Franco-Newfoundlander
Franco-Terreneuviens | |
|---|---|
 Franco-Newfoundlander flag | |
| Languages | |
| Newfoundland French, Atlantic Canadian English | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| French Canadians, Québécois, Breton, Basque, Mi'kmaq Newfoundlanders, Acadians, Cajuns, French Americans, Métis, French |
Franco-Newfoundlanders, also known as Franco-Terreneuvians (or just Terreneuvians) in English or Franco-Terreneuviens in French, are francophone and/or French Canadian residents of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.[1] The name Franco-Terreneuvian derives from Terre-Neuve, the French name of Newfoundland.
The Franco-Newfoundlander community is most prominently associated with the Port au Port area near Stephenville, in communities such as Trois-Cailloux, Cap-Saint-Georges, La Grand'Terre, L'Anse-aux-Canards and Maisons-d'Hiver.[1] This region is unique as the only area in the province that is officially designated by provincial law as a bilingual district. However, francophone communities are also present throughout the province, particularly in St. John's, Labrador City and Happy Valley-Goose Bay.[2]
Newfoundland and Labrador's francophone community and its culture derive from a unique mix of influences and immigrants from Quebec, Acadia, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Brittany and the Basque Country, much of it predating Newfoundland's admission as a Canadian province in 1949.[3] Some aspects of the community's unique culture, however, have been lost or threatened as the community became more closely integrated into the mainstream of French Canadian culture and society after 1949.[4]
Flag
The Franco-Newfoundlander flag is based on the French tricolour and Acadian flag, with three unequal panels of blue, white, and red. Two yellow sails are set on the line between the white and red panels. The sail on top is charged with a spruce twig, while the bottom sail is charged with a pitcher flower. These emblems are outlined in black.
The sails represent early Basque, Breton, and French fishermen that came to the area in 1504. At the same time, they are symbols of action and progress. The yellow is taken from the star of the Acadian flag. The spruce twig is the emblem of Labrador and is also found on the Labrador flag. Newfoundland and Labrador's provincial flower is the insect-eating pitcher plant.
History
Since the 16th century, fishermen from France have fished around Newfoundland. The French established colonies in coves of Placentia Bay and Fortune Bay in the 17th century and they also made settlements on the north coast of the island while the Basque used the west coast. The French and English fishermen got along well, but France and England both laid claim to Newfoundland and fought many wars over it (including the Avalon Peninsula Campaign when French forces burned English settlements on the Avalon Peninsula). The Treaty of Utrecht required France to abandon their settlements on the island and to recognize British sovereignty over it; however, the French were granted the French Shore (between Cape Bonavista and Point Riche) where they would be allowed to fish.[5] Most French settlers in Newfoundland left and went to Île-Royale. The Treaty of Paris, signed between the British and the French in 1763, ceded Saint Pierre and Miquelon from Newfoundland to France.[6] As English settlers started moving to Bonavista Bay and Notre Dame Bay (both part of the French Shore), the location of the French Shore was moved to between Cape St. John and Cape Ray. France continued to fish along the French Shore until 1904.
While France was not permitted to establish settlements on the French Shore, some French people migrated to the region anyway. Migrants came from France and Saint-Pierre while some Acadians also settled on the shore. The highest concentration of French settlements was at Bay St. George. Some Mi'kmaq settled alongside the French (many Mi'kmaq people had Acadian ancestry); however, many of them hid their heritage and assimilated with the French.
In the 19th century, many English and Irish settlers arrived on the west coast and lived alongside the French. Many French people hid their French origins and often used English names (names such as "Benoît", "Aucoin", "Leblanc" and "Lejeune" became "Bennett", "O'Quinn", "White" and "Young").
Language
Historically, Franco-Newfoundlanders were associated with the distinct Newfoundland French dialect. However, that dialect is now endangered, and most francophones in the province now speak either Acadian French, due to the influence of the Maritime Provinces, or Quebec French, which is the primary dialect of French instruction in schools.
The majority of Franco-Newfoundlanders, however, live their day-to-day lives partially or predominantly in English, due to their status as a small minority in a primarily anglophone province. In the Canada 2006 Census, just 650 people in the entire province identified themselves as being exclusively French-speaking,[7] while 30,545 identified themselves as being of at least partial French descent.[8]
Tony Cornect, the Port au Port region's representative in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 2007 to 2015, became the first Member of the House of Assembly in the province ever to take his oath in French when he was sworn into office in 2007.[9]
Media
Radio-Canada serves the province through rebroadcasters of its stations in other provinces, and does not originate any radio or television programming in Newfoundland and Labrador. CBAFT-DT, Ici Radio-Canada Télé's owned-and-operated station in Moncton, New Brunswick, airs on transmitters in St. John's, Port au Port, Labrador City and Churchill Falls. CBAF-FM-5, Première Chaîne's station in Halifax, Nova Scotia, has transmitters in St. John's and Port au Port, while Labrador City and Churchill Falls receive the service from CBSI-FM in Sept-Îles, Quebec. CBAX-FM, Espace musique's station in Halifax, has a rebroadcaster in St. John's.
The only francophone radio or television service which originates programming in the province is CJRM-FM, a community radio station in Labrador City. In 2009, that station applied to the CRTC to add rebroadcasters in La Grand'Terre and St. John's.[10]
A provincewide francophone newspaper, Le Gaboteur, is published in St. John's.[11]
Culture
The community's main political and social organization is the Fédération des Francophones de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador.
One of the most famous francophone Newfoundlanders was Émile Benoît, a fiddler from L'Anse-aux-Canards.[12]
Great Big Sea, a popular folk rock band from Newfoundland, included a cover of "Trois navires de blé", a traditional folk song associated with the francophone community of Port au Port, on their 1999 album Turn. Figgy Duff also recorded a number of French folk songs associated with the community, including "Quand j'étais fille à l'âge quinze ans" on their 1980 album Figgy Duff and "Dans la prison de Londres" on their 1982 album After the Tempest, as well as a song titled for Benoît, "Emile's Reels". A volume of Franco-Newfoundlander folk songs, Songs Sung by French Newfoundlanders, was published by Memorial University of Newfoundland in 1978.[13]
Other notable Franco-Newfoundlanders
- Claude Barrat
- Émile Benoît, musician
- Jacinta Cormier, musician and actress
- Tony Cornect, politician
- François-Gabriel D'Angeac (or Dangeac, Danjaique, Don Jaque), governor of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
- Danny Dumaresque, politician
See also
References
- ^ a b "Port-au-Port Peninsula". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage.
- ^ Modern Francophones. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage.
- ^ French Settlement. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage.
- ^ Gerald Thomas, The Two Traditions: The Art of Storytelling amongst French Newfoundlanders. Breakwater Press, 1993.
- ^ "French Presence in Newfoundland".
- ^ "Treaty of Paris (1763)".
- ^ Population by language spoken most often at home and age groups, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories.
- ^ Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories.
- ^ "Port au Port MHA pledges oath in French". cbc.ca, March 5, 2007.
- ^ Broadcasting Notice of Consultation CRTC 2009-431
- ^ "Le Gaboteur". Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
- ^ Émile Benoît. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage.
- ^ Franco-Canadian Folk Music. The Canadian Encyclopedia.