again found no G among them.[51]
Malaysia
In 32 samples taken among Malays (presumably from Malaysia), 6.3% were G.[23]
Mongolia
In 149 samples taken in Mongolia, 0.7% were G.[46] On 47 samples taken also in 2006 in Mongolia, 0% were G.[69]
Nepal
In 188 samples taken in a 2007 study in 3 locations in Nepal, none were G.[49] Also in Nepal among 173 Tharus in Terai, no G was found in a 2009 study.[53]
Pakistan
Of 638 samples taken in Pakistan, 2.7% were G.[70] This same study found the percentage of G among 96 samples from Pakistani Pathans was 11.5%; among 44 samples from Kalash men was 18.1% and among 97 samples from Burusho men was 1% – all groups of northern Pakistan.
Among 176 Pakistani samples gathered in another study, G2a (P15+) men represented 4.6% of the total. G1 (M285+) men represented 0.6%, and G2b (M377+) men were 1.1%.[59]
Papua New Guinea
In a large study of Northern Island Melanesia within Papua New Guinea (2006) none of 685 samples was G.[71] Most of these were Papuan-speaking persons.
In 46 samples taken in Papua New Guinea (2006), 0% were G.[23]
In another study (2008) 19 samples taken on the island of New Britain none were found to be G, and none of 52 samples in the Trobriand Islands were G.[62] In this same study, on the mainland of Papua New Guinea none of 197 samples were listed as G.
Russian Federation [Asian portion]
In a 2006 study, in Russia among 98 Altai samples, 1% were G.[46] The Altai or Altay are a Turkic group overlapping Mongolia and south central Russia. In this same study among the Buryats, a Mongol people who live principally just north of Mongolia, 1.2% of 81 samples were G, and no G at all was found among 31 samples from the Evens who live principally in the far northeastern area of Russia.
In another 2006 study concentrating on the southern Siberian border region,[69] going from west to east: (a) Of 92 samples from the Turkic Altaian-Kizhi, 1.1% G. (b) Of 47 samples from the Teleuts, 0% G. (c) Of 51 samples from the Turkic Shors 0% G. (d) Of 53 samples from the Turkic Khakassians, 0% G. (e) Of 113 samples from the Mongolized Turkic Tuvinians, 0.9% G. (f) Of 36 samples from the Turkic Todjins, 0% G. (g) Of 53 samples from the Turkic Tofalars, 0% G. (g) Of 34 samples from Sojots, 2.9% G. (h) Of 238 samples from the Mongol Buryats, 0.4% G. Much farther to the north among 50 Evenks, 0% G.
Another 2006 study[72] covered primarily the northeastern area of Siberia where Yakuts and Yakut-speaking Evenks live. The authors did not test for G, but the report suggests the men all belonged instead to the haplogroups shown in the report.
A 2008 study concentrated on two populations of northwestern Siberia. Among 63 Mansi, 4% were G, and among 106 Khanty none were G.[73]
In a small study of 18 Siberian samples, none were G.[59] In a 2011 study of the Altai Republic [74] among 119 samples, 3.4% were G1 and 1.7%% were G2a.
Sri Lanka
In 91 samples taken in Sri Lanka in one study 5.5% were G.[23]
In another study of Sinhalese men, none of 39 samples was G.[58]
Taiwan
In 132 samples taken in Taiwan, 0% were G.[46]
Among 48 samples taken among Taiwanese aboriginals, none were G.[23]
Uzbekistan
A study of 15 Jewish men from Uzbekistan found 0% were haplogroup G.[15] This same study, however, referred to a mixture of studies in which 22% of other Uzbek Jewish men samples belonged to haplogroup G.
Vietnam
In 70 samples taken in Vietnam, 0% were G.[23]
Europe
Albania
Among 55 samples taken in Albania in a 2009 study, 1.8% were G2a (P15+).[35] None were G2a3a (M406+). In a 2010 study, no G was found among sampled Gabel and Jevg men, but 1.2% of Gheg and 3.3% of Tosk were G (M201+).[75]
Austria
A survey of the general population of Austria based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 7.0% (n=16) of 230 samples in the Tyrol and none of 66 samples from Vienna and 1.5% (n=1) at Graz are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] Several additional samples are borderline for being G.
Belgium
A 2010 study of DNA Project Oud-Hertgodom Brabant found that 3.6% of 893 samples were haplogroup G2a among those with eastern Belgian ancestry.[76] In that same year a study of 477 Brabant men found the following G percentages in these locations: North Brabant 3.1%, Antwerp 2.8%, Campine 2.6%, Mechelen 4.8% and Flemish Brabant 3.7%.[77]
Belarus
In a 2010 study of men from "Belarus," less than 1% of 196 samples was haplogroup G.[15] A 2005 study had found that 1.5% of 68 Belarusians were G.[78]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Among 81 Serbs in Bosnia, 1.2% were found to be G2a (P15+), and among 90 Croats in Bosnia none were G.[35] And in this same study among 84 Bosnians 3.6% were G2a (P15+). In none of these groups was any G2a3a (M406+) found.
In another study among 69 samples in Bosnia, 4.4% were G, and according to Serbian DNA Project in Herzegovina is high point of G2a haplogroup. .[79]
Bulgaria
In the big sample of 808 Bulgarians of Karachanak 4.6% are G2a[80]
Croatia
Among 89 samples taken in Croatia in a 2009 study, 1.1% were G2a (P15+).[35] In this same study, 29 samples were taken separately in the far eastern city of Osijek, and 13.8% were G2a (P15+). The G2a samples were also tested for G2a3a (M406), and none was found.
In another study from 2005, among 108 samples from 5 Croatian mainland locations, 0.9% were G.[79]
In yet another study from 2003, among 99 samples on the Croatian mainland, less than 1% were G. On the island of Krk, among 74 samples, none were G; on the island of Brač 6% of 49 samples were G; on the island of Korčula, 10.4% of 134 samples were G; and 1.1% of 91 samples on the island of Hvar were G.[81]
In a 2009 study of Roma Bayash men in Croatia, 10% of 96 men at Baranja in the east were G, but none of 55 men at Medjimurje in the north were G.[82]
Czech Republic
Among 257 samples from the Czech Republic, 5.1% were G and were overwhelmingly G2a (P15+).[83]
In another study, among 75 samples from Czechs, 4.0% were G2a (P15+).[35] None of these was G2a3a (M406+)
Denmark
A survey of the general population of Denmark based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 247 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 1.2% (n=3) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] There are several additional samples that might be G.
Estonia
A survey of the general population of Estonia based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 133 samples from Tartu in the YHRD database[7] indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] Several additional samples are borderline for being G.
Finland
A study found 5% of 40 samples from Ostrobothnia (Osterbotten) in Finland were G.[84]
A survey of the general population of Finland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 399 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 0.5% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]
France
In a 2003 study, in 23 samples taken somewhere in France (2003), 0% were G, but 11.8% of 34 samples on the island of Corsica were G.[85]
A 2011 study found that among 51 men in Provence southeastern France, 8% were G with none G2a3a (M406+)[26]
An approximation method based on use of STR markers from 109 samples from Paris in the YHRD database[7] indicates 1.8% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] And in 99 similar samples from Strasbourg in the far northeast, 4% (n=4) are G.
A 2006 study of the Finistère area at the tip of Brittany in western France, less than 1.2% of men were G and were found only in the port towns.[86]
Germany
A survey of the general population of Germany based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation method based on STR markers in samples in the YHRD database[7] using the Athey haplogroup predictor[8] indicates the following G percentages among samples from these German cities: (a) Freiburg in the southwest, 433 samples of which 4.4% (n=19) are G; (b) Munich in the southeast, 281 samples of which 5.3% (n=15) are G; (c) Chemnitz in the northeast. 820 samples of which 3.8% (n=31) are G.
Greece
In 76 samples taken somewhere in Greece (2003), 2.6% were G.[85] In 77 samples taken somewhere in Greece (2007), 9.1% were G.[70]
In another study (2009)[35] 3.3% of 92 Greek samples were G. This 3.3% was composed of 1.1% G2a3a (M406+) and the remainder other types of G2a.
In a 2011 study, among 57 men at Nea Nikomedeia 4% were G with none G2a3a (M406+) and among 57 at Sesklo/Dimini 4% were G2a3a and additional unspecified G men were 2%. And on the Peloponnese, of 57 men in the area of Lerna/Franchtihi Cave, 4% were G2a3a and 2% other G.[26]
Among 193 samples (2008) taken on the island of Crete, 10.9% were G. Among 57 samples taken on the Peloponnese, 5.3% were G. And at several mainland Greek sites, 4.4% were G.[87]
Another study that focused on Crete (2007), found 7.7% of 104 samples in the central part of the island were G, and that 6.3% of 64 samples on the eastern end were G.[88]
Greenland
A survey of the general population of Greenland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 342 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]
Hungary
In 100 samples taken in Hungary, 3.0% were found to G, and all were G2a (P15+).[89]
In another study, among 53 samples from Hungary, 1.9% were G2a (P15+).[35] None of these were G2a3a (M406+)
In a 2008 study of 215 Hungarians, G2a (P15+) was found in 4%, and found also in 2% of Hungarian Roma. No G1 reported.[90]
Iceland
A survey of the general population of Iceland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 100 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]
Ireland
Among 796 samples taken in all areas of Ireland, none were G.[91] The actual figure in the population is certainly not zero because there are dozens of samples from Irish ancestry persons in various databases.
Italy
In a large 2007 study of 11 regions of peninsular Italy and Elba,[92] 10.7% of 699 samples were G. The authors did not sample the northwestern Milan area and the high mountains of the central north. The Val Badia samples in the far northeast of Italy had an atypical low 3% of 34 samples. The other areas all ranged 7% to 15% G. Elba had 11% of 95 samples as G.
A 2003 study of Italy had found 11.8% of 51 samples in Sicily; 8.1% of 37 samples in Calabria; 14.1% of 78 samples in Sardinia; and 10% of 50 samples in north central Italy were G.[85]
In another 202 samples taken in Sardinia 13.9% were G.[93] The authors noted the percentage at the sampled sites in the north of the island were 10.4% G, in the central-eastern area 11.1% but only 6.5% in the southwestern area.
And another Sardinian study of 930 males found 12.6% as G. Among a subgroup of these 930 where geographical information was available, the percentage on the southeastern coast was 13.9%; on the northeastern coast 20.9% and 13.9% in the inland central area.[94] This study indicated an unusual percentage of G men there with STR marker value of 23 at DYS390—a percentage not seen in continental Europe where the 23 value is uncommon.
In another Sardinian study confined to towns in the northern sector of the island, 14% of 100 samples were all found to be G2a (P15+) based only on a probability calculation.[95] The G2 category as represented by P15 became G2a in the period in which this study was conducted. The men were predicted just "G2" in the study. But P15 (now G2a) was probably the intended category.
A study that sampled only northeastern Italy found 11.3% G2a (P15+) among 67 samples.[35] None of these were G2a3a (M406+).
A study that focused on the northeastern coast of Italy south of Venice, found among 163 samples that 8.6% were G.[96]
A study that concentrated on 19 upland areas in the Marches region of central Italy found 7.4% G among 162 samples.[97]
A study that concentrated on Sicily found among 236 samples 5.9% were G.[98] This 5.9% figure was divided into 5.5% G2a (P15+) and the remainder other types of G. There were notable high G2a percentages in Caccamo (25% of 16 samples), in Troina (13.3% of 30 samples) and in Sciacca (10.7% of 27 samples).
A 2011 study found 10% of 40 Albanian-speaking Arbëreshë men in Calabria, Italy were G. [99]
Kosovo
Among 113 samples taken among Albanians in Kosovo, none were G.[79]
Latvia
A survey of the general population of Latvia based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 145 samples from Riga in the YHRD database[7] indicates none are definitively G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] Several samples are possibly G.
Lithuania
A survey of the general population of Lithuania based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 157 samples from Vilnius in the YHRD database[7] indicates 1.3% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] One additional sample is borderline for being G.
North Macedonia
In a general study of North Macedonia, 5.1% of 79 samples were G.[79] This study also found among 57 Romani in North Macedonia none were G. Another study sampled Albanians in North Macedonia, 1.6% of 64 samples were G2a (P15+) but not G2a3a (M406+).[35]
Malta
In 187 samples taken in Malta, 8% were G.[10]
Moldova
In 89 samples taken among the Turkic-speaking Gagauzes of southern Moldova 13.5% were G.[100]
Netherlands
A survey of the general population of the Netherlands based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 211 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 4.3% (n=9) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]
Norway
A survey of the general population of Norway based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 230 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 1.3% (n=3) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] Several additional samples are borderline for being G.
Poland
Among 99 samples taken in Poland, 0% were found to be G.[35]
Additional information is available in the form of approximations based on the Polish STR-marker samples in the YHRD database.[7] The G samples were identified using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] Among 182 samples taken in the general population at Białystok in the northeast, 0.5% (n=1) were G. At this same locale among Belarusians 0.6% (n=1) of 157 samples were G; among 129 Old Believers none were G; among 124 Tatars 0.8% (n=1) were G. In the northwest at Szczecin among 105 samples 1% (n=1) was G. In the south at Kraków among 207 samples, 0.5% (n=1) were G. In the southeast at Lublin among 246 samples, 0.5% (n=1) were G.
Portugal
In 60 samples taken in northern Portugal in a 2008 study, 12% were found to be G, and 9% of 78 samples in the south of the country were G in a 2008 study.[1]
In a 2004 study, among 109 samples taken in northern Portugal, 7.3% were G.[101] In a 2005 study, 5.5% of 657 Portuguese men at 18 locations were G. The highest percentage was recorded in Évora in the east central area (29 samples), and at the other extreme none found at Viseu (30 samples) and Beja (8 samples), north and south respectively of the other town.[102]
In a 2005 Portuguese study that also included the Atlantic islands, 3.1% of samples in Madeira were G, and 8.3% of 121 samples from the Azores were G. In northern Portugal, 5% of 101 samples were G; in central Portugal 7.8% of 102 samples were G; and 7% of 100 samples in southern Portugal.[103]
In a 2008 study of Portuguese Roma, of 126 men sampled less than 1% was G.[104] In a 2010 study of northeastern Portuguese Jews, 3.5% of 57 men from Trás-os-Montes were G as compared to 3.3% of 30 non-Jewish men from the same area.[105]
Romania
In 97 samples taken among Hungarian-speaking Szeklers in Transylvania in Romania, 5.2% were found to G, and all were G2a (P15+).[89]
In a more general survey of the Romanian population based on 102 samples of STR markers in the YHRD database[7] 2.0% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] One additional sample is borderline for being G.
Russian Federation [European portion]
In a 2008 study,[106] 259 samples taken in three areas in the northernmost third of European Russia (ethnic Russians/Pomors), about 1% were G2a (P15+) and 0% G1. In 246 samples from three areas in the central third of European Russia about 1% were G, with more G1 men than G2a found. In 132 samples from two areas near the border with Latvia and Estonia 0% were G. In 107 samples from Roslavl area near the border with Belarus, 0% were G. In 394 samples from four areas near the border with the Ukraine about 1% were G2a and 0% G1. And in 90 samples from among the Kuban Cossacks in the south, 1.1% were G2a and 0% G1.
And in a 2006 study[69] of 414 samples presumably from western Russia (according to a map provided) 1.2% were G. In this same study among 68 Kalmyks (a people of Mongolian origin) who live near the Caspian Sea in the south of western Russia, none were G. In another study of the Kalmyks in the Russian Republic of Kalmykia the authors found 1% G among 99 samples.[107]
Another study in 2008[108] reported on 545 samples from 12 locations in western Russia. Of these, 1.8% of the samples were G. The highest percentage was 9.5% of 42 samples in Orlovskaja Oblast, east of Belarus and north of the Ukraine.
In a study that sampled 116 men of Chuvash origin, 1.7% were haplogroup G.[15]
Serbia
- Among 113 samples taken in Belgrade, none were G (Peričić et al. 2006).[79]
- Among 179 samples taken, 2.2% were G (Mirabal et al. 2010).
Slovenia
Among 75 samples taken in Slovenia 2.6% were G. This 2.6% was composed of 1.3% G2a3a (M406+) and 1.3% other types of G2a.[35]
Spain
Among 24 samples taken in the northeastern corner of Spain in a 2003 study, 8.3% were G.[85] In a larger 2008 study covering about 600 mainland Spanish samples outside the Basque area, the average was about 5% G with the highest percentage recorded in Castilla-La Mancha (10%), and the lowest in parts of Andalusia and Castile (3%).[1]
In a 2004 study, among 258 samples taken in 5 populations in southern Spain, about 3% were G.[101] This same study found in 3 populations in northwestern Spain among 149 samples, about 7% were G, and in the northeastern quarter of Spain in two populations none of 52 samples were G.
Among 221 samples from Basque people in Spain in a 2008 study, 1.4% were G.[109] Of these 168 were living in the three Basque provinces. All were G2a (P15+). Another study found 0% of 116 samples in Basque country were G.[1]
In a 2003 study only of Cantabria just west of the Basque Autonomous Community in northwestern Spain, 7.6% of 118 samples from 3 groupings were G.[110]
A 2009 study of 169 samples from the Pyrenees Mountains in the northeast found almost 2% were G.[111]
A 2009 study only of Andalusia in southern Spain found that 2.1% of Andalusians were G. And of 68 separate samples specifically from the Pedroches Valley (Valle de los Pedroches) in Andalusia 2.9% were G.[11]
In the Balearic Islands 6% of 62 samples in Majorca were G; 0% of 37 samples in Minorca were G, but 13% of 54 samples in Ibiza were G in a 2008 study.[1]
Sweden
Among 305 samples taken in seven regions of Sweden in a 2006 study, 1.6% were G. The authors also found 0% G in 38 samples from nomadic Saami men of Sweden.[84] In a 2009 study, which totaled 883 Swedish samples, no G was found in the regions of Norrland in the north and Götaland on the southern end. But in the central Svealand area 2.8% of 394 samples were G. If Stockholm is excluded, the percentage increases to 3.7% among 166 samples. While specific Svealand locations were typically 0–1% G, Uppsala on the east central coast showed 12.1% but based on only 33 samples.[112]
Switzerland
A survey of the general population of Switzerland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 348 samples from there in the YHRD database[7] indicates 4.3% (n=15) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8] An additional sample is borderline for being G.
United Kingdom
A survey of the general population of the Great Britain for G based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers in the YHRD database[7] indicates 3.4% (n=8) of 285 samples from London are G and 1% (n=1) of 97 samples from Birmingham are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]
Ukraine
Among 92 samples taken in the Ukraine, 3.3% were found G2a (P15+).[35] None of these belonged to G2a3a (M406+).
An approximation of SNP results based on the STR markers of 183 samples from Kyiv in the YHRD database[7] indicates 1.1% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[8]
Australia & Pacific Islands
Australia
Among 33 samples taken among Australian Aborigines of Australia, 0% were G. [46]
Cook Islands
Among 77 samples taken in the Cook Islands none were G.[62]
Fiji Islands
Among 105 samples taken in Fiji none were listed as G.[62]
Niue
Among 9 samples taken in Niue none were G.[62]
Philippines
In 48 samples taken in the Philippines 0% were G.[23]
Samoa
Among 61 samples taken in Samoa none were G.[62]
Solomon Islands
Among 30 samples gathered in the Solomon Islands none were G.[113]
Tokelau
Among 6 samples taken in Tokelau, none were G.[62]
Tonga
Among 29 samples taken in Tonga, none were G.[62]
Tuvalu
Among 100 samples taken in Tuvalu none were G.[62]
Wallis and Futuna
Among 50 samples taken in East Futuna, none were G.[62]
North America and the Caribbean
Cuba
Among 245 men sampled in Cuba, 6.1% were G.[114]
United States
Among 2517 persons in the United States of America from a wide variety of locales, 2.5% were found to be G. When restricted to those with European ancestry the percentage rises to about 4%. African-Americans were about 1% G, and Native Americans 0.3%.[115]
South America
Brazil
In a study of 48 Apalai men from the Amazon in Brazil none were G.[116]
In a 2015 study, they investigated a set of 41 Y-SNPs in 1217 unrelated males from the five Brazilian geopolitical regions, aiming to disclose the genetic structure of male lineages in the country. Haplogroup G-M201 was found to be 5.1% of this study. [117]
French Guiana
In a study of 103 men from 4 Native American groups in French Guiana none were G.[116][why?]
Peru
In a study of 28 Machiguenga men from south inland Peru none were G.[116][why?]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, et al. (December 2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–36. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
- ^ a b De Filippo C, Barbieri C, Whitten M, et al. (March 2011). "Y-Chromosomal Variation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the History of Niger-Congo Groups". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (3): 1255–69. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq312. PMC 3561512. PMID 21109585. with G data in supplementary material table S-2
- ^ Msaidie S, Ducourneau A, Boetsch G, et al. (2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146.
- ^ a b Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, et al. (March 2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–44. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781.
- ^ a b c d e El-Sibai M, Platt DE, Haber M, et al. (November 2009). "Geographical structure of the Y-chromosomal genetic landscape of the Levant: a coastal-inland contrast". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (Pt 6): 568–81. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x. PMC 3312577. PMID 19686289.
- ^ Kujanová M, Pereira L, Fernandes V, Pereira JB, Cerný V, et al. (October 2009). "Near Eastern Neolithic Genetic Input in a Small Oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 140 (2): 225–46. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21078. PMID 19425100.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "YHRD Database Site".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)[verification needed] - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Athey Haplogroup Predictor".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help)[verification needed] - ^ a b c d e f Shen P, Lavi T, Kivisild T, et al. (September 2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation". Human Mutation. 24 (3): 248–60. doi:10.1002/humu.20077. PMID 15300852. S2CID 1571356.
- ^ a b c d e Zalloua PA, Platt DE, El Sibai M, et al. (November 2008). "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (5): 633–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC 2668035. PMID 18976729.
- ^ a b Alvarez L, Santos C, Montiel R, et al. (2009). "Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: insights into the North African contribution". American Journal of Human Biology. 21 (3): 407–9. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20888. PMID 19213004. S2CID 7041905.
- ^ Naidoo T, Schlebusch CM, Makkan H, et al. (September 2010). "Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub- Saharan African populations". Investigative Genetics. 1 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-1-6. PMC 2988483. PMID 21092339.
- ^ Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Benuzzi G, et al. (September 2003). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 458–72. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00039-3. PMID 12927131.
- ^ Al-Zahery N, Pala M, Battaglia V, et al. (October 2011). "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (288): 288. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11..288A. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. PMC 3215667. PMID 21970613.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Doron M. Behar; Bayazit Yunusbayev; Mait Metspalu; Ene Metspalu; Saharon Rosset; Jüri Parik; Siiri Rootsi; Gyaneshwer Chaubey; Ildus Kutuev; Guennady Yudkovsky; Elza K. Khusnutdinova; Oleg Balanovsky; Olga Balaganskaya; Ornella Semino; Luisa Pereira; David Comas; David Gurwitz; Batsheva Bonne-Tamir; Tudor Parfitt; Michael F. Hammer; Karl Skorecki; Richard Villems (July 2010). "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people". Nature. 466 (7303): 238–42. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..238B. doi:10.1038/nature09103. PMID 20531471. S2CID 4307824.
- ^ Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM, et al. (November 2009). "Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood". Human Genetics. 126 (5): 707–17. doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5. PMC 2771134. PMID 19669163.
- ^ a b c Shlush LI, Behar DM, Yudkovsky G, et al. (2008). Gemmell NJ (ed.). "The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2105. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2105S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002105. PMC 2324201. PMID 18461126.
- ^ Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM (2005). "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan". Journal of Human Genetics. 50 (9): 435–41. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4. PMID 16142507.
- ^ Mohammad T, Xue Y, Evison M, Tyler-Smith C (November 2009). "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait". Heredity. 103 (5): 425–33. doi:10.1038/hdy.2009.72. PMC 2869035. PMID 19639002.
- ^ Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J, et al. (April 2008). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (4): 873–82. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. PMC 2427286. PMID 18374297.
- ^ Haber M, Platt DE, Badro DA, et al. (March 2011). "Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (3): 334–40. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. PMC 3062011. PMID 21119711.
- ^ a b c Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (March 2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–86. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Karafet TM, Lansing JS, Redd AJ, et al. (February 2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders" (PDF). Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. hdl:1808/13586. PMID 16114819. S2CID 7953854.
- ^ Abu-Amero KK, Hellani A, Gonzalez AM, et al. (September 2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome Diversity and Its Relationship with Nearby Regions". BMC Genetics. 10 (59): 59. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC 2759955. PMID 19772609.
- ^ Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, et al. (January 2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia". Human Genetics. 114 (2): 127–48. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. PMID 14586639. S2CID 10763736.
- ^ a b c d King RJ, DiCristofaro J, Kouvatsi A, et al. (March 2011). "The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 69. Bibcode:2011BMCEE..11...69K. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-69. PMC 3068964. PMID 21401952.
- ^ a b Herrera KJ, Lowery RK, Hadden L, et al. (2012). "Neolithic patrilineal signals indicate that the Armenian plateau was repopulated by agriculturalists". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (3): 313–20. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.192. PMC 3286660. PMID 22085901.
- ^ Nasidze I, Quinque D, Ozturk M, Bendukidze N, Stoneking M (July 2005). "MtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in Kurdish groups". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 4): 401–12. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x. PMID 15996169. S2CID 23771698.
- ^ Gökcümer, Ömer, Ethnohistorical and Genetic Gurvey of Four Central Anatolian Settlements, a Ph.D. doctoral dissertation, 2008, University of Pennsylvania.
- ^ Cerný V, Pereira L, Kujanová M, et al. (April 2009). "Out of Arabia-the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (4): 439–47. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20960. PMID 19012329.
- ^ a b c d e f g Nasidze I, Sarkisian T, Kerimov A, Stoneking M (March 2003). "Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome" (PDF). Human Genetics. 112 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4. PMID 12596050. S2CID 13232436. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Yunusbayev, B.; Metspalue, M.; Jarve, M.; Kutuev, I.; Rootsi, S.; Metspalu, E.; Behar, D.; Varendi, K.; Sahakyan, H.; Khusainova, R.; Yepiskoposyan, L.; Khusnutdionova, E.; Underhill, P.; Kivisild, T.; Villems, R.; et al. (2011). "The Caucasus as an Asymmetric Semipermeable Barrier to Ancient Human Migrations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 (1): 359–65. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr221. PMID 21917723.
- ^ a b Nasidze I, Quinque D, Rahmani M, et al. (January 2009). "mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in the Talysh of Iran and Azerbaijan". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (1): 82–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20903. PMID 18711736.
- ^ Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, et al. (November 2000). "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N, et al. (June 2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149.
- ^ a b c d Сообщение форума (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
"Haplogroup G in Ossetians from the Alans or from the local Caucasus peoples?" (rough translation from Russia) The poster was presented at the V Congress of the Vavilov Society of Geneticists and Selectionists (June 21–27, 2009, Moscow, Russia).
- ^ "Haplogroup G in Ossetians from the Alans or from the local Caucasus peoples" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Блог Зары Валиевой – Осетины – аланы или автохтонное население Кавказа? (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Balanovsky; Dibirova, K.; Dybo, A.; Mudrak, O.; Frolova, S.; Pocheshkhova, E.; Haber, M.; Platt, D.; Schurr, T.; et al. (Oct 2011). "Parallel evolution of genes and language in the Caucasus region". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (10): 2905–20. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr126. PMC 3355373. PMID 21571925.
- ^ a b c Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, et al. (November 2004). "Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 6): 588–99. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00131.x. PMID 15598217. S2CID 1717933.
- ^ a b c Nasidze I, Ling EY, Quinque D, et al. (May 2004). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasus". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 3): 205–21. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. PMID 15180701. S2CID 27204150.
- ^ a b c d e Caciagli L, Bulayeva K, Bulayev O, et al. (December 2009). "The key role of patrilineal inheritance in shaping the genetic variation of Dagestan highlanders". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (12): 689–94. doi:10.1038/jhg.2009.94. PMID 19911015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Khadizhat Dibirova presentation: "Haplogroup G in Ossetians from the Alans or from the local Caucasus peoples?"
- ^ a b c d Yunusbaev, B., НАРОДОВ ДАГЕСТАНА ПО ДАННЫМ О ПОЛИМОРФИЗМЕ Y-ХРОМОСОМЫ И ALU-ИНСЕРЦИЙ, Работа выполнена в Институте биохимии и генетики Уфимского научного центра Российской академии наук[verification needed]
- ^ Marc Haber; Platt DE; Ashrafian Bonab M; Youhanna SC; Soria-Hernanz DF; et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
- ^ Li D, Li H, Ou C, et al. (2008). MacAulay V (ed.). "Paternal Genetic Structure of Hainan Aborigines Isolated at the Entrance to East Asia". PLOS ONE. 3 (5): e2168. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2168L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002168. PMC 2374892. PMID 18478090.
- ^ Tan S, Yang M, Yu H, et al. (2007). "Y-chromosome polymorphisms define the origin of the Mang, an isolated population in China". Annals of Human Biology. 34 (5): 573–81. doi:10.1080/03014460701492237. PMID 17786593. S2CID 25282581.
- ^ a b Gayden T, Cadenas AM, Regueiro M, et al. (May 2007). "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow". American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (5): 884–94. doi:10.1086/516757. PMC 1852741. PMID 17436243.
- ^ Shou W, Qiao, E, Dong, Y; et al. (2010). "Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians". Journal of Human Genetics. 55 (5): 314–22. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.30. PMID 20414255.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB, et al. (January 2011). "Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (1): 717–27. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. PMID 20837606.
- ^ Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Wang, Wei; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Yi; Pan, Xue-Dong; Fu, Wen-Qing; He, Yun-Gang; Xiong, Li-Jun; Jin, Wen-Fei; Li, Shi-Lin; An, Yu; Li, Hui; Jin, Li (2014). "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Descend from Three Neolithic Super-Grandfathers". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e105691. arXiv:1310.3897. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j5691Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691. PMC 4149484. PMID 25170956.
- ^ a b Fornarino S, Pala M, Battaglia V, et al. (July 2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (6): 154. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..154F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
- ^ Watkins WS, Thara R, Mowry BJ, et al. (2008). "Genetic variation in South Indian castes: evidence from Y-chromosome, mitochondrial, and autosomal polymorphisms". BMC Genetics. 9: 86. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-86. PMC 2621241. PMID 19077280.
- ^ Reich D, Thangaraj K, Patterson N, Price AL, Singh L (September 2009). "Reconstructing Indian Population History". Nature. 461 (7263): 489–94. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R. doi:10.1038/nature08365. PMC 2842210. PMID 19779445.
- ^ Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G, et al. (January 2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (4): 843–8. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
- ^ Zhao Z, Khan F, Borkar M, Herrera R, Agrawal S (2009). "Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: A study of 560 Y chromosomes". Annals of Human Biology. 36 (1): 46–59. doi:10.1080/03014460802558522. PMC 2755252. PMID 19058044.
- ^ a b Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, et al. (February 2003). "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 313–32. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373.
- ^ a b c d Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
- ^ Eaaswarkhanth M, Haque I, Ravesh, Z, Gallego Romero I; et al. (March 2010). "Traces of sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern lineages in Indian Muslim populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (3): 354–63. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.168. PMC 2859343. PMID 19809480.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P, et al. (January 2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. PMID 19158816.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kayser M, Choi Y, van Oven M, et al. (July 2008). "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.
- ^ Mona S, Tommaseo-Ponzetta M, Brauer S, Sudoyo H, Marzuki S, Kayser M (November 2007). "Patterns of Y-chromosome diversity intersect with the Trans–New Guinea hypothesis". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (11): 2546–55. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm187. PMID 17846104.
- ^ Lansing JS, Cox MP, Downey SS, et al. (October 2007). "Coevolution of languages and genes on the island of Sumba, eastern Indonesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (41): 16022–6. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10416022L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704451104. PMC 2042155. PMID 17913885.
- ^ Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2006). "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration". Human Heredity. 61 (3): 132–43. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078. S2CID 7017701.
- ^ Nasidze I, Quinque D, Rahmani M, Alemohamad SA, Stoneking M (April 2006). "Concomitant replacement of language and mtDNA in South Caspian populations of Iran". Current Biology. 16 (7): 668–73. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.021. PMID 16581511. S2CID 7883334.
- ^ Nasidze I, Quinque D, Rahmani M, Alemohamad SA, Stoneking M (March 2008). "Close genetic relationship between Semitic-speaking and Indo-European-speaking groups in Iran". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 2): 241–52. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00413.x. PMID 18205892. S2CID 5873833.
- ^ Bíró AZ, Zalán A, Völgyi A, Pamjav H (July 2009). "A Y-chromosomal comparison of the Madjars (Kazakhstan) and the Magyars (Hungary)". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 139 (3): 305–10. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20984. PMID 19170200.
- ^ a b c d Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova GA, et al. (January 2006). "Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions". Human Genetics. 118 (5): 591–604. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-0076-y. PMID 16261343. S2CID 23011845.
- ^ a b Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin; et al. (2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Scheinfeldt L, Friedlaender F, Friedlaender J, et al. (August 2006). "Unexpected NRY chromosome variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.
- ^ Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod'jakonov AP, Stoneking M (October 2006). "Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts". Human Genetics. 120 (3): 334–53. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. PMID 16845541. S2CID 31651899.
- ^ Pimenoff VN, Comas D, Palo JU, Vershubsky G, Kozlov A, Sajantila A (October 2008). "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (10): 1254–64. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101. PMID 18506205. S2CID 19488203.
- ^ Dulik M, Osipova LP, Schurr TG (March 2011). "Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e17548. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617548D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548. PMC 3055870. PMID 21412412.
- ^ Ferri G, Tofanelli S, Alù M, et al. (September 2010). "Y-STR variation in Albanian populations: implications on the match probabilities and the genetic legacy of the minority claiming an Egyptian descent". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 124 (5): 363–70. doi:10.1007/s00414-010-0432-x. PMID 20238122. S2CID 1433895.
- ^ "DNA-PROJECTEN – PROJETS ADN – DNA PROJECTS • Forumoverzicht" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Larmuseau MH, Vanderheyden N, Jacobs M, et al. (October 2010). "Micro-geographic distribution of Y-chromosomal variation in the central-western European region Brabant". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 5 (2): 95–9. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.08.020. PMID 21036685.
- ^ Khar'kov VN, Stepanov VA, Feshchenko SP, et al. (August 2005). "[Frequencies of Y chromosome binary haplogroups in Belarusians]". Genetika. 41 (8): 1132–6. doi:10.1007/s11177-005-0182-x. PMID 16161635. S2CID 1357824.
- ^ a b c d e Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, et al. (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.
- ^ Pereira, Luísa Maria Sousa Mesquita; Karachanak, Sena; Grugni, Viola; Fornarino, Simona; Nesheva, Desislava; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; Carossa, Valeria; Yordanov, Yordan; Torroni, Antonio; Galabov, Angel S.; Toncheva, Draga; Semino, Ornella (2013). "Y-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e56779. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856779K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3590186. PMID 23483890.
- ^ Barać L, Pericić M, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijević B, et al. (July 2003). "Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates". European Journal of Human Genetics. 11 (7): 535–42. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200992. PMID 12825075.
- ^ Klarić IM, Salihović MP, Lauc LB, et al. (March 2009). "Dissecting the molecular architecture and origin of Bayash Romani patrilineages: genetic influences from South-Asia and the Balkans". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 138 (3): 333–42. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20933. PMID 18785634.
- ^ Luca F, Di Giacomo F, Benincasa T, et al. (January 2007). "Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 132 (1): 132–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20500. hdl:2108/35058. PMID 17078035.
- ^ a b Karlsson AO, Wallerström T, Götherström A, Holmlund G (August 2006). "Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden – a long-time perspective". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (8): 963–70. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201651. PMID 16724001.
- ^ a b c d Francalacci P, Morelli L, Underhill PA, et al. (July 2003). "Peopling of three Mediterranean islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) inferred by Y-chromosome biallelic variability". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 121 (3): 270–9. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10265. PMID 12772214.
- ^ Rouault K, Férec C (2006). "Analyse de Polymorphismes du Chromosome y dans la Population Finistérinne" (PDF). Médecine/Sciences. 22 (Hors série no. 2): 268. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
- ^ King, R.; et al. (2008). "A Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt.2): 205–14. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. PMID 18269686. S2CID 22406638.
- ^ Martinez, L.; et al. (2007). "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (4): 485–93. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769. PMID 17264870.
- ^ a b Csányi B, Bogácsi-Szabó E, Tömöry G, et al. (July 2008). "Y-chromosome analysis of ancient Hungarian and two modern Hungarian-speaking populations from the Carpathian Basin". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 4): 519–34. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x. PMID 18373723. S2CID 13217908.
- ^ Völgyi A, Zalán A, Szvetnik E, Pamjav H (March 2008). "Hungarian population data for 11 Y-STR and 49 Y-SNP markers". Forensic Science International. 3 (2): 27–8. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2008.04.006. PMID 19215861.
- ^ Moore LT, McEvoy B, Cape E, Simms K, Bradley DG (February 2006). "A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 334–8. doi:10.1086/500055. PMC 1380239. PMID 16358217.
- ^ Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, et al. (July 2007). "Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (1): 228–39. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.030. PMID 17275346.
- ^ Zei G, Lisa A, Fiorani O, et al. (October 2003). "From surnames to the history of Y chromosomes: the Sardinian population as a paradigm". European Journal of Human Genetics. 11 (10): 802–7. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201040. PMID 14512971.
- ^ Contu D, Morelli L, Santoni F, Foster JW, Francalacci P, Cucca F (2008). Hawks J (ed.). "Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans". PLOS ONE. 3 (1): e1430. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.1430C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430. PMC 2174525. PMID 18183308.
- ^ Ghiani ME, Mameli A, Piras G, Berti A, Calo CM, Vona G (June 2009). "Population data for Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by AmpFlSTR YFiler PCR amplification kit in North Sardinia (Italy)". Collegium Antropologicum. 33 (2): 643–51. PMID 19662792.
- ^ Ferri G, Ceccardi S, Lugaresi F, et al. (March 2008). "Male haplotypes and haplogroups differences between urban (Rimini) and rural area (Valmarecchia) in Romagna region (North Italy)". Forensic Science International. 175 (2–3): 250–5. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.06.007. PMID 17629646.
- ^ Onofri V, Alessandrini F, Turchi C, et al. (May 2007). "Y-chromosome genetic structure in sub-Apennine populations of Central Italy by SNP and STR analysis". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 121 (3): 234–7. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0153-y. PMID 17287987. S2CID 206976345.
- ^ Di Gaetano C, Cerutti N, Crobu F, et al. (January 2009). "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (1): 91–9. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120. PMC 2985948. PMID 18685561.
- ^ Boattini A, Luiselli D, Sazzini M, et al. (January 2011). "Linking Italy and the Balkans. A Y-Chromosome Perspective from the Arbereshe of Calabria". Annals of Human Biology. 38 (1): 59–68. doi:10.3109/03014460.2010.491837. PMID 20569043. S2CID 40945350.
- ^ Varzari A, Kharkov V, Stephan W, et al. (2009). "Searching for the origin of Gagauzes: inferences from Y-chromosome analysis". American Journal of Human Biology. 21 (3): 326–36. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20863. PMID 19107901. S2CID 13952729.
- ^ a b Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, González AM, et al. (October 2004). "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (10): 855–63. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225. PMID 15280900.
- ^ Beleza S, Gusmão L, Lopes A, et al. (March 2005). "Micro-Phylogeopgraphic and Demographic History of Portuguese Lineages". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (Pt 2): 181–94. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x. PMID 16626329. S2CID 4652154.
- ^ Gonçalves R, Freitas A, Branco M, et al. (July 2005). "Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 4): 443–54. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x. hdl:10400.13/3018. PMID 15996172. S2CID 3229760.
- ^ Gusmão A, Gusmão L, Gomes V, et al. (March 2008). "A perspective on the history of the Iberian gypsies provided by phylogeographic analysis of Y-chromosome lineages". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 2): 215–27. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00421.x. PMID 18205888. S2CID 36365458.
- ^ Nogueiro I, Manco L, Gomes V, et al. (March 2010). "Phylogeographic analysis of paternal lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish communities". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 141 (3): 373–81. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21154. PMID 19918998.
- ^ Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A, et al. (January 2008). "Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–50. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. PMC 2253976. PMID 18179905.
- ^ Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Kokshunova L, Stoneking M (December 2005). "Genetic evidence for the Mongolian ancestry of Kalmyks". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 128 (4): 846–54. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20159. PMID 16028228.
- ^ Fechner A, Quinque D, Rychkov S, et al. (September 2008). "Boundaries and clines in the West Eurasian Y-chromosome landscape: insights from the European part of Russia". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (1): 41–7. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20838. PMID 18470899.
- ^ Alonso S, Flores C, Cabrera V, et al. (December 2005). "The place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome diversity landscape". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (12): 1293–302. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201482. PMID 16094307.
- ^ Maca-Meyer N, Sánchez-Velasco P, Flores C, et al. (July 2003). "Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA characterization of Pasiegos, a human isolate from Cantabria (Spain)". Annals of Human Genetics. 67 (Pt 4): 329–39. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.584.4253. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00045.x. PMID 12914567. S2CID 40355653.
- ^ López-Parra AM, Gusmão L, Tavares L, et al. (January 2009). "In search of the pre- and post-neolithic genetic substrates in Iberia: evidence from Y-chromosome in Pyrenean populations". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (1): 42–53. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00478.x. PMID 18803634. S2CID 43273988.
- ^ Lappalainen T, Hannelius U, Salmela E, et al. (January 2008). "Population structure in contemporary Sweden—a Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA analysis". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (1): 61–73. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00487.x. PMID 19040656. S2CID 205598345.
- ^ Cox MP, Mirazón Lahr M (January 2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20459. PMID 16378340. S2CID 4824401.
- ^ Mendizabal I, Sandoval K, Berniell-Lee G, et al. (2008). "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (1): 213. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8..213M. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. PMC 2492877. PMID 18644108.
- ^ Hammer MF, Chamberlain VF, Kearney VF, et al. (December 2006). "Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases". Forensic Science International. 164 (1): 45–55. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.013. PMID 16337103.
- ^ a b c Mazières S, Guitard E, Crubézy E, et al. (January 2008). "Uniparental (mtDNA, Y-chromosome) polymorphisms in French Guiana and two related populations—implications for the region's colonization". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 1): 145–56. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00392.x. hdl:10183/27439. PMID 17725814. S2CID 39724633.
- ^ Resque, Rafael; Gusmão, Leonor; Geppert, Maria; Roewer, Lutz; Palha, Teresinha; Alvarez, Luis; Ribeiro-Dos-Santos, Ândrea; Santos, Sidney (2016). "Male Lineages in Brazil: Intercontinental Admixture and Stratification of the European Background". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0152573. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1152573R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152573. PMC 4821637. PMID 27046235.