Flagship (broadcasting)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from Flagship (radio))

In broadcasting, a flagship (also known as a flagship station or key station) is the broadcast station which originates a television network, or a particular radio or television program that plays a key role in the branding of and consumer loyalty to a network or station. This includes both direct network feeds and broadcast syndication, but generally not backhauls. Not all networks or shows have a flagship station, as some originate from a dedicated radio or television studio.

The term derives from the naval custom where the commanding officer of a group of naval ships would fly a distinguishing flag. In common parlance, "flagship" is now used to mean the most important or leading member of a group, hence its various uses in broadcasting. The term flagship station is primarily used in TV and radio in the United States and Canada, while the term key station (キー局, kī kyoku) is primarily used in TV in Japan (and formerly in the United States).

Examples

Lotteries

Shows

Networks

Events

Radio

A flagship radio station is the principal station from which a radio network's programs are fed to affiliates.

Network

In the United States, traditional radio networks currently operate without flagship stations as defined in this article. Network operations and those of the local owned-and-operated or affiliated stations in the same city are now separate and may come under different corporate entities.

In the U.S., CBS News Radio produces programming for distribution by Skyview Networks, but local stations WCBS and WINS in New York City and KNX (and formerly KFWB) in Los Angeles are operated separately from the network radio news operation, under a separate company with common shareholders, Audacy, Inc. iHeartMedia follows a similar model: flagship stations WOR in New York City (which it acquired in 2012) and KFI in Los Angeles are both operated mostly separately from its syndication wing, Premiere Networks (Premiere does produce some limited programming, including The Jesus Christ Show, The Tech Guy and Handel on the Law, through KFI). Premiere's The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show uses WLAC as a flagship station, as Clay Travis is based in Nashville.

WWRL in New York City was an affiliate of the now-defunct Air America Radio and carries some of its programs (along with those from other distributors) but is separately owned and operated and does not produce any programs for the network. Originally, Air America Radio leased WLIB (also in New York City) as its flagship station; the station was completely automated and produced no local programming. The network would later lease WZAA in Washington, D.C., as its lone self-operated station.

Fox Sports Radio's flagship station is KLAC in Los Angeles, with which it merged operations in 2009. SB Nation Radio is flagshipped at KGOW in Houston; one of its predecessors, Sporting News Radio, was previously flagshipped at WIDB (now WNTD) in Chicago. CBS Sports Radio is nominally flagshipped at WFAN (although that station does not produce programming for the network). ESPN Radio has no true flagship station, as it operates out of ESPN headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut; Windsor Locks-licensed WUCS (owned by iHeartMedia) serves as its de facto flagship, serving ESPN's home market of Hartford.

Nash FM, a country music network, is nominally flagshipped at WKDF in Nashville, Tennessee; its classic-leaning counterpart Nash Icon is flagshipped at WSM-FM in the same city. MeTV FM, a classic oldies/soft rock network, is flagshipped at WRME-LD in Chicago, the home base of its owner, television broadcaster Weigel Broadcasting. The Satellite Music Network networks were flagshipped at a cluster of stations in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex during their existence; KMEO, for example, served as the flagship for Unforgettable Favorites. CloudCast is flagshipped at KZOY in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, with much of its programming voicetracked from WGWE in Little Valley, New York.

Former flagship stations for now-defunct networks in American radio's "Big Four" era of the 1940s–1980s were:

NBC Red Network
  • WNBC (660 AM; now WFAN), New York City
  • WYNY (97.1 FM; now WQHT), New York City
  • KNBR (680 AM), San Francisco
  • KYUU (99.7 FM; now KMVQ-FM), San Francisco
Mutual Broadcasting System
  • WOR (710 AM), New York City
  • WGN (720 AM), Chicago
  • KHJ (930 AM), Los Angeles

In Canada, current CBC/Radio-Canada flagships are CBLA-FM (99.1) in Toronto, which broadcasts in English, and CBF-FM (95.1) in Montréal, which broadcasts in French. Both are former AM clear channel operations which have moved to FM.

Former flagship stations for now-defunct networks were:

While CJBC remains on-air on its original frequency, it is now an owned-and-operated station of the French-language Radio-Canada network.

The CKO network's Toronto frequency was re-issued to CBL (as CBLA-FM 99.1) but the namesake CKO (AM) flagship in Montréal is silent; the frequency remains vacant.

Syndication

For syndicated radio programs, it refers to the originating station from which a program is fed by satellite or other means to stations nationwide, although the show may also originate elsewhere or from a home studio via an ISDN line. Some programs are simulcast on television, while others are simulcasted on XM Satellite Radio and / or Sirius Satellite Radio. Flagship stations of prominent syndicated radio programs currently include:

Examples

Sports

In sports broadcasting, the flagship radio station is the sports team's primary station in the team's home market that produces game broadcasts and feeds them to affiliates. For example, WJZ-FM is the radio flagship station of the Baltimore Orioles baseball team, which feeds Orioles' games to 20 stations in Maryland and adjacent states.

Television

A flagship television station is the principal privately owned television station of a television network in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Japan, Mexico, Australia and the Philippines.[1]

In the late 1920s, network owned-and-operated stations (or "O&O") for radio in New York City began producing live entertainment and news programs, fed by telephone lines to affiliates. These eventually were dubbed flagship stations.

Entrance to Comcast Building, New York City, home of WNBC, flagship station of NBC

When television networks were formed in the United States in the late 1940s and grew during the early 1950s, network-owned stations in New York City became the production centers for programs originating on the East Coast, feeding affiliates of ABC, CBS, and NBC in the eastern three-fourths of the country. Stations in Los Angeles similarly started producing programs on the West Coast, feeding affiliates in the Pacific Time Zone, Alaska and Hawaii. Consequently, the networks' New York City stations became known as the "East Coast flagships" of their respective networks and the networks' Los Angeles stations became known as the "West Coast flagships".

However, before the 1950s, San Francisco was also considered a West Coast flagship market for the networks, with much of the CBS and NBC network's West Coast news programming originating from that city. This is seen the calls of CBS's KCBS (AM) being based in their original city of San Francisco instead of Los Angeles (the use of KCBS-TV in Los Angeles only dates back to 1984), while KNBR (which was subsequently sold to another party by NBC in 1987) was formerly known as KNBC before the network moved those calls to KRCA-TV in Los Angeles in 1962.

ABC, CBS and NBC are headquartered in New York City, which is the largest television market in the U.S., so their respective radio and television stations in that market are considered the overall network flagship stations. As programming schedules increased and modern technology improved transmission to affiliates, the networks set up operations centers in New York City (for the East Coast feed) and Los Angeles (for the West Coast feed). Los Angeles is the second largest television market in the U.S., and traditional home to the motion picture industry and its pool of popular talent, one of the reasons the radio networks set up operations there in the 1930s and 1940s (just as the medium of television was starting to take off).

This arrangement is reversed for the Fox Broadcasting Company. When Fox was launched in 1986, its network operations center was (and still is) based in Los Angeles. However, Fox's parent company, Fox Corporation (which spun off its broadcasting properties in July 2013 into the separate 21st Century Fox, then that company spun off many of its film and cable assets to Disney in 2019), is headquartered in New York City, along with its news division. Fox-owned WNYW in New York City is considered the network's overall flagship, while sister station KTTV in Los Angeles is considered a second flagship station.

In 2006, when The WB and UPN merged to form The CW, Philadelphia station WPSG and San Francisco station KBCW (now KPYX) were designated as the network's de facto East Coast and West Coast flagships, respectively, due to CBS owning half of The CW's controlling shares at the time. New York's affiliate WPIX and Los Angeles' affiliate KTLA did not have such status since the network's inception, as Tribune Media (who had a minority stake in The WB) opted not to have any controlling interest with The CW, by selling off its share of The WB; instead, to secure the affiliation across most of the former WB affiliates they owned at the time. Nexstar Media Group then bought Tribune in 2019; however, it had to sell off WPIX to the E. W. Scripps Company to prevent breaching the required market ownership cap set by the FCC for each broadcaster. Two years after WPIX returned to Nexstar control through partner company Mission Broadcasting, the Irving, Texas-based media firm announced that it would buy 75% of CW's shares in August 2022. With the purchase completion announced on October 3, 2022, both WPIX and KTLA formally became flagship stations for the first time. However, as part of the Nexstar agreement, Paramount was given a right with the transaction to disaffiliate all eight of their CW affiliates, which was exercised on May 5, 2023.[2] By the time of the disaffiliations on September 1, Nexstar repatriated The CW affiliations onto their MyNetworkTV affiliates in Philadelphia, San Francisco and Tampa–St. Petersburg,[3] announced the purchase of Detroit station WADL through affiliate company Mission Broadcasting,[4] and signed long-term agreements with Hearst Television,[5] Gray Television[6] Sinclair Broadcast Group,[7] and the E. W. Scripps Company.[8]


Network

United States

Network East Coast flagship
(New York)1
West Coast flagship
(Los Angeles)1
NBC WNBC 4
WCAU 10 (Philadelphia)1
KNBC 4
CBS WCBS-TV 2 KCBS-TV 2
ABC WABC-TV 7 KABC-TV 7
Fox WNYW 5 KTTV 11
The CW WPIX 11 KTLA 5
MyNetworkTV WWOR-TV 9 KCOP-TV 13
PBS2 WNET 13/WLIW 21
WGBH 2/WGBX 44 (Boston)
WETA 26 (Washington D.C.)
WHYY 12 (Philadelphia)
WQED 13 (Pittsburgh)
KOCE 50/KCET 28/KLCS 58
KQED 9/KQET 25/KQEH 54 (San Francisco)
Ion Television WPXN-TV 31
WPXM-TV 35 (Miami)
KPXN-TV 30
Telemundo WNJU 47
WSCV 51 (Miami)1
KVEA 52
KSTS 48 (San Francisco)
Estrella TV WASA-LD 24
WGEN-TV (Miami)1
KRCA 62
Univision WXTV-DT 41
WLTV-DT 23 (Miami)1
KMEX-DT 34
UniMás WFUT-DT 68
WAMI-DT 69 (Miami)1
KFTR-DT 46
CTN WCLF 22 (Tampa) none
Antenna TV
Rewind TV
WGN-TV 9 (Chicago) none
MeTV
MeTV Plus
Heroes & Icons
Story Television
Catchy Comedy
Movies!
Start TV
WJLP 33 (MeTV)
WZME 43 (MeTV Plus)
WBBM-TV 2 (Start TV; Chicago)
WFLD 32 (Movies!; Chicago)
WCIU-TV 26 (Chicago)1
KAZA-TV 54 (MeTV)
KHTV-CD 6 (MeTV Plus)
KSFV-CD 27 (Satellite of KVME-TV 20) (Heroes & Icons)
KPOM-CD 14 (Catchy Comedy)
KTLN-TV 68 (Heroes & Icons; San Francisco)
KAXT-CD 1 (Catchy Comedy; San Francisco)
True Crime Network
Quest
WXIA-TV 11 (Atlanta)1 none
Comet
Charge!
TBD
The Nest
WBFF 45 (Charge!; Baltimore)1
WNUV 54 (Comet/The Nest; Baltimore)
WUTB 24 (TBD; Baltimore)
none
Circle WSMV-TV 4 (Nashville)1 none
Retro TV
Heartland
Rev'n
WOOT-LD 6 (Chattanooga)1 none
NEWSnet WMNN-LD 26 (Cadillac)1 none
Almavision WEYS-LD 54 (Miami, Florida) KTAV-LD 35
CTVN WPCB-TV 40 (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) none
Daystar KDTN 2 (Denton/Dallas, Texas) none
Family WHME-TV 46 (South Bend, Indiana) none
3ABN W15BU-D 15 (Johnston City, Illinois) none
TCT WTCT 27 (Marion, Illinois)
WACP 4 (Philadelphia)
KDOC-TV 56 (Los Angeles)
KTNC-TV 42 (San Francisco)
TBN WTBY-TV 54
KDTX-TV 58 (Dallas)1
KTBN-TV 40
Notes

1 East Coast flagships are normally in the New York City designated market area (DMA), while the West Coast flagships are located in the Los Angeles area. WCAU in Philadelphia is listed for NBC because its parent company Comcast is headquartered here.

Meanwhile, Miami stations are also listed for Univision, Telemundo and UniMás (formerly TeleFutura) due to their operations being major production bases for those networks. The Miami area station for Ion Television is also listed due to their parent company being based out of West Palm Beach; however none of the Ion stations listed originate programming for the national Ion network (whose only original programming is the WNBA games in the summer as the network's schedule is completely automated). Networks designated for digital subchannels are usually flagshipped at local stations in the home cities of their corporate headquarters. MeTV, MeTV Plus, Catchy Comedy, and Heroes & Icons are owned by Weigel Broadcasting in Chicago; Weigel-owned WCIU carries each full network feed as a digital subchannel, while KAZA-TV alongside KHTV-CD, KPOM-CD, and KSFV-CD in Los Angeles carries MeTV, MeTV Plus, Catchy Comedy, Story Television, and Heroes & Icons, while WJLP and WZME in New York City carry MeTV and MeTV Plus, with KAXT-CD and KTLN-TV in San Francisco carries Catchy Comedy and Heroes & Icons. Heartland, Retro TV and Rev'n are all based in Chattanooga, Tennessee, the home base of WOOT-LD and common owner Get After It Media. NEWSnet is based in Cadillac, Michigan. True Crime Network and Quest are all based in Atlanta, Georgia. Comet, Charge!, TBD, and The Nest are all based in Baltimore, Maryland. Circle is based in Nashville, Tennessee. The Dallas station for TBN is listed as the network is based in Fort Worth.

2 While the Virginia-based Public Broadcasting Service in the United States does not have an official "flagship" television station, WNET in the New York City area held an official primary role with PBS predecessor, National Educational Television (NET). There cannot be any owned-and-operated stations within the Public Broadcasting Service; individual PBS stations are typically owned by local non-profit groups (such as WPBS-TV), universities (such as KPBS) or state-level entities as part of a state network (such as KETA-TV and WGTV). The system itself is owned collectively by the local PBS member stations. A station's importance to the system is built as much or more on the programming it produces for national distribution (a metric which places WNET as a strong third-place contender behind WGBH in Boston and WETA in Washington, D.C.) instead of local media market size.[9] The jointly-owned KCET and KOCE are the primary and secondary PBS stations in the Los Angeles market respectively, while KLCS is a tertiary PBS station.

Sports

In sports broadcasting, the flagship television station is the sports team's primary station in the team's home market that produces NFL preseason telecasts, along with in-season surrounding programming such as team, coach's, and pre-game/post-game shows and feeds them to affiliates. For example, WJBK in Detroit is the flagship station of the Detroit Lions Television Network, which feeds Detroit Lions pre-season football games to six stations in Michigan. However, the "sports flagship television station" is rapidly becoming a thing of the past, with the growing popularity of cable- and satellite-exclusive regional sports networks such as Fox Sports Networks and NBC Sports Regional Networks, which hold exclusive broadcast rights to several teams in their market for Major League Baseball, the National Hockey League and the National Basketball Association. Currently, KJZZ (Utah Jazz) and KTVK (Phoenix Suns) are flagship stations in the NBA, as both teams have contracts with station groups (Sinclair in Utah and Gray in Phoenix).

The National Football League has a different structure, as all games require over-the-air broadcast and the league and teams are generally loath to use only a local cable broadcaster to distribute preseason and team programming. An anti-siphoning policy is also used by the league in order for local stations to bid for all games not on broadcast television for over-the-air distribution when local teams play. Most of the league's teams partner with a local station or regional network of stations, which distributes team programming and weekly analysis shows featuring a team's head coach, with those stations allowed to market as a team's 'official station', often tied into preseason rights. In a lesser arrangement, Major League Baseball teams often name a local broadcast station their official weather forecasting partner and allow them to market as such.

Religious

Canada

Canadian network flagship locations vary by language. Most English-language networks eastern flagships are located in Toronto, French-language eastern flagships are located in Montreal, and West Coast flagships (regardless of language) are located in Vancouver. CTV 2, being a secondary system to the main CTV network, maintains its eastern flagship in Barrie (which is on the northwestern fringe of the Toronto market) and West Coast flagship in Victoria (which is on the southwestern fringe of the Vancouver market). CIII-DT-41 had always been considered the flagship station of Global in Toronto despite being a technical satellite station of CIII-DT, which is licensed to Paris, Ontario. However, since July 2009, the CRTC has considered CIII-DT-41 "the originating station" of Global Ontario.[10]

The secondary French-language networks TVA and Noovo are not carried terrestrially in Western Canada, although they are usually available on pay television.

Network/System Eastern flagship West Coast flagship
CBC Television CBLT-DT (Toronto) CBUT-DT (Vancouver)
Citytv CITY-DT (Toronto) CKVU-DT (Vancouver)
CTV CFTO-DT (Toronto) CIVT-DT (Vancouver)
CTV 2 CKVR-DT (Barrie) CIVI-DT (Victoria)
Global CIII-DT (Toronto) CHAN-DT (Vancouver)
Ici Radio-Canada Télé CBFT-DT (Montreal) CBUFT-DT (Vancouver)
Omni Television CFMT-DT/CJMT-DT (Toronto) CHNM-DT (Vancouver)

Networks/systems with only one flagship station

Network/System Flagship
APTN CHTY-TV (Yellowknife)
Télé-Québec CIVM-DT (Montreal)
TVA CFTM-DT (Montreal)
TVOntario CICA-DT (Toronto)
Knowledge Network CKNO-DT (Vancouver)
Noovo CFJP-DT (Montreal)
Yes TV CITS-DT (Hamilton)

Mexico

As of 2017, Mexico's national networks hold a nationwide virtual channel, thus all of the flagship stations mentioned below in most of the country are on the same channel on the rest of the stations in each network with some exceptions along the American, Guatemalan and Belizean border areas.

Network Flagship Digital Channel Virtual Channel Location Owner
Azteca Uno XHDF-TDT 25 1.1 Mexico City TV Azteca
Las Estrellas XEW-TDT 48 2.1 TelevisaUnivision
Imagen Televisión XHCTMX-TDT 29 3.1 Grupo Imagen
Foro TV XHTV-TDT 49 4.1 TelevisaUnivision
Canal 5* XHGC-TDT 50 5.1 TelevisaUnivision
Multimedios Televisión XHAW-TDT 25 6.1 Monterrey Grupo Multimedios
XHTDMX-TDT 11 Mexico City
Azteca 7 XHIMT-TDT 24 7.1 TV Azteca
Gala TV XEQ-TDT 44 9.1 TelevisaUnivision
Canal Once XEIPN-TDT 33 11.1 Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Once Niños XEIPN-TDT 33 11.2 Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Canal 22 XEIMT-TDT 23 22.1 Secretaría de Cultura
Canal Catorce XHOPMA-TDT 30 30.1 Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano
Ingenio TV XHOPMA-TDT 30 30.4 Secretaría de Educación Pública
TV•unam XHOPMA-TDT 30 30.5 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Proyecto 40 XHTVM-TDT 26 40.1 TV Azteca
Canal del Congreso XHHCU-TDT 45 45.1 Congreso de la Unión
  • Note - Multimedios launched XHTDMX-TDT on August 27, 2018, and features limited local news and sports discussion programming on that station for Mexico City, though it continues to receive the majority of its programming from XHAW-TDT in Monterrey, which remains the main flagship for the network.

Australia

Network Station Channel
ABC ABN/ABV 2
SBS SBS 3
Seven
7TWO
ATN/HSV 7
72
Nine
9Gem
9Go!
9Life
9Rush
TCN/GTV 9
10
10 Peach
10 Bold
TEN/ATV 10
11
12
  • Note: All flagship stations are located in Sydney and Melbourne. All SBS stations use the "SBS" callsign. 10 Peach was formerly known as Eleven, with 10 Bold formerly known as One until being re-branded by their new CBS Corporation, (now called Paramount Global) ownership in late 2018.

Japan

Source:[11]

Network Key Station
(Tokyo)
Sub-key Station
(Osaka)
Sub-key Station
(Nagoya)
Total
NNN/NNS JOAX-DTV JOIX-DTV JOCH-DTV 30
ANN JOEX-DTV JOAY-DTV JOLX-DTV 26
JNN JORX-DTV JOOY-DTV JOGX-DTV 28
FNN/FNS JOCX-DTV JODX-DTV JOFX-DTV 28
TXN JOTX-DTV JOBH-DTV JOCI-DTV 6

Notes

1 The total number of stations is including the three stations listed in the table.

2 Among the subkey stations, the four major networks are wide area stations.TXN network member stations (Osaka and Aichi) are prefectural area broadcasts.

3 There are 13 independent stations in Japan.

Philippines

Network Flagship Station City of license Notes
GMA Network DZBB-TV Quezon City
ZOE Broadcasting Network DZOE-TV (A2Z) Pasig City Currently blocktimed by ABS-CBN Corporation.
DZOZ-DTV (Light TV)
TV5 DWET-TV Mandaluyong
Quezon City
AMBS (All TV) DZMV-TV Frequency formerly assigned by ABS-CBN.
People's Television DWGT-TV Quezon City
RPN/CNN Philippines DZKB-TV (Radio Philippines Network)
IBC DZTV-TV
Net 25 DZEC-TV
GTV DWDB-TV
One Sports DWNB-TV Mandaluyong
Quezon City
Antipolo, Rizal
leased from Nation Broadcasting Corporation
RJTV DZRJ-DTV Makati City
UNTV DWAO-TV Quezon City
Sonshine DXAQ-TV Davao City
DWAQ-TV Makati1

Note

1 Sonshine's main headquarters are in Davao City, but also has a fully owned broadcast building in Metro Manila, thus giving the Manila station equal flagship.

American syndication examples

Current

Former

Station groups

In the United States, the term "flagship station" may also be used in the broadcasting industry to refer to a station which is co-located with the headquarters of its station group and considered the company's most important station (such a station may or may not be affiliated with one of the major networks). For example, WDIV-TV in Detroit, affiliated with NBC, is the flagship station of Graham Media Group; and WGN-TV in Chicago was the flagship station of Tribune Broadcasting until it was purchased by Nexstar Media Group in 2019.

In essence, a flagship can be located in the market where the station's owner is headquartered, or in the largest market where that owner operates. For example, WSB-TV in Atlanta is the flagship of Cox Media Group, because Cox's headquarters is located in a suburb of that city. However, Cox owns WFXT in Boston, which is larger than Atlanta. The same can be said for TEGNA who lists three of its properties as its flagship stations (WXIA-TV in Atlanta, WUSA in Washington, D.C., and KUSA in Denver)[citation needed], but also owns WFAA in Dallas, which is larger than Atlanta, Washington, D.C., and Denver in terms of Media market. Likewise, prior to merging with Gannett in 2013, WFAA served as the flagship station for Belo, as its headquarters were located in Dallas. KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh served as the flagship station for New York City-based Westinghouse Broadcasting for decades as its parent company was Pittsburgh-based Westinghouse Electric Corporation; ironically, KDKA-TV lost its flagship status due to Westinghouse acquiring CBS, as opposed to another company acquiring Westinghouse.

The same also can be said for Nexstar listed two of the stations as flagships, one cited was WYOU-TV in Scranton, which Perry Sook said it was the flagship[citation needed], the other listed was KDAF-TV in Dallas, which became its flagship after its acquisition of Tribune Media in 2019, the latter partially is located in a suburb of that city and also owns and operates several stations larger than Dallas, such as WPIX-TV in New York, KTLA in Los Angeles, WGN-TV in Chicago and WPHL-TV in Philadelphia.[12][13] Shortly after its acquisition of Young Broadcasting by Media General in 2013, WRIC-TV in Richmond become one of the two flagship stations of the Media General group prior to the 2017 acquisition by Nexstar, the other flagship was WFLA in Tampa Bay, which was always the television flagship of the group.[14] The same can even be said for Scripps, which listed WCPO-TV in Cincinnati as the flagship, but also owned Ion Media, which is several times larger than Cincinnati themselves.[15] Even the same can be said for Sinclair Broadcast Group, which listed WBFF-TV in Baltimore and WJLA-TV in Washington, D.C., listed as the flagship stations of the group.[16]

The term is also used for stations that operate satellite stations in other cities. For example, KSNW in Wichita, Kansas is the flagship station of the Kansas State Network, a chain of NBC affiliates serving western and central Kansas as well as border areas of Nebraska.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Jorge Delgado Named President and General Manager of Univision Flagship Station KMEX and Telefutura Station KFTR". Univision. February 13, 2002. Archived from the original on November 18, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
  2. ^ "Eight CBS Stations To Ditch CW And Go Independent This Fall". Deadline. May 5, 2023. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  3. ^ Miller, Mark (June 14, 2023). "Nexstar Stations In Philadelphia, San Francisco, Tampa To Become CW Affils On Sept. 1". TV News Check. Archived from the original on June 25, 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  4. ^ "Metro Detroit media mogul sells WADL-TV as feds pursue him for unpaid estate, gift taxes". freep.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
  5. ^ Lafayette, Jon (August 1, 2023). "Hearst's KQCA To Become The CW Affiliate in Sacramento". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  6. ^ Bishop, Chad. "CW Network announces new Atlanta affiliate". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. ISSN 1539-7459. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  7. ^ Hayes, Dade (August 31, 2023). "The CW To Launch On New Affiliate Stations In Seattle And Pittsburgh As Part Of Broader Deal With Sinclair Timed To Start Of College Football". Deadline. Archived from the original on September 20, 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
  8. ^ "TV20 Detroit to air CW Network primetime programming, live sports starting Nov. 13". WXYZ Detroit. November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  9. ^ Why KCET never became a major player in the PBS network Archived December 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Melissa Maerz and Scott Collins, Los Angeles Times, December 26, 2010
  10. ^ Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) (June 6, 2009). "ARCHIVED - Licence renewals". crtc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  11. ^ テレビ局の種類 [Types of TV Stations] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on November 27, 2019. Retrieved November 27, 2019.
  12. ^ "Classifieds" (PDF). Broadcasting. July 1, 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
  13. ^ Miller, Mark K. (September 19, 2019). "Nexstar Closes On Tribune Merger". TVNewsCheck. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  14. ^ Times-Dispatch, JOHN REID BLACKWELL Richmond (June 7, 2013). "Media General to merge with New Young Broadcasting". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
  15. ^ Company, The E. W. Scripps. "Scripps completes acquisition of ION Media from Black Diamond, creating new national networks business". PR Newswire (Press release). Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
  16. ^ "CORRECTING and REPLACING Sinclair Broadcast Group Flagship Station WBFF-TV Celebrates 50th Anniversary". Yahoo. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021.